Granite emplacement by crustal boudinage: example of the Calmayo and El Hongo plutons (Córdoba,Argentina)

This study deals with the structure and emplacement of the Calmayo and El Hongo trondhjemite plutons (Famatinian belt of Córdoba, Argentina). It provides structural data from the granites and the country rocks and a study of the magnetic fabric in the plutons. New U/Pb geochronological data yield intrusion ages of 512.1 ± 3.4 Ma and 500.6 ± 4.5 Ma for the Calmayo and El Hongo plutons respectively. The El Hongo massif and the southern part of the Calmayo trondhjemite preserve magmatic structures, whereas the northern domain of Calmayo shows the imprint of solid‐state deformation. The main foliation in the country rocks outlines a boudin‐like pattern at the map scale and the granites are located along boudin necks, suggesting that the emplacement of these trondhjemite plutons was linked to large‐scale boudinage of the country rocks.     

Origin of red beds in the Ringerike Group (Silurian) of Norway

The Ringerike Group is a meandering fluviatile succession which is about 60% red. Most of the red zones are formed of mudrocks and siltstones and correspond to the fine members of fining-upwards cyclothems. The majority of coarse members are drab coloured.Textural studies of thin and polished sections show that the red colour is caused by finely crystalline hematite as matrix and grain-coatings. This hematite apparently crystallized post-depositionally. Hematite also occurs in other textural sites: within altered phyllosilicates, as detrital grains and as totally pseudomorphed phyllosilicates. This, and the lack of consistency between colour and clay mineralogy, suggests that the red beds have had a long and complex diagenetic history.Iron analyses indicate that the red beds are enriched in Fe³⁺ and total iron (FeO) by about 1%. This is thought to have been derived from the pre-depositional weathering of iron minerals and introduced into the sediments as amorphous iron hydroxide or iron-bearing clays. Crystallization of iron hydroxide under oxidizing conditions and the post-depositional alteration of iron-silicates and oxides is thought to be responsible for the formation of the red beds.     

Magmatic stoping as an important emplacement mechanism of Variscan plutons: evidence from roof pendants in the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (Bohemian Massif)

The presence of numerous roof pendants, stoped blocks and discordant intrusive contacts suggests that magmatic stoping was a widespread, large-scale process during the final construction of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex, Bohemian Massif. The measured total length of the discordant contacts that cut off the regional cleavage and were presumably formed by stoping corresponds to about half of all contacts with the upper-crustal host rocks. In addition, at least some of the straight, cleavage-parallel intrusive contacts may also have recorded complex intrusive histories ending with piecemeal stoping of thin cleavage-bounded host rock blocks into the magma chamber. Based on the above, we argue that the fast strain rates required for emplacement of large plutons of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex into brittle upper crustal host rocks over relatively short-time span could not have been accommodated entirely by slow ductile flow or slip along faults. Instead, the emplacement was largely accommodated by much faster thermal cracking and extensive stoping independent of regional tectonic deformation. Finally, we emphasize that magmatic stoping may significantly modify the preserved structural patterns around plutons, may operate as an important mechanism of final construction of upper-crustal plutons and thus may contribute to vertical recycling and downward transport of crustal material within the magma plumbing systems in the crust.     

Structure and emplacement of granite plutons in the Paleoproterozoic crust of Eastern Burkina Faso: rheological implications

The Fada N′Gourma area in Burkina Faso is underlain by Paleoproterozoic rocks that make the northeastern West-African Craton. This region is composed of NE-trending volcano-sedimentary belts and foliated tonalites, affected by several shear zones. A generation of younger, ∼2100 Ma-old, non-foliated biotite-bearing granites intrudes the former rock units. We have investigated the younger granite pluton of Kouare that was previously considered as forming a single body with the pluton of Satenga to the west, a pluton which likely belongs to the ∼20 Ma more recent Tenkodogo-Yamba batholith. Magnetic fabric measurements have been combined with microstructural observations and the analysis of field and aeromagnetic data. The granite encloses angular enclaves of the host tonalites. Magmatic microstructures are preserved inside the pluton and solid-state, high-temperature deformation features are ubiquitous at its periphery. The presence of steeply plunging lineations in the pluton of Kouare and its adjacent host-rocks suggests that large volumes of granitic magmas became crystallized while they were ascending through the crust that was softened and steepened close to the contact. Around Kouare, the foliation in the host tonalites conforms with a map-scale, Z-shaped fold in between NNE-trending shear zones, implying a bulk clockwise rotation of the material contained in-between the shear zones, including the emplacing pluton. Regionally, the Fada N′Gourma area is concluded to result from NW-shortening associated with transcurrent shearing and vertical transfer of granitic magmas. This study concludes that the ∼2200 Myears old juvenile crust of Burkina Faso was brittle before the intrusion of the biotite-granites, became softened close to them and that gravity-driven and regional scale wrench tectonics were active together.     

Tectonic Setting of the Late Proterozoic Lavalleja Group (Dom Feliciano Belt), Uruguay

The Lavalleja Group exposed along the Dom Feliciano orogenic belt is located in the southeast of Uruguay. This group consists of volcano-sedimentary rocks, developed during the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano cycle. The geochemical signature of the igneous rocks of the Lavalleja Group, mainly metagabbros and basic and acidic metavolcanic rocks, indicates a back-arc basin tectonic setting. The metamorphic grade increases to the southeast, from very low grade, lower green-schist facies, in the Minas Formation, to a medium grade, amphibolite facies, in Fuente del Puma and Zanja del Tigre Formations. The metamorphic mineral assemblages correspond to a low-pressure regional metamorphism associated with a high thermal gradient. A compressive deformational event that probably corresponds to the closure of the Lavalleja basin during a continental collision, was recognized. The petrology, geochemistry, metamorphic grade, and tectonic setting are consistent with a back-arc basin setting for the Lavalleja Group.     

Stromatolitic microbiota from the middle Proterozoic Wumishan Formation (Jixian Group) of the Ming Tombs,Beijing, China

A relatively diverse microbiota, preserved in-situ, has been discovered in cherty stratiform stromatolites of the middle Proterozoic Wumishan Formation (c. 1200–1300 Maold), Jixian Group, in the Ming Tombs area of Beijing. This microfossil assemblage consists of two parts: (1) the mat-building and mat-dwelling benthos which mostly belong to “long-lasting” taxa and are mostly common with those of other Proterozoic microbiotas; and (2) allochthonous elements including some plankton and peculiar structures which are either new forms first described here or taxa shared with some contemporaneous or penecontemporaneous microbiotas elsewhere. The latter may have more stratigraphic significance.Bivariate analysis on two characters measured (length and width) has been used in the classification of the elongate microfossils, and the results demonstrate that biometrical methods are effective in the taxonomy of some Precambrian microfossils.The following new taxa are described:Archaeoellipsoides obesus sp. nov., Archaeoellipsoides conjunctivus sp. nov., Bactrophycus oblongum gen. et sp. nov., Bactrophycus dolichum gen. et sp. nov., Callosicoccus crauros gen. et sp. nov.     

A geochemical and Rb---Sr study of the Proterozoic augen orthogneisses on the Molde peninsula, west Norway

Coarse augen gneisses in this part of the west Norway Basal Gneiss Complex are shown to be derived from a rapakivi-like, porphyritic, plutonic body intruded into a mid-Proterozoic mobile belt. The rocks are intermediate to granitic in composition with little disturbance of either major or trace elements by metamorphism or metasomatism. This suggests that the Rb---Sr age of 1477±21 m.y., with a low I.E. of 0.7042 reflects an intrusive event. The tectonic controls of the intrusion appear to be similar to those for the advanced differentiates of the Proterozc anorthositic suite, although amajor difference in respective H₂O contents resulted in differing Fe contents and resultant mineralogies. This example, with other supposed Proterozoic orthogeneisses Norway, suggests that plutonism at that time and in that area was more widespread than previously considered.     

First U-Pb dates for detrital zircons from deposits of Serebryanka Group (Upper Proterozoic,Middle Urals)

The results of application of the LA-ICP-MS method for analysis of U-Pb ages of detrital zircons from Serebryanka Group (Middle Urals) has been presented for the first time. It has been found that the detrital zircon population in tillite-like conglomerates of the Tany Formation is represented nearly in equal shares by grains with Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic U-Pb ages. This allows the basement crystalline rocks from the eastern part of the East European Craton to be considered as the principal source of aluminosilicate clastic material in the beginning of the Serebryanka. The population of detrival zircons in sandstones from the Kernos Formation consists of Meso- and Neoarchean (approximately 15%), Paleoproterozoic (∼60%), and Mesoproterozoic (∼26%) zircon grains. Comparison of the obtained data with the materials on detrital zircons from Tonian and Ediacarian sandstones in the southern Urals has shown that the principal role in formation of Tonian and Ediacaran sedimentary sequences was played by the products of Mid- and Late Paleoproterozoic crystalline rock erosion in the craton socle. In addition to this, accumulation of the Serebryanka Group took place with visible participation of more ancient—Early Paleoproterozoic, Neo- and Mesoarchean—rock associations on the paleo-water catchment areas. The end of the Serebryanka period differed from its beginning by the additional appearance of Mesoproterozoic complexes in alimentation zones; for comparison, the role played by these complexes in formation of Ectasian-Ediacarian deposits of the adjacent southern Urals segment is insufficient, judging by the currently available data. All these facts may indicate that there are significant differences in the spatiotemporal distribution of clastic material sources for Upper Precambrian deposits in the West Megazone of the southern and middle Urals.     

Petrogenesis and syntectonic emplacement in the early Proterozoic of south-central Finland: a reversely zoned diorite-granodiorite and a granite

The Hernemäki and Sydänmaa granitoid plutons in southern Finland lie within the Svecokarelian metagreywackes, with an approximate age of 1.9 Ga. The Hernemäki porphyritic granite was emplaced and deformed early in the regional D₂ deformation, and acquired a rectilinear foliation. The Sydänmaa pluton has a mainly concentric foliation, and its intrusion spanned D₂. It was probably emplaced as a ballooning pluton. The magmas of the two plutons were possibly derived from a similar source, but evolved independently. Both plutons show plagioclasebiotite-hornblende fractionation. The Sydänmaa pluton is reversely zoned, with a granodiorite rim and a diorite core.Crystal-residual liquid segregation in a deep magma chamber produced a normal geochemical stratification. This fractionated magma was drained from the top down, and injected into a higher, final chamber. Hence, the granodiorite was emplaced before the diorite. There is a component of normal zonation, which suggests that early hornblende crystals were incorporated in the most fractionated granodiorite.

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Zusammenfassung Die Hernemäki- und Sydänmaa-Granite in Südfinnland liegen innerhalb der svecokarelischen Metagrauwacken und haben ein ungefähres Alter von 1,9 Ga. Der porphyrische Hernemäki-Granit intrudierte frühzeitig während der regionalen D, Deformation. Er wurde zur gleichen Zeit deformiert, woraus eine geradlinige Schieferung resultierte. Der Sydänmaa-Granit, dessen Intrusoin die D,-Phase überdauerte, zeigt dagegen eine überwiegend konzentrische Schieferung. Sehr wahrscheinlich stieg er als ballonförmiger Granit auf.Die Magmen der zwei Plutone entstammen eventuell derselben Quelle, entwickelten sich aber unabhängig voneinander. Beide zeigen Plagioklas-Biotit-Hornblende Fraktionierung. Der Sydänmaa-Granit ist umgekehrt zoniert, er hat einen Granodiorit-Rand und einen Diorit-Kern. Residuale Flüssigkeitsdifferenzierung in einer tiefgelegenen Magmenkammer erzeugte eine normale geochemische Abfolge. Dieses fraktionierte Magma floß vom Top des Plutons nach unten ab und wurde in eine höher gelegene Kammer injiziert. Also intrudierte der Granodiorit vor dem Diorit. Es existiert eine Komponente normaler Zonierung, was für eine Aufnahme früh gebildeter Hornblendekristalle in den am stärksten fraktionierten Granodiorit spricht.

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Résumé Les plutons granitoïdes de Hernemäki et Sydänmaa (Finlande méridionale) sont inclus dans les métagrauwackes svecocaréliennes, avec un âge approximatif de 1,9 Ga. Lors du début de la déformation régionale D₂, le granite prophyrique de Hernemäki s'est mis en place et a été déformé, acquérant ainsi une structure linéaire. Le pluton de Sydänmaa, dont l'intrusion a dépassé la phase D₂, possède une schistosité essentiellement concentrique. Il a été probablement mis en place par »ballooning«. Il est possible que les magmas des deux plutons dérivent d'une source similaire, mais ils ont évolué de manière indépendante. Les deux plutons montrent un fractionnement par cristallisation du plagioclase, de la biotite et de la hornblende. Celui de Sydänmaa présente une zonation inverse: bordure granodioritique et coeur dioritique. La séparation des cristaux et du liquide résiduel dans une chambre magmatique profonde a engendré une stratification géochimique normale. La partie supérieure de cet ensemble fractionné a ensuite été injectée dans une chambre définitive plus élevée, suivie des parties plus profondes: de la sorte, la granodiorite s'est mise en place avant la diorite. Il existe une composante de zonation normale, qui laisse supposer que de la hornblende, cristallisée lors des premiers stades, a été incorporée à la fraction granodioritique ultime.

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Hernemki Sydnmaa ; 1,9 Ga. Hernemaki , D₂, , . Sydnmaa, D₂, . . - , , . - . Sydnmaa , , - . . . , , — . , .

     

Cooling history of nested plutons from the Variscan Tichka plutonic complex (Morocco)

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Four imbricated mafic to felsic plutons of Variscan age from Morocco have been investigated for their cooling history and geochemical interactions with...     

Petrogenesis of contrasting granitoid plutons in western Bohemia (Czech Republic)

Summary Late-Variscan granitoid plutons in western Bohemia (Bor, Waidhaus-Rozvadov) have distinct petrographic, geochemical and isotopic features that suggest different magmatic evolutions. The Bor pluton comprises a suite of metaluminous tonalites and quartz diorites (Bor I), weakly peraluminous (monzo-)granites and granodiorites (Bor II) and medium-aluminous, late vein-forming leucomonzogranites (Bor III). The Waidhaus-Rozvadov pluton is strongly peraluminous, comprising a cordierite-biotite granitoid (CBG), the Rozvadov granite (ROG), the Bärnau granite (BÄG) and the subordinate, highly evolved Kreuzstein (Kíový kámen) granite (KG). Geochemical parameters and initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios straddle the boundary between I- and S-type granites in the Bor pluton and are characteristic of purely S-type granites in the Waidhaus-Rozvadov pluton.The Bor II granitoids have been dated by the Rb-Sr whole-rock method at 341±17 Ma (I_Sr = 0.70724±0.00060). K-Ar biotite and muscovite ages of all units of the Bor pluton are mainly in the range 321-315 Ma. The K-Ar mineral ages are in good agreement with recently published U-Pb zircon data of these rocks. The different units of the Waidhaus-Rozvadov pluton have yielded less well-constrained Rb-Sr whole-rock ages, ranging from 313 to 300 Ma. However, the intrusion sequence is constrained by K-Ar muscovite ages (312-302 Ma), which define a systematic decrease towards the chemically more evolved granite types. Taken as a whole, it seems likely that the new radiometric ages characterize two temporally distinct periods of late-Variscan granitoid intrusion. The regional significance of these periods is emphasized by contemporaneous ages previously found in the adjacent northeastern Bavarian granitoids.The initial Sr and Nd isotope systematics indicate that the Bor and the WaidhausRozvadov plutons were derived from different source rocks. The Bor granitoids reflect the influence of less evolved crustal material which may have been similar to paragneisses of the Teplá-Barrandian region, including the Zone of ErbendorfVohenstrauß (ZEV). The Waidhaus-Rozvadov granitoids probably resulted from anatexis of rocks resembling surrounding Moldanubian paragneisses or metapelites. In addition, the two plutons exhibit poorly defined, opposite trends of Nd_(T) variation which are ascribed to assimilation processes.

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Petrogenese kontrastierender Granitplutone in Westböhmen (Tschechien)

Zusammenfassung Spätvariscische Granitplutone in Westböhmen (Bor, Waidhaus-Rozvadov) weisen petrographische, geochemische und isotopische Kontraste auf, die unterschiedliche magmatische Entwicklungen nahelegen. Der Bor Pluton umfaßt metalumine Tonalite und Quarzdiorite (Bor I), schwach peralumine (Monzo-)granite und Granodiorite (Bor II) und mäßig alumine, gangbildende Leukomonzogranite (Bor III). Der WaidhausRozvadov Pluton besitzt stark peralumine Zusammensetzung und läßt sich in einen Cordierit-Biotit Granitoid (CBG), den Rozvadov Granit (ROG), den Bärnau Granit (BÄG) und den stofflich hochentwickelten Kreuzstein (Kíový kámen) Granit (KG) untergliedern. Geochemische Parameter und initiale⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-Verhältnisse liegen im Falle des Bor Plutons im Übergangsbereich zwischen I- und S-Typ Graniten und im Falle des Waidhaus-Rozvadov Plutons im Bereich reiner S-Typ Granite.Die Bor II Granitoide wurden nach der Rb-Sr Gesamtgesteinsmethode auf 341±17 Ma (I_Sr = 0.70724±0.00060) datiert. K-Ar Biotit- und Muskovitalter der Bor Granitoide liegen zwischen 321 and 315 Ma. Die K-Ar Mineralalter stehen im Einklang mit den kürzlich publizierten U-Pb Zirkondaten dieser Gesteine. Die verschiedenen Teilintrusionen des Waidhaus-Rozvadov Plutons liefern weniger gut definierte Rb-Sr Gesamtgesteinsalter zwischen 313 and 300 Ma. Die Intrusionsabfolge läßt sich dennoch durch K-Ar Muskovitalter festlegen (312-302 Ma), die eine systematische Abnahme von den weniger zu den starker entwickelten Granittypen aufweisen. Als Ganzes betrachtet dokumentieren die neuen radiometrischen Daten zwei zeitlich voneinander getrennte spdtvariscische Intrusionsereignisse. Die regionale Signifikanz dieser Ereignisse wird durch eine analoge Altersverteilung in den benachbarten nordostbayerischen Granitoiden untermauert.Anhand der initialen Sr und Nd Isotopensystematik können für die Bor und Waidhaus-Rozvadov Plutone unterschiedliche Quellen abgeleitet werden. Die Bor Granitoide spiegeln den Einfluß von gering entwickelten krustalen Material wider, das ähnliche stoffliche Eigenschaften besaß, wie Paragneise des Teplá-Barrandiums und der Zone von Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss (ZEV). Die Waidhaus-Rozvadov Granitoide lassen sich als Derivate moldanubischer Paragneise and Metapelite oder vergleichbarer Gesteine auffassen. Die zwei Plutone weisen schwach ausgeprägte gegensätzliche Nd_(T)-Variationen auf, was auf unterschiedliche Assimilationsprozesse zurückgeführt wird.

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With 10 Figures     

Discovery of animal eggs and embryos from the Ediacaran (Terminal Proterozoic) Chambaghat Formation,Krol Group,Himachal Lesser Himalaya

The globular to suboval microfossils with distinctively ornamented outer coverings interpreted as animal eggs and embryos have been discovered from the black phosphatic chert lentils of the Ediacaran (Terminal Proterozoic) Chambaghat Formation (Krol sandstone), Krol Group, Himachal Lesser Himalaya, India. Similar animal eggs and embryos have earlier been recorded only from the phosphorites of the uppermost Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation (Ca. 570±20 Ma) exposed at Weng’an, South China. Present record of eggs and embryos is comparable with extant eggs and embryos of cnidarians and bilaterians like molluscs, annelids and arthropods. The eggs and embryos from the Terminal Proterozoic rocks of India are the only one recorded from the equivalent stratigraphic horizon outside China. This discovery of eggs and embryos adds to the understanding the evolutionary trends in the Proterozoic metazoan life.     

江南造山带西段四堡群的沉积地质特征和构造属性探讨

华南四堡群是江南造山带的重要组成部分,是认识江南造山带弧沟体系的重要"窗口"。四堡群沉积地质学研究表明:1四堡群在黔东南地区总体构成一向上变浅的沉积序列:尧等组为深海-半深海相沉积;河村组浅海—滨岸相沉积。四堡群在桂北地区总体上也为一向上变浅的沉积序列:文通组为深海-半深海相沉积;鱼西组为浊积岩相沉积;2桂北地区四堡群碎屑岩系的29组沙纹层理(鲍马序列c段)的玫瑰花图解表明,古流向总体指向南,证明物源在其北侧;3四堡群砂岩骨架颗粒统计结果表明,其物源构造属性为岩浆弧;4基于以上研究,推测四堡群沉积于弧前盆地。     

吉南珍珠门组的解体与古-中元古界层序的重建

辽东吉南是我国古-中元古界发育最好的地区之一,但两省古-中元古界地层划分方案并不一致,使两省古-中元古界地层无法对比.通过岩石组合、构造变形、地球化学、年代及生物地质特征的对比发现Ⅰ、Ⅱ区镁质大理岩是在不同地质时期、不同大地构造环境下形成的.Ⅰ区时代为中元古代,Ⅱ区时代为古元古代.对吉南古-中元古界层序进行了重新划分.中元古界划分为大红峪组和高于庄组.古元古界划分为集安群、临江群、大栗子群.     

Emplacement of synkinematic plutons in the Variscan Odenwald (Germany) controlled by transtensional tectonics

In the Odenwald area (SW-Germany) an intermediate level of Variscan magmatic arc is exposed. Between 360 and 335 Ma the »Neunkirchen Intrusive Complex« intruded into an active NE-SW-trending zone of ductile divergent strike shear. After the thermal peak of metamorphism, but before the emplacement of the magmatic rocks shear zones developed in the wall rocks. The microfabrics of these zones infer plastic deformation of feldspar, hornblende and quartz and an increasing degree of postkinematic annealing towards the intrusive complex. During emplacement and solidification, the magmatic rocks experienced bulk strain: The intrusive complex locally crosscut the shear zones of the wall rocks, but show magmatic and also mylonitic foliations which parallel these zones. A change from plastic to brittle behavior of feldspar and amphibole and a varying degree of postkinematic annealing of quartz, suggest that in the intrusive complex strike shear continued during cooling. In wall rocks and plutonic rocks kinematic indicators imply sinistral displacement; in the wall rocks adjacent to the intrusive complex, strike shear was combined with normal displacement. This suggests that a component of horizontal extension which was associated with strike shear (transtension) facilitated ascend and emplacement of the magma. Transtension occurred at the same time, when the Schwarzwald/Vosges area (in the south of the Odenwald) was subjected to NW-SE compression; transtension was probably initiated by lateral escape of crustal fragments during overall convergent plate movements. Transtension is also supposed to be associated with significant uplift of metamorphic rocks.

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Zusammenfassung Im Gebiet des Odenwaldes (SW-Deutschland) ist das mittlere Krustenniveau eines variszischen magmatischen Gürtels aufgeschlossen. Zwischen 360 und 335 Ma intrudierte eine Abfolge magmatischer Gesteine (»Neunkirchener Flasergranitoid-komplex«) synkinematisch in eine NE-SW-streichende, divergente, duktile Blattverschiebungszone: Nach dem thermischen Höhepunkt der Metamorphose, aber noch vor der Platznahme der magmatischen Gesteine entwickelten sich im Nebengestein Scherzonen. Die Mikrogefüge dieser Zonen zeigen plastisches Deformationsverhalten von Feldspat, Hornblende und Quarz und postkinematische Temperung an. Während der Platznahme und Konsolidierung wurden die Magmatite deformiert. Die magmatische Abfolge schneidet lokal die Scherzonen des Nebengesteins, weist aber magmatische und auch mylonitische Foliationen parallel zu diesen Zonen auf. In den Magmatiten überdauerte die Abkühlung die Deformation: Feldspat und Amphibol zeigen einen Wechsel im Deformationsverhalten von plastisch zu spröde, der Grad der postkinematischen Temperung variiert. Im Nebengestein und in der magmatischen Abfolge wurden aus kinematischen Indikatoren sinistrale Blattverschiebungen abgeleitet. In den Nebengesteinen beinhalten die Blattverschiebungen eine deutliche Abschiebungskomponente. Dies läßt darauf schließen, daß horizontale Extension, die mit den Blattverschiebungen assoziiert war (Transtension) Aufstieg und Platznahme des Magmas erleichterte. Transtension fand gleichzeitig mit NW-SE-Kompression in Schwarzwald/Vogesen (südlich des Odenwaldes) statt. Transtension wurde möglicherweise durch »lateral escape« einzelner Krustenfragmente während der Kompression verursacht; sie ist wahrscheinlich auch mit signifikanter Hebung von metamorphen Gesteinen verbunden.

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Résumé Dans l'Odenwald (Allemagne du sud-ouest) affleure le niveau crustal moyen d'un arc magmatique varisque. Entre 360 et 335 Ma, un ensemble de roches magmatiques (le Complexe intrusif de Neukirchen) s'est mis en place de manière syncinématique dans une zone de cisaillement ductile divergent: après le pic thermique du métamorphisme, mais avant la mise en place des roches magmatiques, des shear-zones se sont développées dans les roches encaissantes. Les microfabriques de ces zones montrent une déformation plastique du feldspath, de la hornblende et du quartz et un recuit post-cinématique dont le degré augmente vers le complexe intrusif. Les roches magmatiques ont été déformées au cours de leur mise en place et de leur consolidation. Le complexe intrusif est localement sécant sur les shear-zones des roches encaissantes, mais présente des foliations magmatiques et mylonitiques parallèles à ces zones. Dans les roches magmatiques, la déformation cisaillante s'est poursuivie pendant le refroidissment: en témoignent le passage du comportement plastique du feldspath et de l'amphibole à un comportement rupturel, ainsi qu'un degré variable de recuit postcinématique du quartz. Tant dans les roches plutoniques que dans leurs encaissants, les marqueurs de déformation impliquent un déplacement sénestre; dans les roches encaissantes, le cisaillement est combiné à un déplacement normal. On en déduit qu'une composante d'extension horizontale, associée au cisaillement (« transtension »), a facilité la montée et la mise en place du magma. Cette «transtension» s'est manifestée au moment où la région des Vosges et de la Forêt Noire (au sud de l'Odenwald) était soumise à une compression et une transpression NW-SE; la transtension a été probablement initiée par le départ latéral («lateral escape») de fragments de croûte lors des mouvements de convergence des plaques. Elle est aussi vraisemblablement en liaison avec une montée significative des roches métamorphiques.

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. 360 335 , , NE-SW («Neunkirchener Flasergranitoidkomplex»). , . , , . . , , , . : , . , . . , , ( ), . NW-SE /, .. . , , («lateral escape») . , , .

     

吉南珍珠门组的解体与古一中元古界层序的重建

辽东吉南是我国古一中元古界发育最好的地区之一，但两省古一中元古界地层划分方案并不一致，使两省古一中元古界地层无法对比。通过岩石组合、构造变形、地球化学、年代及生物地质特征的对比发现Ⅰ、Ⅱ区镁质大理岩是在不同地质时期、不同大地构造环境下形成的。Ⅰ区时代为中元古代，Ⅱ区时代为古元古代。对吉南古一中元古界层序进行了重新划分。中元古界划分为大红峪组和高于庄组。古元古界划分为集安群、临江群、大栗子群。     

河南省桐柏县银洞坡金矿(西段)构造控矿因素初析

通过对银洞坡的主要控矿因素进行野外调查和分析研究,认为朱庄背斜(形)及其伴生的共轭逆冲剪切带、层间(顺层)剪切带、左行或右行脆性断裂控制了矿床的产出部位,建立了构造控矿模型,对矿体进行了重新对比连接,扩大了矿体规模,使银洞坡金矿金金属量(C D)由30582 kg增加至42527 kg(111b 122b 333).     

Detrital zircon ages from southern Norway – implications for the Proterozoic evolution of the southwestern Baltic Shield

An ion-microprobe (SIMS) U-Pb zircon dating study on four samples of Precambrian metasediments from the high-grade Bamble Sector, southern Norway, gives the first information on the timing of discrete crust-forming events in the SW part of the Baltic Shield. Recent Nd and Pb studies have indicated that the sources of the clastic metasediments in this area have crustal histories extending back to 1.7 to 2.1 Ga, although there is no record of rocks older than 1.6 Ga in southern Norway. The analysed metasediments are from a sequence of intercalated, centimetre to 10-metre wide units of quartzites, semi-metapelites, metapelites and mafic granulites. The zircons can be grouped in two morphological populations: (1) long prismatic; (2) rounded, often flattened. The BSE images reveal that both populations consist of oscillatory zoned, rounded and corroded cores (detrital grains of magmatic origin), surrounded by homogeneous rims (metamorphic overgrowths). The detrital zircons have ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages between 1367 and 1939 Ma, with frequency maxima in the range 1.85 to 1.70 Ga and 1.60 to 1.50 Ga. There is no correlation between crystal habit and age of the zircon. One resorbed, inner zircon core in a detrital grain is strongly discordant and gives a composite inner core-magmatic outer core ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 2383 Ma. Two discrete, unzoned zircons have ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages of 1122 and 1133 Ma, representing zircon growth during the Sveconorwegian high-grade metamorphism. Also the μm wide overgrowths, embayments in the detrital cores and apparent “inner cores” which represent secondary metamorphic zircon growth in deep embayments in detrital grains, are of Sveconorwegian age. The composite-detrital-metamorphic zircon analyses give generally discordant ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U versus ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U ratios and maximum ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages of 1438 Ma. These data demonstrate the existence of a protocrust of 1.7 to 2.0 Ga in the southwestern part of the Baltic Shield, implying a break in the overall westward younging trend of the Precambrian crust, inferred from the southeastern part of the Baltic Shield. Received: 8 April 1997 / Accepted: 14 July 1997     

Stromatolites of the lower Missoula Group (Middle Proterozoic), Belt Supergroup,Glacier National Park,Montana

The mode of formation and environmental setting of stromatolites from the lower Missoula Group (ca. 1.1·10⁹ years old) in Glacier National Park, Montana, have been determined. The stromatolite-bearing interval in the lower Missoula Group was deposited in a shallow, intermittently exposed setting of very low relief, the stromatolites forming during periods of submergence. In situ carbonate precipitation was the dominant process involved in the formation of encrusting stromatolitic laminae. This precipitate was deposited within, and probably beneath, algal mats, most likely as a result of the photosynthetic removal of carbon dioxide by the mat-building microscopic algae. Calcite also was precipitated in several types of open-space structures occurring within these stromatolites. Other laminae were produced by the organic stabilization of detrital particles; by the solely physical accumulation of terrigenous material; and probably, by bacterially induced precipitation of iron sulfide which was later oxidized to form hematite layers.Three forms of filamentous microfossils, two of which appear to be oscillatoriacean cyanophytes and the third of which is probably either a cyanophyte or filamentous bacterium, have been detected in these structures. In addition, hematitic pillar-shaped microstructures, interpreted to have been produced by filamentous bacteria, are abundant locally.In gross morphology, the lower Missoula Group stromatolites are simple, unbranched, domal structures ranging from several millimeters to several decimeters in both height and diameter. Physical conditions played a major role in determining the macrostructure of these stromatolites. Of particular importance were the shape of the positive sediment-surface irregularities upon which the stromatolites initially formed, the rate of sedimentation between stromatolite colonies, and the deposition of layers of terrigenous material on stromatolite growth surfaces. The effect of biological factors on stromatolite structure is clearly seen in those portions of stromatolites relatively free of terrigenous material; biological activity was apparently greatest on positive irregularities of the growth surface, resulting in preferential enhancement of such irregularities and development of second- and higher-order hemispheroidal structures.