应用同步辐射技术解析黄色-红色石英质玉石中的致色矿物

质地细腻、颜色多彩的隐晶质-微粒脉石英在我国珠宝行业称为石英质玉石,颜色是石英质玉石价值判断的主要因素之一,揭示其致色矿物及致色机理对于研究石英质玉石的颜色评价指标和矿床成因具有重要意义,但前人并未直接获得致色矿物的准确信息。本文运用上海光源(SSRF)BL15U1线站的同步辐射硬X射线,使用μ-XRF和μ-XRD技术对黄色和红色隐晶质-微粒脉石英中的致色矿物进行了研究。结果表明,黄色石英质玉石由赋存于石英颗粒间或微裂纹中的针铁矿(特征衍射峰0.49574、0.41594、0.26887、0.25705、0.25189、0.24510、0.21806、0.17133 nm)或其集合体致色,红色石英质玉石由赋存于石英颗粒间或微裂纹中的赤铁矿(特征衍射峰0.36774、0.27091、0.25200 nm)或其集合体致色,黄色-红色石英质玉的颜色由针铁矿和赤铁矿共同致色,赤铁矿的显色能力要高于针铁矿。本文获得了石英质玉石中致色矿物的直接数据,为玉石结晶温度与致色机理的探讨、石英质玉石的品质评价提供了依据。     

南红玛瑙保山料与凉山料的微量元素特征及成因

云南保山和四川凉山是南红玛瑙的两个重要产地,采用常规拉曼光谱和原位微区等离子质谱技术,分别对两地南红玛瑙的岩石光谱学及微量元素含量特征进行了测试。结果表明,两地南红玛瑙中除石英外,很少存在其它物相,仅存在少量赤铁矿,表明两地南红玛瑙的色彩均由赤铁矿所致;云南保山南红玛瑙的红料中富集亲石元素Na、K、Al、Ca、Sr及Fe,表明玛瑙形成于同一岩体中,玛瑙的生成顺序为红料、条带状玛瑙/冰红料、冰料;四川凉山南红玛瑙中红料和冰红料在微量元素方面没有规律,表明其形成于不同岩体,随后再在表生搬运、沉积等作用过程中富集成矿。此外,利用亲石元素与Fe含量的相关性,可以有效鉴别南红玛瑙保山料和凉山料。     

脑动脉粥样硬化斑块中钙化物矿物学特征研究

脑动脉钙化与脑动脉系统病变有密切联系。本文从矿物学角度出发,使用偏光显微镜(POM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、显微红外光谱(micro-FTIR)、同步辐射微区X射线衍射(μ-SRXRD)以及同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱(μ-SRXRF)对脑动脉粥样硬化斑块中的钙化样品进行了研究。结果表明,钙化主要有球状和块状两种集合体形态,球状钙化具有同心环状或同心放射状构造,直径约0.3~5μm;块状钙化中可见球状钙化被杂乱分布的柱状纳米晶体包裹。钙化主要矿物相为B型碳羟磷灰石(B-CHA),并含Na、Mg、Zn、Fe和Sr等元素,与主动脉钙化中的矿物组成类似。钙化在其形成初期呈分散的小球状,后期大量球体逐渐被CHA纳米晶体充填胶结形成了致密的块状钙化。     

一种新型南非紫色玉石的矿物学特征研究

为探究南非最近产出的一种新型紫色玉石的矿物学特征及颜色成因,对其进行了常规宝石学特征测试,并采用X射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及紫外-可见分光光度计（UV-Vis）等仪器对其矿物组成、结构特征、化学成分和致色元素进行了研究。常规宝石学测试结果表明,该玉石折射率为1．54（点测）,相对密度为2．1-2．2,摩氏硬度为1-2。XRD分析结果表明样品主要矿物组成为鳞镁铁矿,呈紫色,次要矿物成分为利蛇纹石,呈褐绿色;SEM分析结果显示鳞镁铁矿大多为集合体,主要以鳞片状和纤维状两种集合体形式存在,能谱分析（EDS）结果显示紫色部分主要化学成分为Mg,O,C,Fe,Cr等,佐证了紫色部分为鳞镁铁矿;UV-Vis结合EDS分析结果显示,鳞镁铁矿的紫色可能由Cr致色引起。     

韶关市大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征研究

利用X射线衍射（XRD）仪、扫描电镜X射线能谱（SEM/EDX）仪研究大气降尘矿物成分和颗粒物形貌特征。结果表明，韶关市大气降尘主要矿物成分为伊利石、斜长石、绿泥石、石英、方解石、白云石和无定型非晶质物等，大气颗粒物形貌可分为4种类型：粒状、片状单矿物，链状集合体，圆球状飘珠和不规则粒状集合体。伊利石、绿泥石来源于地面扬尘，方解石、白云石来源于建筑扬尘，无定型非晶质物来源于工业烟尘。粒状、片状单矿物是地面扬尘的标志，链状集合体和圆球形飘珠是工业烟尘的标志，不规则粒状集合体是建筑扬尘的标志。大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征是判别污染物来源的重要标志。     

黄色和红色石英质玉石的颜色成因研究

石英质玉石是由隐晶质-微显晶质石英矿物集合体组成的一种玉石,黄色和红色是石英质玉石最主要的颜色种类,近年来在珠宝市场上备受关注。前人研究结果表明,黄色石英质玉石的致色矿物颗粒非常细小,赋存于石英颗粒之间,通过一般的测试方法很难准确鉴定其种属。本文对云南龙陵、安徽霍山、广西贺州3个产地的石英质玉石进行了显微镜观察、拉曼光谱和紫外可见光吸收光谱测试,通过紫外可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数图谱,对石英质玉石的黄色和红色部位进行了研究。结果表明,黄色石英质玉石紫外可见光吸收光谱一阶导数图谱的特征峰有545~535 nm和435 nm,主要由针铁矿致色;红色石英质玉石紫外可见光吸收光谱一阶导数图谱的特征峰介于555~595nm之间,主要由赤铁矿致色;黄色和红色之间的过渡色可同时出现595~555 nm、545~535 nm和435 nm特征峰,主要由针铁矿和赤铁矿共同致色。     

碧石的宝石学分类及定义界定初探

碧石属于石英质玉中一类,少有文献对其深入探讨,缺乏系统性分类以及定义界定,不能准确区别于颜色相对应的玉髓(玛瑙).为解决上述问题,本次研究应用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱、电子探针、紫外—可见光光谱等多种测试技术相结合方式,初步确定常见单色碧石的致色矿物,其中红碧石的致色矿物为赤铁矿,黄碧石的致色矿物为针铁矿,绿碧石的致色矿物为绿鳞石,紫碧石的致色矿物是锐钛矿和赤铁矿.结合市场实际需求,从宝石学角度以颜色特征作为碧石分类依据,将碧石从宝石学分类角度,分为红碧石、黄碧石、绿碧石、紫碧石、血滴石、风景碧石、多彩碧石等七个大类.同时,根据X射线衍射半定量分析和电子探针测试近似计算结果:红碧石测试样品中赤铁矿平均含量均不低于2.187％,凉山南红样品红色富集区域测试赤铁矿含量不高于1.767％,低于2％.因此可以考虑将2％的赤铁矿含量作为区别红碧石和南红的界限.建议以杂质矿物含量2％对碧石和相似颜色的玉髓(玛瑙)区分界定,进一步补充完善已有碧石定义.     

滇西北衙金多金属矿床金的赋存状态研究

利用光薄片鉴定、X射线衍射、主要化学成分分析、物相分析、扫描电镜背散射和载金矿物能谱分析等方法,对滇西北衙金多金属矿床万硐山矿段原生矿石中金等主要元素的赋存状态进行研究。研究表明,金的赋存形式主要有裂隙金、粒间金、包裹金,少量连生金。载金矿物以磁铁矿、菱铁矿为主,所占比例达到84.23%,其次是黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、辉银矿、斑铜矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、斜方辉铅铋矿、石英和黑云母等。自然金的粒度按金矿物面积统计主要以显微极微粒金(0.2~5μm)、显微微粒金(5~10μm)、显微细粒金(10~20μm)及显微中粒金(20~50μm)为主,分别占17.87%、28.16%、28.19%和25.78%。按颗粒数量统计,以显微极微粒金(0.2~5μm)为主,占89.94%,其他3个粒级分别占6.51%、2.31%和1.18%,显微极微粒金粒数量多但极细,质量占比非常小,而显微微粒金—显微中粒金数量少颗粒相对大,质量占比大。电子探针和物相分析显示,矿石中金主要以独立矿物存在,包括大量的自然金和少量的银金矿,金的平均成色为890,金矿物的成色和特征反映金矿形成条件为高—中温和中等形成深度以及成矿流体主要属岩浆热液。     

秘鲁蓝色蛋白石矿物学性质及致色机理初探

近年来蓝色蛋白石的研究仅限于矿物成分及致色机理,并未对其化学成分、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等开展较为深入的分析。本文在前人的研究基础上,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、电子探针分析(EMPA)、紫外可见分光光谱、拉曼光谱等技术对样品的振动光谱、官能团表征、矿物组成及呈色机理进行研究。研究结果表明:蓝色蛋白石的主要组成矿物为非晶态蛋白石,且振动光谱与天然蛋白石存在一定程度的频率位移。EMPA分析结果显示蓝色蛋白石主要元素为Si和Cu,且紫外可见分光光谱表征为742 nm附近一吸收强度较高的宽谱带。综合电子探针和紫外可见吸收光谱的测试结果得出,蓝色蛋白石的致色元素为Cu,在其内部呈典型平面正方形结构的[Cu~(2+)(H_2O)_4]~(2+),且Cu含量与其蓝色的体色存在一定的正相关性,即随着Cu含量增加蓝色体色更加浓艳。     

钛铁矿的调制结构

钒钛铁矿床矿物主要是一种含钒和钛的磁铁矿,通常称为“钒钛磁铁矿”。有人认为“钒钛磁铁矿”实际是磁铁矿、钛铁矿、赤铁矿、钛铁晶石等几种矿物的集合体。钒钛铁矿床的各种矿物及其所构成的各种矿石结构,国内外学者曾用偏光显微镜进行观察,做了大量工作。笔者主要用X射线衍射和透射电子显微术进行研究。本文是关于钛铁矿调制结构的研究。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an