安徽马鞍山高村采场矿坑地下水疏干预测

根据马鞍山高村铁矿露天采场矿区地质及水文地质特征,对矿区的基岩裂隙地下水系统进行概化。结合高村采矿场历史疏干资料和观测孔的地下水动态观测资料,建立了矿区地下水水流模型。然后按照露天采场的开采计划,论证矿坑地下水疏干对策,分别对2个开采规划期进行地下水疏干预测,为安全开采和经济有效地防治地下水提供设计依据。     

边坡水平排水孔幕的渗流计算

为了简化边坡水平排水孔幕的渗流计算,根据排水孔两侧水位曲线对称的特征,选取隔离体来模拟研究边坡中地下水的运动规律。将排水孔视作强透水的管状渗透介质,建立隔离体的渗流模型,采用数值法模拟分析水平排水孔幕工作时渗流场的分布特征。实例表明,该方法合理有效,可用于边坡水平排水孔幕系统的排水效果评价及边坡水平排水孔幕系统的合理设计。      

边坡俯倾排水孔负压排水法研究

实时排出坡体地下水可减少降雨诱发型滑坡灾害的发生。仰斜排水孔是滑坡治理中常用的排水方法,但排水孔的淤堵问题影响了排水的效果,其使用的耐久性也得不到保证。论文提出一种俯倾排水孔负压排水法,将钻孔分为下部透水孔段和上部注浆封闭孔段,中间使用止浆体分隔,虹吸排水管穿过注浆封闭孔段进入透水孔段的底部。当坡内地下水位上升,引起排水管进水口的水头高程大于钻孔的孔口高程时,虹吸排水自然启动并在透水孔段内产生负压,从而加快排水速度。负压排水过程的抽吸作用可将孔内淤积物排出,而封闭孔段将钻孔透水孔段与大气隔离,有利于解决化学淤堵问题和生物淤堵问题。论文首先定性分析了该方法的作用原理和应用可行性,再在恒定水头条件下,进行了负压和排水能力的物理模型试验。试验表明:（1）排水过程可以产生必要的孔内负压条件;（2）排水一段时间后,透水空腔内的压强值不再变化,排水流量基本稳定;（3）增大排水管径或增大排水口与透水空腔高差,可使透水空腔内产生更大的负压值,从而提高排水效果。因此该方法是一种新型有效的排水方法,有较好的工程应用价值。     

碎软煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯高效抽采模式

瓦斯区域超前治理是实现煤矿安全、高效及智能化开采的重要保障,针对碎软煤层区域瓦斯高效抽采难题,以陕西韩城矿区3号煤层为研究对象,提出井下煤层顶板梳状长钻孔水力压裂区域瓦斯抽采模式。采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等多手段相结合的方法,验证模式适用性,阐明紧邻煤层顶板梳状钻孔压裂裂缝延展规律、抽采机理和压裂曲线特征,进而建立适用于500 m孔深的集地质条件动态分析、分段水力压裂、封隔器遇阻解卡和压裂范围连续探查于一体的顶板梳状长钻孔裸眼分段水力压裂关键技术体系,实现煤层顶板梳状钻孔主孔轨迹距离煤层5 m左右、多段均匀压裂、压裂范围全孔监测和孔内事故高效处理。以此为基础,在韩城桑树坪二号井开展2孔次的工程实践:压裂主孔深度588 m、距3号煤层2 m左右,单孔压裂6段,压裂范围探查深度381 m、压裂影响半径20 m以上;压裂后,钻孔抽采瓦斯平均体积分数40%以上、瓦斯抽采量1 m3/min以上,抽采效果是常规钻孔的4倍,120 d瓦斯抽采有效半径可达9 m,实现了碎软煤层瓦斯区域高效抽采。并提出了适用于碎软煤层大区域瓦斯抽采以及高瓦斯压力碎软强突煤层远程区域抽采卸压等规模化应用技术思路。      

边坡岩体中地下水优化排水机理研究

基于对岩体边坡中地下水的存在性态及作用机理分析 ,提出了实用排水模型 ;建立了排水微分控制方程 ,通过敏感性分析求解此方程而得到岩体中地下水的优化排水方向 ,此成果在岩体边坡地下水渗流、库岸边坡岩体中地下水的有效排泄、岩体滑坡有效排水等方面具有重要的实用价值 ,丰富了岩体水力学及山地灾害学的科学内涵     

水平定向钻进在边坡坡体排水中的应用

边坡稳定受许多的因素影响,在很多时候,如何有效地排除坡体水是成功治理边坡的关键。水平钻孔排水作为边坡处治的一种常见排水措施,具有许多优点。而采用水平定向钻孔技术能克服传统施工工艺的不足,是值得推广的一种施工工艺。本文分析了影响水平孔稳定的一些因素,并提出了解决问题的一些办法。     

复杂条件下露天采场边坡变形分析

露天采场边坡的变形特征对边坡稳定性评价、露天开采以及对边坡变形监测具有重要意义 ,复杂条件下 ,露天采场边坡的变形特征难以预测。本文采用快速拉格朗日分析 (FL AC)方法对金牛公司露天采场稳定边坡、不稳定边坡时空上的变形特征以及空区和分步开挖对边坡变形特征的影响进行了综合分析。结果表明 :FL AC方法在分析复杂条件下的边坡变形特征方面显示了较强的优势 ,稳定边坡和不稳定边坡有着各自不同的变形特征 ,空区和开采速度对边坡变形产生一定的影响。     

Groundwater flow systems in turbidites of the Northern Apennines (Italy): natural discharge and high speed railway tunnel drainage

Turbidites crop out extensively in the Northern Apennine mountains (Italy). The huge amounts of groundwater drained by tunnels, built for the high speed railway connection between Bologna and Florence, demonstrate the aquifer-like behaviour of these units, up to now considered as aquitards. A conceptual model of groundwater flow systems (GFS) in fractured aquifers of turbidites is proposed, taking into account both system natural state and the perturbation induced by tunnel drainage. Analysis of hydrological data (springs, streams and tunnel discharge), collected over 10 years, was integrated with analysis of hydrochemical and isotopic data and a stream-tunnel tracer test. Hydrologic recession analysis of undisturbed conditions is a key tool in studying turbiditic aquifer hydrogeology, permitting the discrimination of GFS, the estimation of recharge relative to the upstream reach portion and the identification of springs most vulnerable to tunnel drainage impacts. The groundwater budgeting analysis provides evidence that the natural aquifer discharge was stream-focused through GFS, developed downslope or connected to main extensional tectonic lineaments intersecting stream beds; now tunnels drain mainly active recharge groundwater and so cause a relevant stream baseflow deplenishment (approximately two-thirds of the natural value), possibly resulting in adverse effects on local ecosystems.     

蒙东地区露天矿边坡稳定性影响因子与敏感度分析

边坡稳定性对露天煤矿安全高效开采至关重要。在系统总结蒙东地区露天煤矿赋存条件的基础上,提出了该地区露天煤矿边坡的工程地质特征及稳定性影响关键因子。采用正交试验与极差分析法,对该地区露天煤矿边坡稳定性影响因子的敏感度进行了研究。研究结果表明:软弱结构面分布特征、软弱结构面强度及变形特征、地下水疏排效果和综合帮坡角是控制该地区露天煤矿边坡稳定性的关键因子;不同开采阶段边坡稳定性影响因子的敏感性会发生变化,边坡防治策略及重点也应相应调整。      

Geotechnical study and slope design of a phosphorite mine

This paper aims at examining how the data for the geomechanical properties of slope material and for groundwater condition can be precisely and quickly collected, evaluated, and best used for optimum slope design in a block of phosphorite in an open cast mine. It is also directed at determining the influence of all the slope design parameters on the safety factor by using sensitivity analysis, which indicates that the effect of groundwater and friction angle is prominent in the slope. Suitable remedial measures, e.g., proper drainage and design of high slopes with relatively safe slope angle, have been planned for the critical slopes after sensitivity analysis. Monitoring of the designed slopes has revealed no movement.     

元宝山露天矿疏干优化设计

从影响元宝山露天矿地下水疏干的主要水文地质参数随机性特征分析入手,建立并求解了元宝山露天矿疏干工程优化设计的随机地下水管理模型,揭示了水文地质参数随机性对管理模型结果的影响,认为参数的随机性越大,管理结果越坏;置信水平越高,管理结果越坏,且渗透系数和边界条件对管理结果影响最大。      

穿层爆破在南桐矿瓦斯抽放中的应用与数值模拟

穿层抽放是一些高突矿井常用的瓦斯治理手段,在穿层抽放时采用爆破技术已被证明具有良好的抽放效果。以重庆市南桐矿穿层爆破为背景,建立了穿层深孔爆破数学模型;利用数值计算和现场实测抽放数据相结合的方法,分别研究了各爆破孔、控制孔动应力的变化以及爆破应力场强度与抽放效果的关系。研究结果表明,穿层抽放的特点决定了爆破孔与抽放孔的布孔方式。由于炮孔斜穿煤层,煤层各断面动应力场分布极不均匀,药包中心控制孔所受动应力为控制孔中最大。在南桐矿薄煤层试验条件下,药包长度为3.2 m的爆破孔平均破坏半径为0.57 m,较其他两排炮孔大20%以上。炮孔中药包长度是影响瓦斯抽放量的重要因素。爆破孔的平均单孔抽放量较控制孔高55%,爆破钻场较非爆破钻场平均单孔流量大49%。     

边坡负压排水非稳定流研究

自启动负压排水方法是一种新兴的间歇性波动排水方法,为对该方法的实现机理进行理论研究,建立了可供解析研究的负压排水模型。先引入狄拉克函数表述负压排水模型中点汇的数理特性,并对此模型推求出潜水剖面二维流运动方程及潜水面边界条件;再使用二维傅里叶正逆变换求解负压排水模型的定解问题,得到负压排水渗流场解析解。设置两种工况分别计算了自启动负压排水方法下数值模拟和理论解得到的边坡浸润线曲线,并进行了对比分析。结果表明：在不同排水孔位置工况的3组条件中,排水孔位置越深,理论解误差越大,其中排水孔位置为（24,10）时,靠近排水孔区域理论解与数值模拟结果误差最大;在排水孔位置固定、不同初始水头高度工况的3组条件中,左、右水头越高,理论解误差越大,其中左水头为28 m、右水头为8 m时,理论解与数值模拟结果误差最大。该自启动负压排水渗流场解析解在简化条件下的浸润线理论解与数值模拟结果吻合度较高。     

矿区疏干地下水三维流与二维流对比研究

分别从解析解、数值解和电网络三个方面,对三维流和二维流模型求解方法和结果进行了理论分析和对比,讨论了在参数拟合、水量水位预测方面的差别及处理对策。最后给出元宝山露天煤矿疏干排水三维流模型与二维流模型的计算实例及分析,并提出了矿区大降深、大流量疏排地下水属明显的三维流过程,必需用三维流模型进行模拟计算。      

Fractured bedrock and saprolite hydrogeologic controls on groundwater/surface-water interaction: a conceptual model (Australia)

Hydrologic conceptual models of groundwater/surface-water interaction in a saprolite-fractured bedrock geological setting often assume that the saprolite zone is hydraulically more active than the deeper bedrock system and ignore the contribution of deeper groundwater from the fractured bedrock aquifer. A hydraulic, hydrochemical, and tracer-based study was conducted at Scott Creek, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, to explore the importance of both the deeper fractured bedrock aquifer system and the shallow saprolite layer on groundwater/surface-water interaction. The results of this study suggest that groundwater flow in the deeper fractured bedrock zone is highly dynamic and is an important groundwater flow pathway along the hillslope. Deep groundwater is therefore a contributing component in streamflow generation at Scott Creek. The findings of this study suggest that hydrologic conceptual models, which treat the saprolite-fractured bedrock interface as a no-flow boundary and do not consider the deeper fractured bedrock in hydrologic analyses, may be overly simplistic and inherently misleading in some groundwater/surface-water interaction analyses. The results emphasise the need to understand the relative importance of subsurface flow activity in both of these shallow saprolite and deeper bedrock compartments as a basis for developing reliable conceptual hydrologic models of these systems.     

Use of continuous measurements of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in groundwater to characterize fast infiltration through an unstable fractured hillslope (Valabres rockfall, French Alps)

Continuous measurements of natural fluorescence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater have been used to characterize infiltration through an unstable fractured hillslope at the event time scale. Within the gneissic Valabres rockfall area in the southern French Alps, two sites, in the unstable massif and in the collapse area, were continuously monitored for electrical conductivity and for DOM natural fluorescence using a field fluorometer, and analyzed weekly for hydrochemical data. Two main results were found. From a methodological point of view, DOM natural fluorescence was a relevant tracer of fast infiltration in fissured media, knowing that continuous measurements improved the study of infiltration processes at the event time scale. From a hydrogeological point of view, the unstable fractured massif showed delayed dilution phenomena and the collapse areas showed fast and slow infiltration by piston-type flows via more or less open fractures. Consequently, from this conceptual model one may suppose that, unlike the collapse zones, the fractured hillslope threatening the valley is not submitted to strong pore-water pressure variations.     

松散堆积土边坡充气排水方法

坡体地下水是影响边坡稳定的主要因素,将水排出往往能够阻止滑坡的启动。通过应用基本理论和模型试验对高压充气法应用在边坡排水工程中的可行性进行研究分析。结果表明：将高压充气排水法应用在边坡排水工程中是可行的,且适用于土体中最大孔径大于5.0 μm的边坡;气驱水过程存在初始充气气压且存在上限值;气排水速度与土体渗透系数和充气气压成正比、与水头高度和孔隙通道半径成反比;气排水过程中土体大孔隙通道内产生优先流现象。     

大坂山隧道地下水动态分析及对隧道作用评估

Base on the groundwater yield, water temperature and hydrochemistry change of the groundwater, we can analyze that the summer water content is obviously greater than winter water content where the in and-out wall rock of the Daban Mountain tunnel. The groundwater supply has the extensity and the seasonality. The groundwater content of the middle tunnel wall rock changes relatively steady, mainly supply through horizontal direction. And the total groundwater content is relatively little and steady in winter. The water pressure of the wall rock cranny is little. It has the fluent drainage system to dredge groundwater, which cannot constitute a threat to the tunnel lining. And the cold-proof sluice hole can normally work to drain water.     

Numerical simulation and evaluation of groundwater resources in a fractured chalk aquifer: a case study in Zinder well field,Niger

Groundwater is often a unique water source for agriculture, industry and domestic use for local inhabitants in semi-arid African continent owing to shortage of surface water and rainfall. It is of significance to quantify and assess the groundwater resources for local sustainable development in order to correctly evaluate groundwater resources of Zinder well field with fractured media in Zinder, Niger. A conceptual model of hydrogeology was set up by a geological and hydrogeological survey. For simulating the real conditions, a large multi-well pumping test with designed pumping rate was conducted. In addition, a two-dimensional finite-element transient flow model was developed to simulate groundwater flow at the site. Results show that generally good agreements have been found between the simulated and observed hydrogeology heads for the test. The hydraulic parameters were obtained from the pumping test. A 11-year prediction of groundwater resources has been made under three exploitation schemes, respectively, and it indicates that the well field can offer 7,000 m³/day when the aquifer remains confined. An optimal scheme of exploitation is provided.     

Geotechnical assessments of the stability of slopes at the Cakmakkaya and Damar open pit mines (Turkey): a case study

The on-site observations, monitoring data, and results of back analyses of failures showed that large-scale failures occurred along both the interconnected sliding surfaces, consisting of (a) discontinuities in the dacites and the contact zone and (b) the circular surfaces through the weathered soil-like dacites at the Cakmakkaya and Damar open pit mines. Surface water infiltration through the weathered soil-like material after a short duration of rainfall contributed to the circular-shaped failures. After a heavy rainy period, an increase in the groundwater table above the contact zone played a major role in the initiation of bi-planar wedge failures. In addition, the stability of the slopes is likely to have been controlled by the orientation of this zone. The results of back analyses indicated that the shear strengths of the soil-like materials in the weathered dacites and the contact zone had reduced to their residual values at the time of initial sliding. The flattening of the slope angles with an effective surface drainage and long-term monitoring of the groundwater level is proposed as the most suitable remedial measure.