坡面溅蚀发生过程及其与坡度关系的模拟研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,分别观测降雨过程中不同方向上溅蚀强度的变化,根据各影响因子间相互消长及相互制约的关系特点,分析了雨滴溅蚀发生的过程特征及其变化原因,从溅蚀过程的变化特点及溅蚀强度的变化规律比较,定量地探讨了坡度对雨滴击溅侵蚀的影响作用,得出了溅蚀强度与坡度因子之间的关系方程。     

坡耕地径流与土壤侵蚀研究进展（英文）

土壤侵蚀一直是重要的全球性环境问题之一,而坡耕地的土壤侵蚀是坡地水土流失的主要源头。作为坡耕地的主要覆盖方式,作物对坡耕地径流和土壤侵蚀的发生和发展都产生了重要的影响。本文主要回顾了目前坡耕地径流和土壤侵蚀的影响因素,以及作物生长、降雨溅蚀及其空间分布等问题。作物主要影响了坡耕地雨滴溅蚀、坡面径流和侵蚀产沙,并且径流和土壤侵蚀还受降雨强度、坡度、土壤前期含水量、土壤表层物理结皮及土壤糙率等因素影响。不同作物对径流和土壤侵蚀的作用和影响机制,以及它们在不同外部条件下影响侵蚀的能力的变化,都将成为未来研究的重点。作物植被对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响是了解大规模土壤侵蚀系统的一个重要因素,对这一课题的深入研究对坡耕地径流和土壤侵蚀研究的理论和实践都具有重要意义。     

黄土坡面片蚀过程稳定含沙量及其影响因素

黄土高原地区坡面土壤侵蚀具有明显的垂直分带性,溅蚀片蚀带是坡面侵蚀的最上方地带,研究片蚀过程含沙量变化有助于阐明坡面侵蚀规律。本文采用人工模拟降雨试验方法研究了黄土坡面片蚀稳定含沙量及其影响因素;试验处理包括2种质地的黄土(塿土和黑垆土),2个雨强(90和120 mm/h)和4个坡度(10°、15°、20°和25°)。结果表明：在不同质地黄土、降雨强度和坡度条件下,水流含沙量均呈现先减小后平稳的规律;稳定含沙量与土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度呈幂函数关系,稳定含沙量随土壤颗粒体积分形维数的增大而减小,随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,影响程度依次为土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度;所分析的水动力学指标中单位水流功率与稳定含沙量关系最密切,降雨强度对稳定含沙量的影响大于单位水流功率。     

云南松林的林冠对土壤侵蚀的影响

研究发现滇西北高山峡谷区云南松也具有通过林冠截流减少有效雨量和降低雨滴对地表的滴溅能量,减少降雨对土壤的侵蚀程度,产生较大的直径的叶工引起的林冠滴溅效应,云南松林冠在整个雨季截留率平均达３６．２９％,使林下有效降雨仅为降雨量的６３．７１％,松林在整个雨季的林下溅蚀累积总量为４．９４ｋｇ／ｍ＾２,裸地为６．１２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２,表明松林减少１９．２８％,的溅蚀全量,但林地在雨季中后期的各阶段溅蚀全量却高     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面土壤侵蚀的临界坡度

坡度是重要的地貌因子.采用岔巴沟径流场和王家沟径流场资料,首先研究坡度与最大30 min雨强(I30)对土壤侵蚀影响,然后确定了主导侵蚀为溅蚀片蚀与主导侵蚀为细沟侵蚀之间的临界雨强,最后探讨了不同侵蚀类型下的临界坡度.结果表明:1.坡度与降雨强度存在明显的交互作用,随着坡度的增大,雨强对土壤侵蚀的影响增大;2.团山沟的溅蚀片蚀与细沟之间的临界I30为0.31 mm/min,同时,该临界雨强不是一定值,受下垫面因素等影响而具有一定的波动范围;3.以溅蚀片蚀为主时,土壤侵蚀存在一个＜31°的临界坡度,侵蚀模数随坡度的变化趋势与径流模数随坡度变化的趋势相同,从9°～31°土壤侵蚀模数随坡度增加是先增加后减小;以细沟侵蚀为主时,在9°～31°间土壤侵蚀不存在临界坡度,土壤侵蚀模数随坡度的变化趋势与径流含沙量随坡度变化的趋势相同,从9°～31°土壤侵蚀模数随坡度增加先逐渐增加后缓慢增加,临界坡度＞31°.     

威连滩冲沟砂黄土的风蚀与降雨侵蚀模拟实验

 通过风洞与模拟降雨实验，研究了风力与降雨对青海省贵南县威连滩冲沟砂黄土的复合侵蚀作用。实验得出：①风蚀后的降雨使砂黄土表面在风干过程中形成了一层较为坚硬的结壳，增大了土壤的抗蚀性，降低了第二次风洞实验后期的风蚀率;②土壤水分与人为扰动是影响土壤风蚀的两个重要因素。当土壤水分较小时，风蚀率受人为扰动影响巨大;当土壤水分较大时，人为扰动对土壤风蚀的影响较小;③在持续降雨的实验条件下，砂黄土的产流、产沙量随着雨强的变化而改变。这种变化与表土的侵蚀率、可蚀性物质的多少、土壤水分以及土壤的入渗率等都有很大的关系。     

银武高速公路同心至固原段边坡面蚀试验分析

为研究高速公路边坡面蚀,选择银武高速公路同心至固原段固原立交2.5 km范围作为研究区段,根据不同公路边坡类型和防治措施设置6个观测小区,采用插钎法测定坡面的面蚀量,同时由虹吸式自记雨量计记录降雨量。分别测定和计算了降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度、前期降雨量4个因子。分析结果表明,降雨对坡面面蚀的制约关系十分明显。影响面蚀量的主要降雨因子是降雨量和平均降雨强度,面蚀量与降雨量和平均降雨强度呈现极显著和显著的正相关关系,面蚀量与降雨因子中的前期降雨量呈现一定的负相关关系。采用强迫引入法,建立了面蚀量与降雨因子主成分的回归方程。     

坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用*

本文分析了坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用,包括不同坡度下被蚀体的特征差异,坡度对坡面溅蚀、坡面入渗、坡面径流及坡面侵蚀的影响,最后从理论上阐明了坡面侵蚀中的临界坡度。     

水蚀作用下土壤抗蚀能力的表征

研究区为黄土高原南部淳化县泥河沟流域 ,在未经翻耕的自然或人工 (耕地 )坡面上 ,选择 5 6个 1m2样地 ,(土壤为黄土 ,体积含水率 7.1%～ 2 0 .1%,干容重 1.0 1g/cm3～ 1.2 9g/cm3) ,采用南京土工仪器厂出产的WI- 3型便携式直剪仪 ,对表层 0～ 5cm土层进行现场取样剪切 ,3次重复剪切的结果表明 ,表层土壤抗剪强度与土壤含水率及容重均密切相关。抗剪强度起初随含水率增加而缓缓增大 ,在含水率 12 %～ 14%时达最大 ,然后较迅速减弱。容重的影响表现为 :随容重增大 ,土壤抗剪强度呈直线趋势较快增大。通过室内降雨侵蚀实验 (坡面面积为0 .3m× 1.0m ,雨强分别为 1.39、1.49、1.88和 2 .6 6mm/min) ,经对收集的溅蚀物及冲刷物称重分析发现 ,无论击溅侵蚀还是径流击溅共同作用 ,在土壤干容重不变 ( 1.2 g/cm3)情况下 ,试验土壤含水率达 16 %时 ,其抗蚀能力最强。考虑到容重的影响 ,把抗剪强度作为抗蚀力指标还是较为合理的。对于表层为松散状态的坡面 ,将分别采自农耕地、荒地、草地、灌木地表层的原状土块 ( 2 5cm× 6cm× 2 .5cm)用水饱和后 ,置于长 10 0cm、宽 6 .2cm、高 6 .0cm的冲刷槽中 ,在坡度 15° ,流量 5L/min条件下进行等时冲刷。用冲刷前后同一土样重量之差除以流量 ,即可求出冲刷模数值。经对     

土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是土壤对侵蚀作用的敏感性。对土壤可蚀性的研究是认识土壤侵蚀机理的一个重要环节。土壤可蚀性可以通过测定土壤的理化性质、水冲、模拟降雨、小区和风洞试验测定,可以使用土壤侵蚀模型与诺谟图计算土壤可蚀性。研究中产生了许多可蚀性指数和计算公式。土壤可蚀性是一个相对的概念,它受空间变化、土壤性质的时间动态变化和人类活动等因素的影响。在土壤可蚀性的研究中存在着一些不足,具体表现为:农田土壤是土壤可蚀性研究的主要对象,区域之间的土壤可蚀性缺乏对比,因此加强对土壤可蚀性机理、实验与风水复合侵蚀作用下土壤可蚀性的研究有着十分重要的意义。     

表土结皮发育过程及其侵蚀响应研究进展

表土结皮是降雨后某些土壤表面普遍存在的现象，它是在降雨与土壤的相互作用下发育的；本文在综览大量文献的基础上，得出表土结皮研究还存在着很多有待深入的领域。一方面，由于影响降雨、土壤的因子复杂多变，因此表土结皮本身的形成过程很复杂，研究者的结论也有所不同。另一方面，表土结皮作为一种特殊的下垫面，影响坡面侵蚀的各子过程，但是影响机理还不清楚。表土结皮对坡面侵蚀过程的影响研究已经取得了一些定性方面的进展，但为了完善坡面侵蚀物理模型和达到准确的预报预测，定量研究还有待进一步深入和细化。     

Runoff and Soil Erosion on Slope Cropland: A Review

Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice.     

Measuring erosion rates on exposed limestone residuum using erosion pins: a 10-year record

Abstract

Erosion rates in residual limestone soils in a humid climate were measured for 10 years at one site, and for 4 years at another site, using erosion pins. Erosion pins were placed in gully floors and on convex divides between adjacent gullies, on abandoned land where vegetation had been removed. We measured an average erosion rate of 20 mm yr^?1 over 10 years at one site and only 5 mm yr^?1 over 4 years at another site where chert gravel was common on the surface. The 10-year average erosion rate of divides (26 mm yr^?1) was significantly greater than the average erosion rate of gullies (14 mm yr^?1), suggesting control by different processes, some of which may be seasonal. In winter, it was observed that frost action produced a thin layer of loose soil on the surface of divides. In summer, a hardpan developed on divides, as the soil loosened by winter frosts was transported to gullies, likely by rainsplash or dry ravel. The diffusive processes of frost action, rainsplash, and dry ravel appear to shape the convex divides in this study. Down-cutting of gullies requires channelized flow produced by intense rainfall, which is more common in summer for this location.     

ENSO对韶关市1951~2013年降雨侵蚀力影响研究

选取1951~2013年韶关市分月降雨量数据,采用月降雨侵蚀力模型计算降雨侵蚀力,分析ENSO（厄尔尼诺-南方涛动）对韶关市降雨侵蚀力的影响。研究表明：① 韶关市降雨侵蚀力年际变化和年内变化较大,总体呈现波动上升趋势;② 降雨侵蚀力与赤道太平洋SST距平值呈现极显著相关,降雨侵蚀力随SST距平值增加呈现先增加后递减的趋势。ENSO冷暖事件发生时降雨侵蚀力较小,在其它土壤侵蚀因素不变的条件下,此时期的土壤侵蚀相对较轻;③ 降雨侵蚀力与SOI存在显著相关,降雨侵蚀力随着SOI增加而减小;④ 降雨侵蚀力与MEI呈现极显著的正相关关系。     

基于GIS的小流域土壤侵蚀与产沙的简化模拟

将泥沙输移能力公式与USLE公式相结合,建立了一个简化的分布式小流域产沙模型,并将其应用于川中丘陵区小流域的土壤侵蚀与泥沙输移的空间分布模拟。得到的主要结论:1.该模型适用于川中丘陵区小流域产沙的模拟;2.魏城河流域1980—1987年8 a平均土壤侵蚀量为16.8×104t,侵蚀模数为675.8 t/(km2.a),模拟得到的输沙模数为238.6 t/(km2.a),泥沙输移比为0.35;3.魏城河流域主要以微度侵蚀为主,占到全流域总面积的68%,强度侵蚀占流域面积的1%,主要分布在坡度较陡的流域边缘地带;4.相对其他因子,降雨与坡度对该流域侵蚀产沙的影响更为突出。     

Post-wildfire erosion response in two geologic terrains in the western USA

Volumes of eroded sediment after wildfires vary substantially throughout different geologic terrains across the western United States. These volumes are difficult to compare because they represent the response to rainstorms and runoff with different characteristics. However, by measuring the erosion response as the erodibility efficiency of water to detach and transport sediment on hillslopes and in channels, the erosion response from different geologic terrains can be compared. Specifically, the erodibility efficiency is the percentage of the total available stream power expended to detach, remobilize, or transport a mass of sediment. Erodibility efficiencies were calculated for the (i) initial detachment, and for the (ii) remobilization and transport of sediment on the hillslopes and in the channels after wildfire in two different geological terrains.The initial detachment efficiencies for the main channel and tributary channel in the granitic terrain were 10 ± 9% and 5 ± 4% and were similar to those for the volcanic terrain, which were 5 ± 5% and 1 ± 1%. No initial detachment efficiency could be measured for the hillslopes in the granitic terrain because hillslope measurements were started after the first major rainstorm. The initial detachment efficiency in the volcanic terrain was 1.3 ± 0.41%. The average remobilization and transport efficiencies associated with flash floods in the channels also were similar in the granitic (0.18 ± 0.57%) and volcanic (0.11 ± 0.41%) terrains. On the hillslope the remobilization and transport efficiency was greater in the volcanic terrain (2.4%) than in the granitic terrain (0.65%). However, this may reflect the reduced sediment availability after the first major rainstorm (30-min maximum rainfall intensity  90 mm h^− 1) in the granitic terrain, while easily erodible fine colluvium remained on the hillslope after the first rainstorm (30-min maximum rainfall intensity = 7.2 mm h^− 1) in the volcanic terrain. The erosion response in channels and on hillslopes of the granitic and volcanic terrains was similar when compared using erodibility efficiencies.     

A high resolution record of storm-induced erosion from lake sediments,New Zealand

The sustainable management of erodible pastoral hill country is a major focus of land use research in New Zealand. A multi-disciplinary study, using a high resolution lake sedimentation record, is being conducted to determine the role that cyclonic storms and natural and human-induced vegetation changes play in the erosion history of a landslide-prone hill country watershed.Sediment cores from Lakes Tutira and Waikopiro in northern Hawke's Bay were analysed to construct the magnitude-frequency history of storm-induced erosion since European settlement. Pulses of sediment representing individual storms can be clearly identified and are correlated to a storm history derived from analysis of a 93 year daily rainfall record. Correlation and dating are confirmed by pollen and diatom analysis,¹³⁷Cs distribution, tephrochronology and reference to a well documented land use history. Annually laminated, organic rich deposits, which occur in the uppermost sediments and represent the annual decomposition of biogenic material associated with eutrophication, are also used to confirm the chronology.A high correlation was found between storm sediment thickness and total storm rainfall (R²=0.8). Although sediment producing storms (>150 mm) occur on a near annual basis, the two largest storms (>600 mm) contributed 54% of the total sediment thickness.The presence of well defined storm sediment pulses has enabled the lake storage component of a sediment budget to be calculated for Cyclone Bola (1988), the most recent and largest rainstorm on record. The integration of this budget with the storm-magnitude-frequency history will be used to develop watershed-based models to predict the impacts of land use changes and the erosion response to climate scenarios.This is the third paper in a series of papers published in this issue on high-resolution paleolimnology. These papers were presented at the Sixth International Palaeolimnological Symposium held 19–21 April, 1993 at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Dr A. F. Lotter and Dr. M. Sturm served as guest editors for these papers.