黑龙江省五大连池新期火山喷发的火山弹动力学初探

本文系统地总结了黑龙江省五大连池新期火山老黑山和火烧山的火山弹形态和内部结构;对比和讨论了近球状、纺锤状、椭球状和圆饼状火山弹的 体积估算和准确的表示方法;初步研究了火山弹的形成、空中飞行和落地变形的动力学过程。根据老黑山火山弹的分布情况,计算出了老黑山新期喷发时火山弹达到的高度范围。     

老黑山火山碎屑降落堆积物研究

由中心式喷发形成的老黑山火山碎屑降落堆积物，主要是玄武质火山渣、火山弹、火山饼和少量岩屑。在火山爆发自身能量和北北西风的影响下，形成高耸的火山渣锥和向南南东展布的低缓的火山碎屑席地貌景观。区域上系统测量了火山碎屑席中火山碎屑的厚度、最大平均粒径、分选系数和中值粒径，均呈现规律性变化；剖面层序则反映老黑山火山经过两个大喷发阶段，多次脉动式喷发。经估算，老黑山火山碎屑席中火山碎屑量比火山渣锥中要少得多，老黑山火山碎屑属“建造火山锥”火山碎屑沉积。据投点，老黑山火山喷发属斯通博里型。老黑山、火烧山火山仍有再次爆发的可能。未来火山喷发的潜在危险主要来自火山喷发空落堆积物。老黑山、火烧山火山的南东、东和南，包括五大连池市在内有必要对未来火山爆发加以防范。     

长白山天池火山——多成因中央式火山

长白山天池火山属新生代多成因中央式火山,也是我国最大的一座具潜在危险的活火山。火山主体由早期玄武岩盾、中期粗面岩锥和晚期伊格尼姆岩席组成。天池火山布里尼喷发柱高度最高达25 km,柱体最大宽度为半径12～13 km。天池破火山口塌陷过程可以分为四期,分别位于造锥喷发阶段和造伊格尼姆岩喷发阶段。本文对天池火山未来可能的火山灾害类型及范围也作了初步预测。     

论五大连池老黑山和火烧山火山喷发过程和喷发类型

本文概述了黑龙江省五大连池火山群中两座近代火山老黑山、火烧山的基本情况,浮岩碎屑堆积物和熔岩流的分布和特点。在此基础上,论证了老黑山火山不是单成因火山,火烧山可归属为单成因火山;火山喷发活动过程的特点是先裂隙式喷发、后转为中心式喷发;浮岩碎屑喷发是同岩浆喷溢伴随发生的。并同冰岛拉基火山（Laki volcanoes）、美国夏威夷火山及意大利斯通博利火山进行了对比,提出了应把中国黑龙江五大连池老黑山火山喷发类型命名为“五大连池老黑山型”,即一种兼有上述火山的特点,又同它们有明显差别的新的火山喷发类型。这种观点对于评估五大连池火山再次喷发的危险性和预测预报火山灾害,以及丰富对火山喷发类型的认识均有理论和实际意义。     

Plinian式火山喷发柱最大高度定量计算模式探讨

Ｐｌｉｎｉａｎ式火山喷发柱最大高度是研究火山喷发对环境、气候影响时空范围的重要物理学参数,在分析了影响Ｐｌｉｎｉａｎ式火山喷发柱最大高度诸因素的基础上认为,火山喷发的质量通量是反映火山喷发柱最大高度最有效并且在实际中可以进行测量的参数之一,以此为基础,利用目前实测的火山喷发柱最大高度的数值与火山喷发质量通量的结果,建立两者的相关方程为：Ｈ＝０．２×Ｍ０．２８。     

五大连池老黑山、火烧山的火山喷发特征

从野外调查及火山喷发观测记录入手, 结合国内外火山研究的新进展, 在火山成因类型、喷发方式及喷发前兆等方面讨论了五大连池老黑山、火烧山的火山喷发特征。指出老黑山、火烧山的火山成因类型属于单成因火山, 喷发方式不是简单的中心式喷发, 而是经历了裂隙式喷发后转为中心式喷发。通过火山喷发观测记录的分析及与国外火山对比, 揭示出此次火山喷发是有前兆的, 其前兆特征对监测预报未来火山喷发有借鉴意义。     

大椅子山火山碎屑降落堆积物研究

由中心式喷发形成的大椅子山火山碎屑降落堆积物,主要为玄武质火山渣和浮石,其次为火山弹、超镁铁质岩包体和岩屑。在强劲西风的影响下,该火山经过110多次脉动式喷发,形成了耸立的火山渣锥和低缓的火山碎屑席。在平面和剖面上,降落火山碎屑的组成、厚度、最大粒径、分选系数和中值粒径都呈有规律变化。构成碎屑席的火山渣分下、中、上三层,主要发育平面平行层理和递变层理。降落火山碎屑的各种特征表明,大椅子山火山的喷发过程非常复杂。     

五大连池老黑山、火烧山火山岩屑崩落堆积的发现及其喷发历史和模式的重塑

黑龙江五大连池世界地质公园的老黑山、火烧山火山岩屑崩落(debris-avalanche)形成小丘状沉积.老黑山火山西面、东面和东南面有数十座小丘,火烧山火山北面和东北面也有数十座小丘.最大的小丘高约17m,基座直径50m以上.最远的小丘距火山2km.小丘为崩落堆积的岩块相,由巨大的崩落岩块组成.崩落岩块为灰紫色玄武质...     

老黑山期火山活动史及其与五大连池形成和演化的关系

老黑山和火烧山是五大连池火山群中最年青的次山。老黑山是叠锥状火山，喷发时间发生在公元１０００年左右和１７１９年。１７２０年的火山喷发形成了火烧山。六个大的山堰塞湖的形成与这三次火山喷发有关。     

五大连池新期火山锥体结构及喷发过程

五大连池新期火山（1719～1921年喷发）包括老黑山和火烧山两座火山。火山由富钾玄武质熔岩盾和锥体组成,造盾喷溢与造锥喷发交替进行。老黑山形成相对较早,喷发规模大,锥体结构复杂,为两期形成的复式套叠锥,晚期锥体中心为漏斗状火山口,火山喷发过程可分为5个阶段。火烧山为一单锥,锥体中心发育破火口,火山活动经历了3个阶段。     

岩浆补给作用对硅质火山岩浆系统演化的制约

硅质火山喷发作为大陆地壳岩浆活动的重要表现，在研究大陆地壳形成与演化、探讨岩浆过程与动力学机制等方面具有重要的价值，其通常所表现的强烈爆炸式喷发，甚至可以导致全球性的环境和气候变迁。硅质岩浆系统在开放体系中不同来源岩浆的贡献和相互作用是目前研究的热点问题。持续的岩浆补给可以延长岩浆存储的时间，促进岩浆房的对流、岩浆的分异演化以及晶体 熔体的分离和晶粥的再活化，同时也是触发火山喷发的重要机制之一。此外，岩浆补给以及硅质岩浆的晶体 熔体演化过程也是火山喷发产物多样性的原因，导致同一火山在其活动过程中喷发产物规律性的变化，如富晶体火山岩、贫晶体火山岩、火山岩成分分层、以及复活岩穹和中央侵入体等。因此，岩浆补给作用是制约硅质火山岩浆系统演化和火山岩成分多样性的重要因素，也是活动火山监测和灾害评估的重要依据。岩石学、岩石地球化学、矿物(长石、石英、石榴子石、锆石等)同位素及成分变化，以及模拟实验、地震层析成像等研究为揭示硅质岩浆系统中的岩浆补给作用和复杂岩浆过程提供了多种视角。     

First Historical Eruption of Kambalny Volcano

The first historical eruption of Kambalny volcano began on March 24, 2017 with the powerful ash emission from the summit crater reaching as high as 6 km above sea level. The explosive activity continued without interruption from March 24 to March 30. The most powerful ash emission was registered on March 25–26, when the ash plume drifted several thousand kilometers SW, S, and SE from the volcano. On April 2 and April 9, after several calm days, powerful ash explosions occurred generating ash plumes up to 7 km high. The area of the land and sea over which the ash plume drifted during the day of March 25, was 650000 km²; the area of the ash accumulation on the land that was formed from March 24 to April 9, exceeded 1500 km². These parameters were measured using the satellite-based data in the VolSatView information system. Domination of the silty fraction and the presence of secondary minerals (pyrite, gypsum, sulfur, and others) in the ash point to the phreatic character of the volcanic eruption.     

Thermal structure of the gas-and-ash plume during eruption of Koryak volcano

High resolution thermal cameras were used in observations of gas-and-ash plumes during eruption of the Koryak volcano in March 2009. Our results provide the thermal structure of gas-and-ash flows. The structure of the eruption column consists of several individual plumes. The vertical velocity of plume rise was estimated at 5.5–7 m/s. The eruption column or plume can be conventionally divided into three parts: a highly convective region, a buoyant region, and a region of horizontal motion. The temperature of the plume is higher than that of the surrounding atmosphere by 3–5°C for the horizontal motion region and by about 20°C for the buoyant region. The velocity at the buoyant region is 5–7 m/s. For the boundary between highly convective and buoyant regions, where the plume diameter is known, the vapor mass flow and the heat capacity of the thermal jet flow can be determined from the heat balance equation. The mass flow of the overheated vapor, which has a temperature of 450°C and comprises a gas-and-ash eruption plume, was estimated to be Q = 35 kg/s. The total mass of water vapor over the period of eruption (100 days) is estimated at 3 · 10⁵ t. The total thermal energy of the eruption amounted to 10⁹ MJ.     

中国东部全新世火山的镭-钍同位素年代学

活火山是指1万年来有过喷发历史的全新世火山。火山的高分辨年代学对火山灾害评估和火山分类具有重要意义。对于缺乏历史记载的全新世火山,直接对火山岩进行同位素定年很困难。本文利用具有高时间分辨率的镭-钍-铀非平衡确定中国东部年轻火山的年龄。根据镭-钍-铀同位素,海南岛的马鞍岭和雷虎岭是全新世火山(马鞍岭:4.3ka;雷虎岭:4.7ka);镜泊湖火山(4.9ka)也是全新世火山;龙岗火山存在晚更新世和全新世活动(7.0ka,15.0ka);大兴安岭阿尔山和诺敏河Ra/Th非平衡消失但~(230)Th/~(238)U非平衡显著,属于晚更新世喷发(阿尔山:63ka;诺敏河:71ka)。海南岛的马鞍岭火山、雷虎岭火山和东北地区的龙岗火山、镜泊湖火山,是4座活火山。至于东北地区的阿尔山和诺敏河火山是否是活火山,有待测试更多样品的Ra/Th同位素。五大连池老黑山和火烧山有历史喷发记录,这与它们都存在显著Ra/Th非平衡一致。五大连池老黑山和火烧山的岩浆滞留年龄分别小于4.2ka和3.2ka,岩浆上升速率 18～23m/y。     

Application of hot spring gases to the study of active volcanoes in the Changbaishan Mountain region,Northeast China

The authors reviewed the history of geochemistry involved in active volcano monitoring and analyzed the relationship between variations in volcanic gas composition observed at the Changbaishan Volcano Observatory and volcanic activities. It is concluded that both geochemical method and routine gas analysis can provide the information about volcanic activity and earthquake activity, and both of them can play an important role in predicting volcano eruption.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩相和火山机构分析

徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩极为发育。文章通过对火山岩的岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、岩芯测试及测井资料、二维、三维地震资料的综合分析 ,将营城组火山岩盆地分为 3大相区 ,即火山喷发区、过渡区和沉积区。火山喷发区岩性由各种熔岩、火山碎屑岩和少量砂砾岩组成 ;过渡区岩性以火山碎屑岩与沉积岩互层为特征 ,夹少量火山熔岩 ;沉积区岩性包括砂砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩。火山喷发区内可识别出 8种类型的火山岩相 (空落相、溢流相、基底涌流相、火山碎屑流相、火山泥石流相、火山沉积相、次火山相、隐爆角砾岩相 )和 3种类型的火山机构 (层火山、微型盾火山和渣锥火山 )。不同类型的火山机构具有不同火山作用、岩相分布特征和含油气性。因此火山岩相及火山机构分析对火山作用研究和油气勘探均有重要意义。     

长白山火山1000年前火山泥流堆积及其灾害

长白山火山１０００年前大喷发,火山泥流堆积物沿松花江中上游分布。距火山较近的是火山泥流的岩屑流堆积,远离火山变为火山泥流的超高密度流堆积。探讨了火山泥流的成因,并指出长白山火山一旦再次爆发,火山泥流将是主要的火山灾害,沿松花江中上游可能造成巨大破坏,并可能危及鸭绿江、图们江中、上游。     

Tall clouds from small eruptions: the sensitivity of eruption height and fine ash content to tropospheric instability

A critical factor in successfully monitoring and forecasting volcanic ash dispersion for aviation safety is the height reached by eruption clouds, which is affected by environmental factors, such as wind shear and atmospheric instability. Following earlier work using the Active Tracer High Resolution Atmospheric Model for strong Plinian eruptions, this study considered a range of eruption strengths in different atmospheres. The results suggest that relatively weak volcanic eruptions in the moist tropics can trigger deep convection that transports volcanic material to 15–20 km. For the same volcanic strength there can be ~9 km difference between eruption heights in moist tropical and dry subpolar environments (a larger height difference than previously suggested), which appears consistent with observations. These results suggest that eruption intensity should not be estimated from eruption height alone for tropospheric eruptions and also that the average height of volcanic eruptions may increase if the tropical atmospheric belt widens in a changing climate. Ash aggregation is promoted by hydrometeors (particularly liquid water), so the smaller modelled eruptions in moist atmospheres, which have a relatively small ash content for their height and water content, result in a relatively small proportion of fine ash in the dispersing cloud when compared to a dry atmosphere. This in turn makes the ash clouds much more difficult to detect using remote sensing than those in dry atmospheres. Overall, a weak eruption in the tropics is more likely to produce a plume above cruising levels for civil aviation, harder to detect and track, but with a lower concentration of fine ash than a mid-latitude or polar equivalent. There is currently no defined ‘acceptable’ concentration of ash for aircraft, but as these results suggest low-grade encounters in the tropics from undetected clouds are likely, it would be desirable to explore that issue.