断层滑动分析与古应力恢复研究综述

对遭受脆性变形（尤其是断裂作用）的岩层进行古构造应力恢复是进行地壳构造变形历史和动力学研究的重要手段之一。对带有擦痕线理的断层进行大量观测,不仅便于精确描述断层几何学,而且还可使地球上部脆性地壳的构造模式与应力状态相关联,从而再现构造应力场在时空上的演化特征。对脆性构造研究中的断层滑动分析与古应力恢复这一方法的研究历史与现状、原理假设、数学方法以及如何把反演结果与野外地质认识相结合进行构造变形期次的研究进行了介绍和评述,并指出这种方法不仅有利于认识盆地与造山带在构造应力场上的同一性,而且有利于从动力学上去探讨盆山之间的关系,在目前盆山耦合的构造研究中有其自身的优越性。     

华南湘中南地区中生代构造变形特征及深部过程

华南板块地处西太平洋俯冲构造域与特提斯构造域的交汇地带, 经历了三叠纪特提斯洋关闭导致的陆-陆碰撞和古太平洋板块俯冲的大地构造过程。然而, 关于华南板块内部复杂变形和丰富岩浆作用的构造属性, 对应古特提斯和古太平洋构造体制转换的记录等仍然存在着严重的分歧。本文通过华南中部湘中南地区发育的大型叠加褶皱系统的构造解析、相关断层滑动矢量构造反演, 结合同构造岩浆岩年代学研究, 恢复两期褶皱的变形样式和叠加机制, 建立华南中部早中生代两期重要的构造-岩浆事件及其构造应力场。其中, 鉴别出两期叠加构造中早期E–W/WNW向褶皱与三叠纪岩浆系统, 受控于NE–SW向挤压应力场, 与三叠纪华南南部与印支地块碰撞、北部与华北地块碰撞事件相协调; 晚期近NE/NEN向褶皱近直交地叠加在近早期褶皱之上, 形成穹-盆(dome-basin)样式的大型叠加褶皱系统, 这期褶皱受控于NWW–SEE向的挤压应力场, 结合卷入变形的地层关系和岩浆岩年代学数据, 确定了大致形成与中—晚侏罗世, 对应古太平洋板块俯冲事件。大型叠加褶皱样式的建立和两期褶皱变形事件的鉴别, 对华南陆内复杂变形的过程和动力学背景的解释提出重要的时空约束, 对理解华南陆内造山作用乃至中国东部的早中生代构造序列具有重要的参考价值。     

库车坳陷克依构造带坎亚肯背斜变形序列及其ESR年代

基于对库车褶皱逆冲带坎亚肯褶皱发育的小尺度构造的特征和相互叠加、切割关系的分析,认为该构造形成于新生代,经历了三个阶段,即平行层面的挤压缩短作用阶段、弯滑与弯流褶皱作用阶段和逆冲断层改造作用阶段.断层滑动数据反演和古应力恢复的结果表明,控制整个变形过程的构造应力场最大主应力方向σ1(即构造缩短方向)集中分布在NNW-SSE向.断层面上薄层方解石晶体的ESR测年结果显示,断层活动时间不晚于2.1Ma.该区这一构造变形发生在上新世末以前,是在同一稳定应力场下同一次构造挤压产生的渐进式序列变形结果,对于克依构造带的构造圈闭最终定型起着决定性作用.     

蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带中段构造变形及动力学特征

蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带作为中亚造山带的重要组成部分,其构造变形和动力学特征一直是地质界关注的问题。沿着该构造带中段,对5个韧性变形点及1个脆性变形点进行详细解析,揭示了该构造带变形及动力学特征。B型褶皱、揉皱、A型褶皱、矿物拉伸线理、S-C组构都显示了该构造带明显的NW—SE剪切作用。剪切方向稳定而单一,未发现多方向变形叠加现象,可能指示了蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带的形成过程为一期主要的俯冲碰撞或多期同向的俯冲碰撞。对蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带形成时间和动力学背景进行了讨论,认为该构造带主要形成于中晚侏罗世—早白垩世东亚多向汇聚动力学背景之下。对构造带内地质点mg6脆性断层面上滑动矢量进行了统计和古应力场反演,得出两期古构造应力场,一期为NW—SE挤压,一期为近E—W挤压。NW—SE挤压应力场可能对应了中晚侏罗世—白垩纪古太平洋板块向西俯冲对中亚地区的远程影响;而近E—W向挤压可能反映了早新生代印度—欧亚板块碰撞对中亚地区的远程效应。     

基于断层滑动数据古应力反演的影响因素及其误差分析

古构造应力场是构造动力学研究中的一个重要内容,且断层滑动数据古应力反演已经成为古构造应力场恢复研究中比较常用的重要方法之一。近年来,断层滑动数据古应力反演方法研究和应用取得了一系列重要进展,但有关反演结果的解释仍存歧义,反演结果的影响因素及其误差范围等并未得到深入研究与定量分析。本文总结指出,影响断层滑动数据古应力反演结果的主要因素包括变形体制、剪切破裂面类型、断层面的形态以及地质体内薄弱面的存在等。在此基础上,分别对新生断层和先存薄弱面滑动数据的古应力反演综合误差进行了定量分析。研究指出,在可以大致厘定变形体制或误差在允许范围内的前提下,将断层滑动数据反演结果解释为应力状态是合理可行的。各种因素导致的反演误差定量分析表明,同一期构造应力场形成的破裂面滑动数据的古应力方位反演误差最大不超过35°。换言之,在没有证据表明存在不同期次的应力作用情况下,主应力方位变化小于35° 的应力状态,可以划归同一期应力场。     

南大巴前陆冲断带构造变形几何类型、分布特征及其成因分析

南大巴前陆冲断带位于秦岭造山带向四川盆地过渡的部位,是晚三叠世扬子-秦岭俯冲碰撞与中新生代以来陆内造山形成的。根据构造变形的几何学特点,自北东向南西发育紧靠城口断层的根带、坪坝断裂与鸡鸣寺断裂之间的中带、镇巴-鸡鸣寺断裂与铁溪-巫溪隐伏断裂之间的锋带。各带发育不同的构造变形:根带的冲断层系统以逆冲叠瓦构造为主控构造组合,同时发育构造三角带、冲起构造和双重构造等组合;中带的冲断褶皱系统以发育断层相关褶皱组合为主;锋带发育为滑脱褶皱系统,以类侏罗山式褶皱为主控构造,同时发育了箱状背斜、膝折构造、倒转背斜、平卧褶皱、紧闭背斜、同斜背斜、虚脱不协调背斜等滑脱褶皱。垂向上发育3套区域性滑脱层:震旦系泥页岩和寒武系泥页岩、志留系泥页岩、下三叠统膏盐岩;在南秦岭自北而南的推覆作用下,依次沿这3套滑脱层逐级抬升而向南滑脱,存在"推覆作用(叠层滑动)→冲断作用(切层滑动)→层滑作用(顺层滑动)"的滑脱变形序列,从而造就南大巴的多种构造变形类型及其有序分布特征。     

昆秦接合部造山带多层次逆冲滑脱构造特征及形成机制探讨

昆秦接合部造山带逆冲滑脱构造,发育在造山带苦海－－赛什塘构造混杂带南侧,由一系列断面南东倾,规模大小不一的韧性逆冲断层、韧脆性叠瓦状逆冲断层及同斜紧闭褶皱、平卧褶皱、逆掩断层构成多层次逆冲滑脱构造带。它的形成及演化奠定了昆秦接合部造山带复杂的构造结局,标志着昆秦接合部造山带印支期大规模陆内造山活动的结束。     

鄂西利川齐岳山高陡背斜带的古应力分析

鄂西利川地区位于湘鄂西构造带与川东构造带的过渡部位,叠加褶皱发育,地处两大构造带分界处的齐岳山高陡背斜带断裂发育。本文以利川地区褶皱和断裂为研究对象,在野外观测和分析的基础上,采用断层滑动数据反演方法,对构造应力场进行了恢复;结合区域构造演化历史,提出该区侏罗纪以来经历了五期构造应力作用,从早到晚分别为:北西-南东向挤压(J3-K1)、近东西向挤压(K1)、近南北向挤压(K1-K2)、北西-南东向引张(K2)和北东-南西向挤压(E3)。该区侏罗纪以来构造变形序列的建立,为深入认识齐岳山高陡背斜带地质灾害形成的地质背景提供了构造地质学证据。     

上扬子北部褶皱带的构造应力场演化规律

在对大量逆冲与平移断层运动学详细分析与观测的基础上,本文利用实测断层擦痕矢量数据组进行了区域应力场反演,根据对断层叠加关系的分析及叠加褶皱的验证,划分出上扬子北部经历过3期挤压构造应力场演化,从早到晚分别为:第1期北西—南东向挤压应力场,第2期近东西向挤压应力场和第3期北东—南西向挤压应力场。结合相关的地质现象,认为在这3期挤压应力场作用下分别形成了晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带、早白垩世末—晚白垩世初的川东隔档式褶皱带和南大巴山弧形褶皱带。由此表明,上扬子北部褶皱带的形成顺序为湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带→川东隔档式褶皱带→南大巴山弧形褶皱带。     

福建泉州晚中生代伸展构造变形特征与年代学制约

晚中生代福建沿海地区发育多期与古太平洋板块俯冲有关的岩浆活动和构造变形.福建泉州地区伸展构造变形主要表现为高角度正断层和低角度正断层或拆离断层, 古构造应力场反演指示其形成于NW-SE向伸展环境.锆石U-Pb年代学指示泉州地区发育4期岩浆活动, 分别为晚侏罗世(~155 Ma)、早白垩世中期(130~125 Ma)、早白垩世末期(~109 Ma)以及晚白垩世早期(~100 Ma之后).结合构造变形的切割关系和岩浆岩年代学, 长乐-南澳剪切带左旋韧性走滑形成于130~120 Ma, 而右旋脆性剪切形成于120~100 Ma之间.古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下的俯冲角度变化导致福建沿海地区发育晚中生代造山带.造山作用开始于早白垩世之初, 结束于早白垩世末期, 以大规模NW-SE向伸展构造发育为标志, 其从同造山挤压到后造山伸展的转换发生于~120 Ma.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an