西藏盐湖微量元素的分布

本文论述了西藏盐湖微量元素的分布及其集散机理。西藏盐湖含有27种微量元素,除Sr,Br接近海水含量外,其余25种元素比海水含量高,其中Li,B,Rb,Cs,Hg,Th,As,As,Pb,Cr等元素,分别高于海水含量的数百倍到数千倍。西藏具有独特的地质构造条件和古气候环境,尤其是板块构造运动所形成的重熔岩浆和强烈的水热活动,则是该区盐湖Li,B等元素高度富集的有利地球化学背景。     

黄海沉积物硼、氟、铷、锶地球化学及地球化学分类

对黄海沉积物中B,F,Rb,Sr地球化学研究表明,B,F,Rb,Sr含量受沉积物粒度控制。B,F,Rb随沉积物粒度变小含量增高,富集于粘土矿物中;Sr则相反,富集于碳酸盐中。R型聚类分析表明,黄海沉积物元素基本可分为两大类,即与陆源碎屑有关的B,F,Rb等元素及与自生生物作用有关的Sr,Ca,Mn等元素。Q型聚类分析表明,黄海沉积物可分为三大类,一是现代细粒沉积物,二是残留粗粒沉积物,三为现代粗粒沉积物。     

巯基棉富集海水中铜、铅、镉、锌、银、铋、钴和镍

用巯基棉可富集分离海水中的铜、铅、镉、锌、银、铋、钴和镍等8种元素。当pH值为7的海水通过巯基棉柱时8种元素可被富集,然后用3ml 2N HCl洗脱。回收率一般可达90—117％,相对标准偏差一般为6—12％。本法与双硫腙-甲基异丁基酮络合萃取原子吸收法测定的海水样品结果基本一致。 该富集方法装置简单,操作简便,可在船上直接进行,有利于大面积海洋调查。     

海水、海洋生物和沉积物中65Zn的测定

本文详细研究离子交换-电沉积法制源和离子交换-沉淀法制源,测定海水、海洋生物和沉积物中65Zn的方法。化学回收率和放化回收率基本一致,对于海洋生物和沉积物样品大于90%,对于海水样品在85%左右。本方法对主要放射性核素(90Sr,137Cs,59Fe,60Co,108Ru,95Zr等)的去污因子均大于103。在海水样品预富集和电沉积制源方面作了较好的改进。可以认为是一种比较简便、快速测定海洋环境样品中65Zn的放射化学分析法。     

海水中硫丹及衍生物气相色谱快速测定及应用

通过固相微萃取(SPME)技术富集海水中6种硫丹及其衍生物,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)测定和外标法定量,建立海水中硫丹及其衍生物的快速测定方法。结果表明:硫丹及其衍生物的线性范围为2.5～100.0μg/L,相关系数为0.990～0.998,检出限为0.10～21.30 ng/L。在3个加标条件(5,10和25μg/L)下,人工海水硫丹的加标回收率为85.60%～119.50%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.3%～7.8%。实际海水硫丹的加标回收率为90.60%～120.70%,相对标准偏差为1.6%～7.9%。该方法应用于青岛近岸海域海水的测试,在青岛近岸水体中未检出α-硫丹和β-硫丹,检出硫丹衍生物:硫丹醚(N.D.～1.758μg/L),硫丹内酯(1.040～11.260μg/L)和硫丹硫酸酯(1.009～6.091μg/L)。实际应用表明该方法前处理简便易行、灵敏度高,并可满足海水中硫丹及其衍生物的快速检测分析。     

海水中硫丹及其衍生物气相色谱快速测定及应用

通过固相微萃取(SPME)技术富集海水中6种硫丹及其衍生物,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)测定和外标法定量,建立海水中硫丹及其衍生物的快速测定方法。结果表明:硫丹及其衍生物的线性范围为2.5～100.0μg/L,相关系数为0.990～0.998,检出限为0.10～21.30 ng/L。在3个加标条件(5,10和25μg/L)下,人工海水硫丹的加标回收率为85.60%～119.50%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.3%～7.8%。实际海水硫丹的加标回收率为90.60%～120.70%,相对标准偏差为1.6%～7.9%。该方法应用于青岛近岸海域海水的测试,在青岛近岸水体中未检出α-硫丹和β-硫丹,检出硫丹衍生物:硫丹醚(N.D.～1.758μg/L),硫丹内酯(1.040～11.260μg/L)和硫丹硫酸酯(1.009～6.091μg/L)。实际应用表明该方法前处理简便易行、灵敏度高,并可满足海水中硫丹及其衍生物的快速检测分析。     

渤、黄海大泷六线鱼耳石微化学特征与群体判别

为探究中国近海大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammosotakii)耳石微化学成分特征及群体分化状况,采集了连云港、青岛、威海、烟台、秦皇岛、大连、丹东7个野生群体和1个威海养殖群体的大泷六线鱼样本。利用LA-ICPMS技术测定耳石中的微量元素,以微量元素与钙的比值进行了分析,结果显示大泷六线鱼耳石中, Na/Ca、Sr/Ca、Fe/Ca、Mg/Ca较高,而Mn/Ca、Ba/Ca、Zn/Ca、Li/Ca较低。耳石1龄前元素比值的组间比较(S-N-K检验)结果显示:Na/Ca、Sr/Ca、Fe/Ca在群体间具显著性差异(P<0.05)。耳石边缘区元素与环境中元素比较发现,Li、Mn元素在耳石中富集程度较大,Sr在耳石的中元素含量远远大于水环境中的浓度,说明耳石中的元素沉积与海水中元素并不是简单的线性关系。判别分析结果显示:耳石1龄前元素指纹的判别分析结果表明,大泷六线鱼群体的判别成功率为63.0%,判别正确范围为30.0%～80.0%,耳石边缘区元素的判别正确率为57.1%,判别正确范围20.0%～80.0%,秦皇岛群体有高的判别成功率80.0%。耳石元素指纹可以用于不同大泷六线鱼群体的...     

渤海湾百年来沉积物Li/Ba 和Rb/Sr 协同变化的地球化学特征与环境指示作用

通过对渤海湾两根柱状沉积物中Li、Rb、Sr、Ba以及Li/Ba和Rb/Sr的系统研究,阐明了百年来沉积物中Li、Rb、Sr、Ba的垂直变化特征,发现了在不同年代沉积物中Li/Ba和Rb/Sr具有的协同变化规律,揭示了沉积物Li/Ba和Rb/Sr作为近海区域性环境演变可能的指示作用。结果表明,在0~20 cm沉积层间,Li、Rb在A2和A6柱中均有随深度增加而增加的趋势,Sr和Ba随着深度的增加而降低;近百年来,渤海湾沉积物A2和A6柱中Li/Ba和Rb/Sr垂直变化表现出惊人的协同变化特征,Li/Ba和Rb/Sr在近河口的A2柱中,基本呈现随深度的增加而增加的趋势,而在远离河口区域的A6柱中,其结果是0~15 cm段(1963~2008年),Li/Ba和Rb/Sr随深度的增加而增加,15 cm以下(1900~1963年)则基本稳定,在海洋过程作用下该区域沉积物Li/Ba和Rb/Sr变化发生在45 a时间段内;沉积物中Li/Ba反映沉积物从河流进入海湾沉积过程中的变化,Rb/Sr反映来源沉积物的化学风化历史并指示来源区的气候环境变迁过程。A2沉积柱的20~22 cm(20世纪30年代)和10~12 cm(20世纪60年代),Li/Ba出现极小值,与1939年和1963年的海河流域大洪水相契合,在0~12 cm段,两柱样Rb/Sr随着深度的降低有明显减小的趋势,对应20世纪70年代初至2008年这一区域百年来气温升高并持续高温的时段。     

三亚近岸海域表层沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

为了解三亚近岸海域沉积物地球化学特征,测定了331个站位的表层沉积物23种微量元素含量;利用多元统计法进行相关性及R型因子分析,探讨研究区元素的来源、分布特征及其控制因素。微量元素含量测定结果表明,Sr、Ba、Zr、Rb元素平均值比其他元素高;Be、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sb、Pb、U、Zr、Ba、Sc、V、Ga等15种元素含量与海南岛水系沉积物、表层土壤、深层土壤接近,推测沉积物主要来自海南岛。各元素在研究区的空间分布比较复杂,在中部和东部,以Li为代表的15种微量元素随离岸距离增加含量增大;Cd、Sb、Zr、Ba、Rb、Sr、As、Hg的分布特征与其他微量元素相比差异明显。Li等15种元素来源与分布主要受陆源黏土矿物吸附作用控制,Sr主要受海洋生源沉积作用的控制,Zr主要受重矿物的控制,Ba和Rb主要受研究区地质背景控制,而Cd和As的来源与分布则与人类活动有关。     

两个大洋多金属结核标准物质中27种元素的等离子体质谱法测定

从样品制备、仪器操作参数最佳化、内标补偿等几方面着手,利用两个标准物质(GSPN-2,GSPN-3)发展了大洋多金属结核中27种元素的等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定方法.这27种元素包括Ba,Ce,Co,Cu,Dy,Er,Eu,Gd,Ho,La,Li,Lu,Mo,Nd,Pr,Sb,Sc,Sm,Tb,Th,Tm,U,V,W,Y,Yb和Zn.各元素测定值与保证值相当吻合.对GSPN-2和GSPN-3,Ba,Sb,Sc,Y,Zn等5种元素可用外标校准法准确测定,其平均回收率(n=3)在91.4%～106.9%之间;可用内标(103Rh)校准法准确测定其他22种元素,其平均回收率(n=3)在89.4%～110.2%之间;各元素3次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.0%～11.0%.     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.