近断层地震动下设置BRB的双向减隔震桥梁地震反应

在近断层地震动下桥梁结构将发生较大反应,减隔震设计是减轻地震损伤的重要手段。提出了在桥梁双柱墩横桥向设置防屈曲支撑(BRB),在纵桥向设置铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)的双向减隔震体系。利用Midas Civil软件建立3种不同减隔震方式的桥梁结构模型:LRB仅单向,LRB双向与LRB联合BRB,运用非线性时程分析方法计算了桥墩反应(墩顶侧移角、残余位移角和曲率延性)、LRB支座变形和BRB的耗能特性等。结果表明:在近断层地震动输入下联合设置LRB和BRB的双向减隔震桥梁减震效果明显,相比其它2种方式,能有效降低墩柱的塑性变形及起到保护桥墩的作用。在横桥向,桥墩最大侧移角、残余位移角和最大曲率延性系数都显著降低。     

钢筋混凝土圆截面桥墩抗震加固方式对比分析

为研究不同加固方式对钢筋混凝土(RC)圆截面桥墩抗震性能的影响,利用OpenSees有限元软件建立了普通RC桥墩以及分别采用钢套管、碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)、体外预应力筋进行加固的桥墩数值分析模型,对模型输入远断层地震动,进行增量动力分析。以墩顶峰值位移角与震后残余位移角为指标,对比分析了桥墩加固前后的地震响应。结果表明:采用钢套管、体外预应力筋和CFRP加固后,RC桥墩的峰值位移与震后残余位移均减小,钢套管加固方式对桥墩峰值位移的降低幅度最大,体外预应力筋加固方式对抑制桥墩震后残余位移的效果最好;随着剪跨比的增大,3种加固方式对桥墩在地震动作用下位移响应的抑制作用均逐步减小;随着轴压比的增大,3种加固方式对RC桥墩峰值位移的抑制作用逐步降低。     

Residual drift spectra for RC bridge columns subjected to near-fault earthquakes

Permanent displacement of a bridge column can be directly measured during the inspection after near-fault earthquakes.However,the engineer needs to estimate the expected residual drift at the design stage to determine if the bridge seismic performance is satisfactory.The most direct method to estimate the residual displacement is nonlinear response history analysis,which is time consuming and cumbersome.Alternatively,an attractive but indirect method is generating estimated residual displacement spectra that depend on displacement ductility demand,column period,site conditions,and earthquake characteristics.Given the period and the expected displacement ductility demand for the column,the residual drift response spectra curves can be utilized to estimate the residual drift demand.Residual drift spectra that are applicable to RC bridge columns in different parts of the United States were developed based on nonlinear response history analyses using a comprehensive collection of recorded and synthetic near-fault ground motions and were linked to one-second spectral acceleration(S1)of the AASHTO maps.It was also found that the residual drift ratio is below one percent when S1 is less than 0.6 g.     

近断层地震动下摇摆-自复位桥墩连续梁地震反应

为讨论近断层地震动下摇摆-自复位(Rocking Self-Centering, RSC)桥墩连续梁的地震反应及其抗震优缺点。基于OpenSees有限元分析平台讨论了RSC桥墩三维建模方法,通过对6个试验构件的模拟,比较模拟与试验桥墩滞回曲线、预应力筋最大应力等指标,验证了模型准确性。建立设置RSC桥墩和普通钢筋混凝土(Reinforced Concrete, RC)桥墩的上部结构相同的两座连续梁桥,输入3组含有强速度脉冲的近断层地震波进行非线性动力时程分析,对比其抗震性能。结果表明：在0.4 g近断层地震动下,RSC桥墩与普通RC桥墩相比,RSC桥墩的最大位移角为普通RC桥墩的78.1%～97.6%,墩底曲率延性系数仅为普通RC桥墩的24.0%～34.0%,减小了桥墩的最大变形,也减轻了桥墩地震损伤,不利的一点是使用RSC桥墩会导致支座位移增大。RSC桥墩震后的残余位移较小,且预应力筋处于弹性受力阶段,为实现震后桥梁功能的快速恢复提供了条件。     

Experimental investigation of damage behavior of RC frame members including non-seismically designed columns

Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures are one of the mostly common used structural systems, and their seismic performance is largely determined by the performance of columns and beams. This paper describes horizontal cyclic loading tests often column and three beam specimens, some of which were designed according to the current seismic design code and others were designed according to the early non-seismic Chinese design code, aiming at reporting the behavior of the damaged or collapsed RC frame strctures observed during the Wenchuan earthquake. The effects of axial load ratio,shear span ratio, and transverse and longitudinal reinforcement ratio on hysteresis behavior, ductility and damage progress were incorporated in the experimental study. Test results indicate that the non-seismically designed columns show premature shear failure, and yield larger maximum residual crack widths and more concrete spalling than the seismically designed columns. In addition, longitudinal steel reinforcement rebars were severely buckled. The axial load ratio and shear span ratio proved to be the most important factors affecting the ductility, crack opening width and closing ability, while the longitudinal reinforcement ratio had only a minor effect on column ductility, but exhibited more influence on beam ductility. Finally, the transverse reinforcement ratio did not influence the maximum residual crack width and closing ability of the seismically designed columns.     

Experimental study of hollow rectangular bridge column performance under vertical and cyclically bilateral loads

To investigate the seismic performance of hollow reinforced concrete(RC) bridge columns of rectangular cross section under constant axial load and cyclically biaxial bending,five specimens were tested.A parametric study is carried out for different axial load ratios,longitudinal reinforcement ratios and lateral reinforcement ratios.The experimental results showed that all tested specimens failed in the flexural failure mode and their ultimate performance was dominated by flexural capacity,which is represented by the rupture/buckling of tensile longitudinal rebars at the bottom of the bridge columns.Biaxial force and displacement hysteresis loops showed significant stiffness and strength degradations,and the pinching effect and coupling interaction effect of both directions severely decrease the structural seismic resistance.However,the measured ductility coefficient varying from 3.5 to 5.7 and the equivalent viscous damping ratio varying from 0.19 and 0.26 can meet the requirements of the seismic design.The hollow RC rectangular bridge columns with configurations of lateral reinforcement in this study have excellent performance under bidirectional earthquake excitations,and may be considered as a substitute for current hollow RC rectangular section configurations described in the Guideline for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges(JTG/T B02-01-2008).The length of the plastic hinge region was found to approach one sixth of the hollow RC rectangular bridge column height for all specimen columns,and it was much less than those specified in the current JTG/T.Thus,the length of the plastic hinge region is more concentrated for RC rectangular hollow bridge columns.     

Seismic behavior and strength capacity of steel tube‐reinforced concrete composite columns

The steel tube‐reinforced concrete (ST‐RC) composite column is a novel type of composite column, which consists of a steel tube embedded in RC. In this paper, the seismic behavior of ST‐RC columns is examined through a series of experiments in which 10 one‐third scale column specimens were subjected to axial forces and lateral cyclic loading. The test variables include the axial force ratio applied to the columns and the amount of transverse reinforcement. All specimens failed in a flexural mode, showing stable hysteresis loops. Thanks to the steel tube and the high‐strength concrete it is filled with, the ST‐RC column specimens had approximately 30% lower axial force ratios and 22% higher maximum bending moments relative to the comparable RC columns when subjected to identical axial compressive loads. The amount of transverse reinforcement made only a small difference to the lateral load‐carrying capacity but significantly affected the deformation and energy dissipation capacity of the ST‐RC columns. The specimens that satisfied the requirements for transverse reinforcement adopted for medium ductile RC columns as specified by the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011‐2010) and EuroCode 8 achieved an ultimate drift ratio of around 0.03 and a displacement ductility ratio of approximately 5. The design formulas used to evaluate the strength capacity of the ST‐RC columns were developed on the basis of the superposition method. The predictions from the formulas showed good agreement with the test results, with errors no greater than 10%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of the force–drift envelope for RC columns in flexure by the CAE method

A non‐parametric empirical approach, called the conditional average estimator (CAE) method, has been applied for the prediction of the normalized lateral force–drift envelope of reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular columns, as well as their characteristic drifts (effective yield drift, capping drift and ultimate drift), and drift‐related parameters (the ratio between the effective yield drift and elastic drift, and two ductility measures). A subset of the PEER RC column database was used. Five input parameters were employed: axial load index, index related to confinement, shear span index, concrete compressive strength, and longitudinal reinforcement index. The results suggest that the relations between the input and output parameters are complex, and that it is difficult to isolate the influence of a single parameter. Nevertheless, some trends were observed. The axial load index is the most influential input parameter. All the results decrease with an increasing axial load index, whereas they increase with an increasing longitudinal reinforcement index. An increase in the index related to confinement results in increases in the ultimate drift and in ductility. The influence of the shear span index is the most complex. The influence of the concrete strength is small with the exception of two output parameters related to elastic drift, which substantially decrease with increasing strength. The dispersion of the results is relatively large. The results of the predictions can be used for mathematical modelling of moment–rotation backbone curves for plastic hinges, and for the estimation of the deformation capacity of columns in seismic performance assessments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土圆形截面柱式桥墩抗震性能评价

对4座典型的钢筋混凝土圆形截面双柱式桥墩，利用Priestley等建议的钢筋混凝土桥墩抗剪强度计算方法和型态描述方程，结合Rush-over方法进行了延性抗震能力评价。一般说来，纵桥向能够满足延性抗震要求，而横桥向一些配箍率较低的桥墩在地震中会发生脆性的弯剪破坏，其底部塑性铰将形成在柱基之中，部分桩基可能会遭受损害。     

Inelastic displacement demand of bridge columns considering shear–flexure interaction

Reinforced concrete bridge columns exhibit complex hysteretic behavior owing to combined action of shear, bending moment, and axial force under multi‐directional seismic shakings. The inelastic displacement of columns can be increased by shear–flexure interaction (SFI). This paper develops a simple yet reliable demand model for estimating the inelastic displacement and ductility based on the nonlinear time history analyses of 24 full‐size columns subject to a suite of near‐fault ground motions. A coupled hysteretic model is used to simulate the shear‐flexure interactive (SFI) behavior of columns and the accumulated material damage during loading reversals, including pinching, strength deterioration, and stiffness softening. Guided by rigorous dimensional analysis, the inelastic displacement responses of bridge columns are presented in dimensionless form showing remarkable order. A dimensionless nonlinearity index is derived taking into account of the column strength, ground motion amplitude, and softening or hardening post‐yield behavior. Strong correlation is revealed between the normalized inelastic displacement and the dimensionless structure‐to‐pulse frequency, the dimensionless nonlinearity index as well as the aspect ratio. Two regressive equations for displacement and ductility demands are proposed and validated against the simulation results. The SFI effects are discussed and included explicitly through the aspect ratio in the proposed model. This study offers a new way to realistically predict the inelastic displacement of columns directly from structural and ground motion characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高强钢筋高延性纤维增强混凝土框架结构的屈服机制和抗震性能

为了对混凝土框架结构的地震破坏机制和抗震性能进行控制,在框架柱中配置高强钢筋,并将纤维增强混凝土(FRC)用于框架结构的预期损伤部位。结构柱中的高强钢筋用来减小结构的残余变形,FRC材料用来增加结构的耗能能力和损伤容限。设计了三个框架,采用动力弹塑性时程分析方法进行分析。研究结果表明,采用高强钢筋提高了结构的整体承载能力,在层间侧移角达到3%之前避免了柱铰的出现(包括底层柱底),并且减小了结构的残余变形;预期损伤部位采用FRC材料能够提高结构的塑性耗能。     

高强钢筋增强UHPC-NC组合柱抗震性能研究

为探讨高强钢筋增强UHPC-NC组合柱抗震性能,基于大型有限元程序ABAQUS,结合UHPC、NC和高强钢筋材料本构关系,校准损伤塑性模型中相关参数,建立高强钢筋增强UHPC-NC组合柱抗震有限元模型。通过与3个NC柱和3个UHPC柱拟静力试验结果对比,验证分析模型的有效性。在此基础上,进一步探讨轴压比、纵筋直径、纵筋强度、箍筋间距和UHPC高度等敏感参数对高强钢筋增强UHPC-NC组合柱抗震性能的影响。结果表明,高强钢筋增强UHPC-NC组合柱位移延性系数随轴压比、纵筋直径和箍筋间距的增大而降低,随纵筋强度和UHPC高度的增加表现出先增大后逐渐平缓的趋势,合适的UHPC替换高度能充分发挥高强钢筋和UHPC材料特性并取得良好的经济性。     

RC梁与柱在不同地震作用下的变形限值分析

分析钢筋混凝土(RC)梁与柱基于不同地震作用下的变形限值,对钢筋混凝土梁与柱进行低周往复循环加载拟静力试验。然后对试验进行仿真模拟,将试验结果与仿真模拟结果进行对比分析,发现二者结果相近,从而验证仿真模拟的可行性。在构件的荷载-位移曲线上获取屈服点、峰值点和极限点,分别计算这3个状态点对应的侧向位移值与构件计算长度的比值,则可得出构件在小震、中震和大震时对应的位移角值。改变梁、柱构件的剪跨比、配筋形式以及柱构件的轴压比等,来得到更多构件的荷载-位移曲线,将所有结果进行统计分析,得到钢筋混凝土构件在不同地震作用下的位移角限值。     

Cyclic Displacement Model for Reinforced Concrete Columns

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures in low to moderate seismic regions and many older RC structures in high seismic regions include columns with steel reinforcement details not meeting the requirements of modern seismic design codes. These columns typically fail in shear or in a brittle manner and their behavior must be accurately captured when RC structures are modeled and analyzed. The total lateral displacement of a low ductility or shear critical RC column can be represented as the sum of three displacement components: (1) flexural displacement, (2) displacement due to slippage of the reinforcing bars at column ends, and (3) shear displacement. In this study, these three displacement components are separately modeled and then combined together following a proposed procedure based on the expected overall behavior of the column and its failure mechanism. A simplified slip model is proposed. The main objective of this research is to develop an easy-to-apply method to model and capture the cyclic behavior of RC columns considering the shear failure mechanism. The proposed model is validated using the available data from RC column and frame experiments.     

2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震长波辐射异常特征

通过距平方法,研究2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前震中所在区域（95.00°—110.00°E,25.00°—45.00°N）长波辐射时空演化特征,研究结果表明:①2017年7月,去除背景之后的长波辐射场在震区附近出现显著增强现象,增强区域基本走向与地质构造走向一致,其主体区域沿着巴颜喀拉块体南缘边界带,重要分支横跨巴颜喀拉块体,直接延伸至九寨沟7.0级地震震中;②紧邻九寨沟7.0级地震震中的4个格点在去除背景变化后的长波辐射时序曲线变化特征基本一致,即在2017年7月出现显著大于其他月份的现象。     

钢筋混凝土柱的破坏形态及变形能力研究

对钢筋混凝土（RC）柱在地震作用下的变形性能进行量化,本文从太平洋地震研究中心柱数据库中收集到123根RC柱抗震性能试验数据,提出基于参数剪跨比和弯剪比的RC柱破坏形态判别标准;在弯曲破坏、弯剪破坏、剪切破坏三种破坏形态下,研究了轴压比、剪跨比、配箍特征值等参数对位移角的显著性影响,通过回归分析归纳出三种破坏形态下屈服位移角和极限位移角的回归方程,回归系数显著性概率均小于0.05。结果表明:本文提出的RC柱破坏形态判别标准准确度高,适应性强;位移角线性回归方程具有合理性。     

Cyclic performance and simplified pushover analyses of precast segmental concrete bridge columns with circular section

In recent years, precast segmental concrete bridge columns became prevalent because of the benefits of accelerated construction, low environmental impact, high quality and low life cycle costs. The lack of a detailed configuration and appropriate design procedure to ensure a comparable performance with monolithic construction has impeded this structural system from being widely used in areas of high seismicity. In this study, precast segmental bridge column cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the performance of unbonded post-tensioned segmental bridge columns. One monolithic and two precast segmental columns were tested. The precast segmental column exhibited minor damage and small residual displacement after the maximum 7% cyclic drift; energy dissipation (ED) can be enhanced byadding ED bars. The experimental results were modeled by a simplified pushover method (SPOM), as well as a fiber model (FIBM) finite element method. Forty-five cases of columns with different aspect ratios, axial load ratios and ED bar ratios were analyzed with the SPOM and FIBM, respectively. Using these parametric results, a simplified design method was suggested by regressive analysis. Satisfactory correlation was found between the experimental results and the simplified design method for precast segmental columns with different design parameters.     

Analytical investigations of seismic responses for reinforced concrete bridge columns subjected to strong near-fault ground motion

Strong near-fault ground motion, usually caused by the fault-rupture and characterized by a pulse-like velocity- wave form, often causes dramatic instantaneous seismic energy (Jadhav and Jangid 2006). Some reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns, even those built according to ductile design principles, were damaged in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Thus, it is very important to evaluate the seismic response of a RC bridge column to improve its seismic design and prevent future damage. Nonlinear time history analysis using step-by-step integration is capable of tracing the dynamic response of a structure during the entire vibration period and is able to accommodate the pulsing wave form. However, the accuracy of the numerical results is very sensitive to the modeling of the nonlinear load-deformation relationship of the structural member. FEMA 273 and ATC-40 provide the modeling parameters for structural nonlinear analyses of RC beams and RC columns. They use three parameters to define the plastic rotation angles and a residual strength ratio to describe the nonlinear load- deformation relationship of an RC member. Structural nonlinear analyses are performed based on these parameters. This method provides a convenient way to obtain the nonlinear seismic responses of RC structures. However, the accuracy of the numerical solutions might be further improved. For this purpose, results from a previous study on modeling of the static pushover analyses for RC bridge columns (Sung et al. 2005) is adopted for the nonlinear time history analysis presented herein to evaluate the structural responses excited by a near-fault ground motion. To ensure the reliability of this approach, the numerical results were compared to experimental results. The results confirm that the proposed approach is valid.     

中欧规范RC桥墩抗震设计及验算方法对比研究

地震作用下钢筋混凝土（RC）桥墩容易损坏。为完善RC桥墩的抗震设计及验算方法,对比最新中国和欧洲规范中关于RC桥墩的延性抗震设计及验算方法的不同之处。基于Midas/Civil软件所建立的常规连续梁桥有限元模型,对比分析采用中欧规范开展的RC桥墩延性抗震设计及验算结果。结果表明:中欧规范中关于RC桥墩的延性抗震设计理念、抗剪和变形验算方法及延性构造细节均有区别。基于中欧规范设计的RC桥墩配筋情况存在差异。与中国规范相比,欧洲规范关于RC桥墩的横向钢筋配筋率和纵筋最小配筋率要求较高,有利于保证结构的抗剪强度和延性;箍筋最大间距要求较低,不利于防止纵筋压曲。     

Shake table experimental study of cable-stayed bridges with two different design strategies of H-shaped towers

As one of the main load-carrying components of cable-stayed bridges,bridge towers are typically required to remain elastic even when subjected to severe ground motions with a 2%-3%probability of exceedance in 50 years.To fulfill this special requirement imposed by current seismic design codes,reinforcement ratios in the bridge towers have to be kept significantly higher than if limited ductility behavior of the tower is allowed.In addition,since the foundation capacity is closely related to the moment and shear capacities of the bridge tower,a large increase in bridge construction cost for elastically designed cable-stayed bridge is inevitable.To further investigate the possibility of limited ductility bridge tower design strategies,a new 1/20-scale cable-stayed bridge model with H-shaped bridge towers designed according to strong strut-weak tower column design was tested.The shake table experimental results are compared with a previous strong tower column-weak strut designed full bridge model.A comparison of the results show that ductility design with plastic hinges located on tower columns,i.e.,strong strut-weak tower column design,is another effective seismic design strategy that results in only small residual displacement at the top of the tower column,even under very severe earthquake excitations.