12月和2月热带太平洋海温与东亚水汽输送关系的年代际变化机制

利用1950～2019年NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料、NOAA海表面温度资料以及ERA5垂直积分水汽通量资料，分析了12月和2月热带中东太平洋海温与东亚水汽输送关系的年代际变化。结果表明，12月东亚上空经向水汽输送与热带中东太平洋海温的相关性在1980年代中期之前较弱，1980年代中期之后二者呈显著正相关；2月二者关系在1950～1970年和1990～2010年呈显著正相关。12月二者关系年代际变化的主要原因是热带太平洋海温通过太平洋—东亚（PEA）遥相关型和环北半球遥相关型对东亚水汽输送的影响在1980年代中期之后增强；当热带中东太平洋海温偏暖（冷）时，影响PEA遥相关型和环北半球遥相关型，导致东亚自南向北的水汽输送异常增强（减弱）。与12月不同的是，2月二者关系在1950～1970和1990～2010年主要受PEA遥相关型影响。而在1971～1989期间，2月二者关系受环北半球遥相关型影响；当热带太平洋海温偏冷（暖）时，影响环北半球遥相关型，导致东亚经向水汽输送异常增强（减弱），该机制可以部分抵消PEA机制对东亚水汽输送的影响，导致二者关系在此期间不显著。此外1990年之后，热...     

大洋东侧遥相关波列与青岛冬季气温

利用１９５１～１９９６年的历史资料,逐月计算北半球５个主要遥相关型的波列指数及与大气中ＰＮＡ结构相类似的北太平洋海温场的ＰＴＩ指数,进而对１～２月份青岛市冬季的月平均气温进行相关普查。计算表明,两大洋东侧的遥相关结构和波型,对来年青岛市冬季１～２月份气温有比较好的指示意义：５月份太平洋东侧的ＰＮＡ型结构（ＰＴＩ指数）与来年１月青岛市平均气温呈同向相关,７月份大西洋东侧的ＥＡ型波列指数与来年２月青岛市平均气温呈反向相关。     

太平洋—日本遥相关型的年代际变化特征及其成因

本文首先利用NCEP/NCAR和ERA-40再分析资料以及中国753站降水资料对太平洋—日本(Pacific-Japan,简称P-J)遥相关型在上世纪70年代末期气候突变前后的年代际变化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,在气候突变前后,P-J遥相关型的位置发生了显著的变化,气候突变以后其位置明显向西向南偏移。这种位置的变化同样也反映在纬向风场、高度场上。研究结果还表明,气候突变前后P-J遥相关型的年代际变化与热带太平洋和印度洋海温变化有关。气候突变之前,P-J遥相关型的变化与前期热带太平洋和印度洋海温不存在显著的相关;但在气候突变之后,P-J遥相关型与前期冬春季的热带太平洋、印度洋海温之间存在大范围的显著相关区。这种P-J遥相关型与热带太平洋、印度洋海温相关关系的年代改变可能与1970年代中期以后赤道中东太平洋海温变化振幅明显增强有关。随后,本文采用一个高分辨率的大气环流模式,通过一系列的数值试验也进一步证实了1970年代末期热带太平洋和印度洋海温的年代际变化确实可致使P-J遥相关型位置发生相应的改变。     

7月份降雨分布型的预报方法

综述了我国７月份雨型的划分方法，各种雨型的多雨特点及环流特征，总结了各类雨型的预报判据，着眼于赤道东太平洋海温（ＳＳＴ），冬季（１－３月）５００ｈＰａ环流，春季（３－５月）西太平洋副热带高压，夏季（６－８月）赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡（ＱＢＯ）等方面，分析了与７月雨型的关联。该方法对业务预报有很好的指导意义。     

不同区域海温异常对中国夏季旱涝影响的诊断研究和预测试验

利用季降水异常的典型集合相关预测模式, 研究了前期和同期不同季节全球海表温度距平场与中国夏季旱涝的遥相关分布特征以及这种相关型随季节的变化, 揭示了全球海温的异常变化在中国夏季旱涝中的信号特征.研究表明, 全球不同区域海温对我国夏季降水的影响存在着明显的季节差异.全球特定的海温分布可以作为中国夏季旱涝预报的信号因子.选取不同区域及不同时段的海温场作为因子场分别对1998、 1999年这两个典型年份的我国夏季降水进行了诊断研究和预测试验, 并通过不同区域海温的影响权重做集成预测.试验结果表明:不同区域海温的集成预测不仅可以有效地提高预测的准确性, 而且可以揭示不同时段不同区域海温的异常变化在夏季旱涝中的强信号现象.     

热带海温变化对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量的影响

通过相关分析、诊断分析以及数值模拟试验来研究热带海温异常对云南初夏干温转换季节雨量变化的影响，研究表明前期热带海温异常对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量有明显的影响，海温与雨量的显著关相关区与Walker环流的上升下沉支相对应。提前的时间尺度越长，海温所提供的可预报信息越少；时间尺度越短，提供的可预报信息越大。诊断分析及 数值模拟研究还表明在赤道中东太平洋的暖位相期，孟加拉湾地区的季风低压和初夏索马里附近的越赤道气流及印度洋西南季风减弱，反之则加强。海温变化通过海气相互作用影响到季风活动，从而对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量产生影响。     

南半球对流层大气对热带太平洋-印度洋海温异常综合模的响应及其机制解释

利用NOAA SST及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 研究了热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模和南半球对流层大气之间的遥相关模态并对其进行了机制解释。首先通过相关和合成分析, 给出了遥相关的空间模态, 结果表明: 北半球秋、冬季, 在南半球对流层大气存在和热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模密切联系的遥相关作用中心, 该中心的分布构成一列明显的从赤道中太平洋出发, 最终到达非洲中南部及赤道印度洋的Rossby波列, 将赤道太平洋、印度洋与南半球中高纬度大气连接起来, 起到了类似“大气桥” 的作用。而单纯IOD和单纯ENSO均难以在南半球对流层激发出遥相关波列, 进一步证实了两者共同作用的影响。其次, 利用行星波能量传播理论对两者之间的遥相关进行了机制分析, 发现纬向波数为1～3的大气行星波的能量传播是热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模与南半球对流层大气之间遥相关的一种可能的联系方式。     

太平洋,印度洋海温与夏季亚洲季风系统的联系

本文采用相关普查法,对太平洋、印度洋海温变化与夏季亚洲季风系统(100hPa南亚高压、500hPa西北太平洋高压和南海高压)的遥相关分布特征作了详细分析和讨论。结果指出:前期(冬、春季)SST场的赤道东太平洋地区、黑潮区的海温变化对夏季季风系统的影响特别明显,且随着季节变化而不同。 同时,本文还分别通过北半球遥相关的水平结构,讨论了前期(冬、春季)SST影响夏季季风系统变化的可能途径。     

El Ni?o衰减年夏季西太平洋副热带高压的季节内变化

本文分析了El Ni?o衰减年夏季西太平洋副热带高压（副高）的季节内变化,发现其季节内变化存在两种模态,一种是6～8月的一致偏西,另一种是6～7月偏西,而8月逆转为偏东,其中偏西模态的异常要远大于偏东模态。对偏西模态而言,由于热带北大西洋海温正异常的强迫影响,激发出一个从北大西洋经过欧亚大陆高纬度到东亚的遥相关,抑制了暖池地区的对流,东亚地区位势高度增加,从而导致副高加强西伸。在偏东模态下,热带印度洋海温异常演变与偏西模态类似,但强度偏低,同时热带北大西洋海温正异常在4月达到峰值后衰减,导致两大洋对8月暖池地区对流的抑制作用减弱。此外,由于6～7月暖池海温持续升高,在局地海气相互作用下,8月暖池对流发展,位势高度场降低,从而造成副高减弱东退。因此,副高8月异常主要取决于热带北大西洋海温异常。在预测El Ni?o 衰减年副高异常变化时,要综合考虑两大洋海温异常的影响。     

夏季北半球500hPa月平均场遥相关型及其与我国季风降水异常的关系

用一点相关法计算了盛夏北半球５００ｈＰａ遥相关型，得到７月份北半球存在７个遥相关型，８月份有６个遥相关型。研究了它们的中心，计算了各遥相关型的历年强度指数（１９５１－１９９０），研究了它们的年际变化、月际变化。指出７月份的东亚太平洋型、北美东西遥相关型；８月份的ＥＡＰ型、欧亚型与我国盛夏季风降水关系密切。１９９１年夏季发生的弱ＥＡＰ型是江淮流域大涝的一个重要原因。     

降水对热带海表温度异常的邻域响应 I．数值模拟

基于低阶大气环流谱模式，本文设计了太平洋及印度洋４个不同海域的海表温度异常试验，去研究大气环流及降水对热带海表温度异常强迫作用的“同时”性响应。结果表明尽管暖性的海表温度异常均激发出低空辐合及高空辐散，但在不同海域所激发的异常流场却差异甚大。不过降水异常均发生在海表温度异常区及其毗邻处。它在对称的ＳＳＴＡ区的分布一般是非对称的。对水汽收支的分解分析表明，海表温度异常区异常降水的大小主要由异常的低空辐合决定，而异常降水的分布形态则由异常的水汽平流过程所决定。由于异常的低空辐合及异常的水汽平流过程主要发生在海表温度异常区及毗邻处，因此，降水对热带海表温度异常的响应基本Ｌ是一种邻域响应。它发生在气候平均低空气流沿海表温度异常的下风方向，或在海表温度异常所激发的低空异常气流沿气候平均海温降低的方向。     

Effects of meridional sea surface temperature changes on stratospheric temperature and circulation

Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model,we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature （SST）.The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex.In the model runs,global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere,while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere.The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere.Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves,the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes.Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation （BDC）,but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling,with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase.     

Regimes of seasonal air–sea interaction and implications for performance of forced simulations

Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies can induce anomalous convection through surface evaporation and low-level moisture convergence. This SST forcing of the atmosphere is indicated in a positive local rainfall–SST correlation. Anomalous convection can feedback on SST through cloud-radiation and wind-evaporation effects and wind-induced oceanic mixing and upwelling. These atmospheric feedbacks are reflected in a negative local rainfall–SST tendency correlation. As such, the simultaneous rainfall–SST and rainfall–SST tendency correlations can indicate the nature of local air–sea interactions. Based on the magnitude of simultaneous rainfall–SST and rainfall–SST tendency correlations, the present study identifies three distinct regimes of local air–sea interactions. The relative importance of SST forcing and atmospheric forcing differs in these regimes. In the equatorial central-eastern Pacific and, to a smaller degree, in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, SST forcing dominates throughout the year and the surface heat flux acts mainly as a damping term. In the tropical Indo-western Pacific Ocean regions, SST forcing and atmospheric forcing dominate alternatively in different seasons. Atmospheric forcing dominates in the local warm/rainy season. SST forcing dominates with a positive wind-evaporation feedback during the transition to the cold/dry season. SST forcing also dominates during the transition to the warm/rainy season but with a negative cloud-radiation feedback. The performance of atmospheric general circulation model simulations forced by observed SST is closely linked to the regime of air–sea interaction. The forced simulations have good performance when SST forcing dominates. The performance is low or poor when atmospheric forcing dominates.     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of the SST Anomalies in the Tropical Western Pacific on the Blocking Highs over the Northeastern Asia

The effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are simulated by the IAP-GCM with an observed and idealized distributions of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific,respectively.Firstly,the atmospheric circulation anomalies during July and August,1980 are simulated by three anomalous experiments including the global SST anomaly experiment,the tropical SST anomaly experiment and the extratropical SST anomaly experiment,using the observed SST anomalies in 1980.It is shown that the SST anomalies in the tropical ocean greatly influence the formation and maintenance of the blocking high over the northeastern Asia,and may play a more important role than the SST anomalies in the extratropical ocean in the influence on the atmospheric circulation anomalies.Secondly,the effects of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are also simulated w     

Diurnal responses of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall to diurnally varying sea surface temperature

Two experiments were carried out using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model to study the effects of diurnally varying sea surface temperature (SST) on diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall. Experiment SST29 is imposed by a constant SST of 29°C, whereas experiment SST29D is imposed by a diurnally varying SST with a time-mean of 29°C and a diurnal difference of 1°C. Both experiments are also zonally uniformly imposed by a zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind, and are integrated for 40 days to reach quasi-equilibrium states. The model domain mean surface rain rate is larger in SST29D than in SST29 in the late afternoon, when the ocean surface is warmer in SST29D. Convective-stratiform rainfall partitioning analysis reveals that the late-afternoon convective rainfall is larger in SST29D than in SST29, whereas the stratiform rainfalls are similar in both experiments. Further analysis of surface rainfall and cloud microphysical budgets over convective regions shows that, in the late afternoon, the larger amount of water vapor is pumped into the non-raining region through the larger surface evaporation associated with the warmer SST. This water vapor is then transported into convective regions to produce more vapor condensation and greater collection of cloud water by raindrops and larger convective rainfall in SST29D than in SST29.     

TELECONNECTION BETWEEN SEA－SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC AND OZONOSPHERE OVER NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Seasonal interaction between sea-surface temperature (SST) in the tropical eastern Pacific and ozone layer in Northern Hemisphere, ahd the layer,s teleconnection spatial structure caused by SST effeets, for January and July, are statistically analysed. The result indicates that the areas spacially correlated between SST and ozone layer in January greatly differ from the ones in July and they show opposite tendency in the signs of correlation, so do the teleconnection pattern for the ozone lay6r due to effects of SST in different seasons. In addition, persistent' influence of SST on the ozone layer results insuperposition of seasonal SST effects on the layer and makes it characteristic of well-defined wavetrainsin responses to SST. It is concluded that SST in the tropical eastern Pacific is of great importance to thenorthern ozone layer distribution and its seasonal evolution.     

Influences of Tidal Fronts on Coastal Winds Over an Inland Sea

A regional numerical model of the atmosphere was applied to an inland sea, the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, to study the influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) variations, accompanied by a tidal front, on the coastal winds in summer when tidal fronts fully develop. After confirmation of the model performance, two sensitivity simulations, which used spatially uniform SST with the highest and lowest values over the study area, were performed. The control and sensitivity simulations show that the mean wind speeds were apparently reduced by the low SST and the SST gradient accompanying the tidal front. The comparison of the terms in the momentum equations in control and sensitivity simulations indicates that the change of the perturbation pressure gradient force with the SST gradient is the most important factor in the modification of near-surface winds with SST variations. When the air flows across a tidal front, the air cools over the low SST area and warms over the high SST area. Consequently, the surface perturbation pressure increases over the low SST area and decreases over the high SST area. This adjustment in surface perturbation pressure produces an additional pressure gradient force with direction from the low SST area to the high SST area that decelerates the surface wind in the area upwind of the tidal front and accelerates the surface wind downwind of the tidal front.     

Intensified impact of northern tropical Atlantic SST on tropical cyclogenesis frequency over the western North Pacific after the late 1980s

Previous studies suggest that spring SST anomalies over the northern tropical Atlantic(NTA) affect the tropical cyclone(TC) activity over the western North Pacific(WNP) in the following summer and fall. The present study reveals that the connection between spring NTA SST and following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency is not stationary. The influence of spring NTA SST on following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency is weak and insignificant before, but strong and significant after, the late 1980 s. Before the late 1980 s, the NTA SST anomaly-induced SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific are weak, and the response of atmospheric circulation over the WNP is not strong. As a result, the connection between spring NTA SST and following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency is insignificant in the former period. In contrast,after the late 1980 s, NTA SST anomalies induce pronounced tropical central Pacific SST anomalies through an Atlantic–Pacific teleconnection. Tropical central Pacific SST anomalies further induce favorable conditions for WNP TC genesis,including vertical motion, mid-level relative humidity, and vertical zonal wind shear. Hence, the connection between NTA SST and WNP TC genesis frequency is significant in the recent period. Further analysis shows that the interdecadal change in the connection between spring NTA SST and following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency may be related to the climatological SST change over the NTA region.     

DIURNAL VARIATION OF SST IN RELATION TO SEASON AND WEATHER PHENOMENA IN THE BOHAI REGION

This study investigated the relationships between sea surface temperature(SST) and weather phenomena in different seasons in the Bohai region(China). Five categories of weather phenomena were screened(i.e., fine, cloudy,foggy, rainy and windy conditions) and their relationships with the difference between air temperature and SST observed at Oil Platform A during 2003-2010 were analyzed statistically. The effects of the difference between air temperature and SST in different weather phenomena were examined using the flux method of the atmospheric boundary layer and a formula for the difference between air temperature and SST. The results revealed diurnal variation of the difference between air temperature and SST of-1.0 to +1.0 ℃, i.e., air temperature above the sea surface is subtracted from the SST in corresponding weather phenomena in different seasons in the Bohai region. Moreover,according to the formula for the difference between air temperature and SST, wind and shortwave radiation are the most important factors in terms of the effects of SST on weather processes. In conclusion, the effects of SST on weather phenomena are manifest via the exchange of momentum and energy from sea to air. When the air temperature above the sea surface is lower than the SST, the SST helps develop mesoscale convection systems within the synoptic system through moisture and sensible heat fluxes. When the air temperature above the sea surface is greater than the SST,synoptic systems transfer energy into the sea through heat flux, which affects SST variation. Moreover, a mesoscale convection system will weaken if the synoptic system passes over a colder underlying surface.     

Tropical precipitation regimes and mechanisms of regime transitions: contrasting two aquaplanet general circulation models

The atmospheric general circulation models ARPEGE-climate and LMDz are used in an aquaplanet configuration to study the response of a zonally symmetric atmosphere to a range of sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. We impose zonally-symmetric SST distributions that are also symmetric about the equator, with varying off-equatorial SST gradients. In both models, we obtain the characteristic inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) splitting that separates two regimes of equilibrium (in terms of precipitations): one with one ITCZ over the equator for large SST gradients in the tropics, and one with a double ITCZ for small tropical SST gradients. Transition between these regimes is mainly driven by changes in the low-level convergence that are forced by the SST gradients. Model-dependent, dry and moist feedbacks intervene to reinforce or weaken the effect of the SST forcing. In ARPEGE, dry advective processes reinforce the SST forcing, while a competition between sensible heat flux and convective cooling provides a complex feedback on the SST forcing in the LMDz. It is suggested that these feedbacks influence the location of the transition in the parameter range.