Impact of climatic change on the biological production in the Barents Sea

The Barents Sea is a high latitude ecosystem and is an important nursery and feeding area for commercial fish stocks such as cod, capelin and herring. There is a large inter-annual variability both in physical and biological conditions in the Barents Sea. Understanding and predicting changes in the system requires insight into the coupled nature of the physical and biological interactions. A coupled physical and biological ocean model is used to study the impact of postulated future atmospheric changes on the physical and biological conditions in the Barents Sea. Results from this simulation not only show that there is a large variability in the physical conditions on a wide range of time scales, but also that the temperature in the Barents Sea is increasing. The corresponding ice cover decrease is most noticeable in the summer months. The changes in physical properties will most likely have an impact on the biotope. On average, the primary production increases slightly over a 65 year long period, about 8%, partly due to an increased production in the northern Barents Sea. The model further simulates that the production of Atlantic zooplankton species increases approximately 20% and becomes more abundant in the east. The Arctic zooplankton biomass decreases significantly (50%) causing the total simulated production to decrease.     

Validation of a homogeneous 41-year (1961–2001) winter precipitation hindcasted dataset over the Iberian Peninsula: assessment of the regional improvement of global reanalysis

A 44-year (1958–2001) homogeneous, Mediterranean, high-resolution atmospheric database was generated through dynamical downscaling within the HIPOCAS (Hindcast of Dynamic Processes of the Ocean and Coastal Areas of Europe) Project framework. This work attempts to provide a validation of the monthly winter HIPOCAS precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands and to evaluate the potential improvement of these new hindcasted data versus global reanalysis datasets. The validation was performed through the comparative analysis with a precipitation database derived from 4,617 in situ stations located over Iberia and the Balearics. The statistical comparative analysis between the observed and the HIPOCAS fields highlights their very good agreement not only in terms of spatial and time distribution, but also in terms of total amount of precipitation. A principal component analysis is carried out, showing that the patterns derived from the HIPOCAS data largely capture the main characteristics of the observed field. Moreover, it is worth to note that the HIPOCAS patterns reproduce accurately the observed regional characteristics linked to the main orographic features of the study domain. The existence of high correlations between the hindcasted and observed principal component time series gives a measure of the model performance ability. An additional comparative study of the HIPOCAS winter precipitation with global reanalysis data (NCEP and ERA) is performed. This study reveals the important regional improvement in the characterization of the observed precipitation introduced by the HIPOCAS hindcast relative to the above global reanalyses. Such improvement is effective not only in terms of total amount values, but also in the spatial distribution, the observed field being much more realistically reproduced by HIPOCAS than by the global reanalysis data.     

全球大气能量的时空特征及变化趋势分析

大气能量学是大气科学重要的组成部分，了解大气能量的时空分布和变化特征，能够为大气科学研究，尤其是气候变化研究提供新的思路和手段。本文基于1948～2016年NCEP逐月再分析资料，从大气的总能量及其内能、位能、潜热和动能的分布、变化趋势和主模态变化等方面阐释了全球大气能量变化的整体特征。主要结论如下:（1）除高海拔地区外，总能量呈现从赤道向两极逐渐递减的分布，且全球大部分地区呈增加趋势，内能和位能的分布和变化与总能量较为接近；潜热能的极大值区和显著变化区均位于赤道及低纬地区；动能的极大值区分布在中纬度长波槽和西风急流出口区，其在南半球双西风急流区的变化最为显著。（2）总能量呈现出不连续的阶段性跳跃式增长特征；北半球的总能量多于南半球，而增速却慢于南半球，即两半球间的能量呈趋同趋势；海洋上空的总能量多于陆地，且海陆间差额有增大趋势；火山爆发事件可能对大气能量在年际尺度上的减少有重要作用。（3）大气各能量第一模态的空间特征与其各自变化趋势分布非常相似，并先后在1975年左右发生了年代际突变。就第二模态而言，大气的总能量、内能和位能从整体上反映出南北极与其它地区呈反向变化的特征；部分低纬度地区的潜热能与其它地区呈反向变化；动能主要呈现从热带太平洋向南北两极的经向波列分布；它们的时间系数均有一定的多年代际变化特征，可能与气候系统的内部变率有关。     

REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS AND THE MULTI-FUNCTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER

A multi-functional solar and skylight spectrophotometer has been developed for the study of atmosphericconstituents and aerosols. The instrument and its performance are described. Due to telescope structure andlock-in amplification technique adopted,the sensitivity of the instrument is high enough to conduct direct sunmoon and twilight measurement for several atmospheric species and the degree of polarization and intensityobservation for sky light. From measured results, the total column abundance of atmospheric species and theoptical characteristics of aerosol can be retrieved. In this paper, the daily averaged column abundance of O_3measured in Beijing by direct sun was compared with Dobson spectrophotometer nearby. The two did notshow significant difference.     

Power and cross-power spectral studies of electric and meteorological parameters under fair weather conditions in the atmospheric surface layer

The influence of micrometeorological parameters (wind speed, temperature stratification and atmospheric stability) upon electric polar conductivity, potential gradient, vertical total current density and vertical convection current density is studied by means of power spectral and coherence spectral analysis. The analyses show great variations in the atmospheric electric parameters for frequencies corresponding to the diurnal wave (0.042 cph) and in many cases great variances are noted for the frequencies 0.083, 0.125 and 0.17 cph. The influence of the micrometeorological parameters upon atmospheric electricity seems to be significant for these frequencies. Annual changes of the power and coherence spectra are also observed.     

Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) In Rainwater,Southeastern North Carolina,USA

The abundance and optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were determined in 120 rain samples collected in Wilmington, North Carolina, USA, between February 21, 2002 and August 11, 2003. All rainwater samples contained chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) as well as fluorescent compounds. The absorbance spectra of CDOM in the samples decreased exponentially with wavelength with little or no measurable absorbance past 550 nm. Fluorescence excitation emission spectra (EEMS) of the precipitation revealed the presence of four major peaks indicating both terrestrial and marine influences. There was a strong positive correlation between total integrated fluorescence and the absorbance coefficient at 300 nm in rainwater samples, suggesting that these optical properties are directly interrelated and that the compounds responsible for absorbance may be the same as those responsible for fluorescence. Air-mass back-trajectory analysis indicated elevated CDOM levels in continentally influenced rainwater relative to marine dominated events implying that anthropogenic and/or terrestrial sources are important contributors to CDOM levels in precipitation. The presence of highly absorbing and fluorescing CDOM in rainwater has significant ramifications in atmospheric chemistry and may play a previously unrecognized role in the wavelength dependent spectral attenuation of solar radiation by atmospheric waters.     

Properties of adjoint sea ice sensitivities to atmospheric forcing and implications for the causes of the long term trend of Arctic sea ice

Based on adjoint sensitivities of the coupled Massachusetts Institute of Technology ocean–sea ice circulation model, the potential influence of thermodynamic atmospheric forcing on the interannual variability of the September sea ice area (AREA) and volume (VOLUME) in the Arctic is investigated for the three periods 1980–1989, 1990–1999 and 2000–2009. Sensitivities suggest that only large forcing anomalies prior to the spring melting onset in May can influence the September sea ice characteristics while even small changes in the atmospheric variables during subsequent months can significantly influence September sea ice state. Specifically, AREA close to the ice edge in the Arctic seas is highly sensitive to thermodynamic atmospheric forcing changes from June to July. In contrast, VOLUME is highly sensitive to atmospheric temperature changes occurring during the same period over the central parts of the Arctic Ocean. A comparison of the sea ice conditions and sensitivities during three different periods reveals that, due to the strong decline of sea ice concentration and sea ice thickness, sea ice area became substantially more sensitive to the same amplitude thermodynamic atmospheric forcing anomalies during 2000–2009 relative to the earlier periods. To obtain a quantitative estimate of changes that can be expected from existing atmospheric trends, adjoint sensitivities are multiplied by monthly temperature differences between 1980s and two following decades. Strongest contributions of surface atmospheric temperature differences to AREA and VOLUME changes are observed during May and September. The strongest contribution from the downward long-wave heat flux to AREA changes occurs in September and to VOLUME changes in July–August. About 62 % of the AREA decrease simulated by the model can be explained by summing all contributions to the thermodynamic atmospheric forcing. The changing sea ice state (sensitivity) is found to enhance the decline and accounts for about one third of the explained reduction. For the VOLUME decrease, the explained fraction of the decrease is only about 37 %.     

2013年“西马仑”台风大气电场特征分析

利用中国气象局提供的台风定位资料和厦门市气象局测得的大气电场等资料,采用对比分析等方法分析了1308号台风"西马仑"登陆后的大气电场变化特征及其与闪电和降水的关系。分析结果表明:测站大气电场、降水和地闪的变化主要受"西马仑"台风后部云系影响。降水强度与负电场强度之间有着较好的对应关系。强降水时段地闪频次较低;地闪活动滞后于大气电场变化5~20min,地闪密集时段也是大气电场跳变最为剧烈的时段。     

Performance of Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System (RIEMS) in precipitation simulations over East Asia

Regional climate models (RCMs) can provide much more precise information on surface characteristics and mesoscale circulation than general circulation models. This potential for obtaining more detailed model results has motivated to a significant focus on RCMs development in East Asia. The Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System, version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0) has been developed from an earlier RCM, RIEMS1.0, at the Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for East Asia and Nanjing University. To test the ability of RIEMS2.0 to simulate long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and to provide a basis for further development and applications, we compare simulated precipitation from 1979 to 2008 (simulation duration from 1 January 1978 to 31 December 2008) to observed meteorological data. The results show that RIEMS2.0 reproduces the spatial distribution of precipitation in East Asia but that the simulation overestimates precipitation. The simulated 30-year precipitation average is 26 % greater than the observed precipitation. Simulated upper and root soil water correlate well with remote sensing derived soil moisture. Annual and interannual variation in the average precipitation and their anomalies are both well reproduced by the model. A further analysis of three subregions representing different latitude ranges shows that there is good correlation and consistency between the simulated results and the observed data. Annual variation, interannual variation of average precipitation, and the anomalies in the three sub-regions are also well captured by the model. The model’s performance on atmospheric circulation and moisture transport simulations is discussed to explore the bias between the simulation and observations. In summary, RIEMS2.0 shows stability and does well in both simulating long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and in describing subregional characteristics.     

Simulated changes in the atmospheric water balance over South Asia in the eight IPCC AR4 coupled climate models

This paper evaluates the performance of eight state-of-art IPCC-AR4 coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models in their representation of regional characteristics of atmospheric water balance over South Asia. The results presented here are the regional climate change scenarios of atmospheric water balance components, precipitation, moisture convergence and evaporation (P, C and E) up to the end of the twenty-second century based on IPCC AR4 modelling experiments conducted for (A1B) future greenhouse gas emission scenario. The AOGCMs, despite their relatively coarse resolution, have shown a reasonable skill in depicting the hydrological cycle over the South Asian region. However, considerable biases do exist with reference to the observed atmospheric water balance and also inter-model differences. The monsoon rainfall and atmospheric water balance changes under A1B scenario are discussed in detail. Spatial patterns of rainfall change projections indicate maximum increase over northwest India in most of the models, but changes in the atmospheric water balance are generally widespread over South Asia. While the scenarios presented in this study are indicative of the expected range of rainfall and water balance changes, it must be noted that the quantitative estimates still have large uncertainties associated with them.     

7—9月登陆华南热带气旋频数异常与大气环流和海温的关系

利用1949—2021年中国气象局上海台风研究所热带气旋资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA重构的海表温度资料（SST）和大气向外长波辐射（OLR）资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析了近73年7—9月登陆华南热带气旋频数的变化特征。采用合成分析的方法研究7—9月登陆华南热带气旋频数异常与同期大气环流和海温的关系。结果表明,1949—2021年7—9月,登陆华南热带气旋有243个,年均3.3个,占全年登陆总数的70.2%。登陆华南热带气旋频数具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征。1973年最多（7个）,1950年最少（0个）;在1990年代中期由前期偏多转为后期偏少,但没有突变发生。近73年7—9月登陆华南热带气旋频数以0.1（10a）-1的速率减少。7—9月登陆华南热带气旋频数异常与大气环流和海温异常密切相关,在异常多、少年同期：（1）大气环流差值场上,南亚高压偏强、偏东、偏北,副高偏西、偏北、偏强,110°E以东的赤道东风引导气流偏强,季风槽加强,北半球中低纬海平面气压场东高西低,北高南低,同时南海、热带西太平洋对流活动加强。（2）海温差值场上,赤道中东太平洋偏冷,西太平洋暖池偏暖,沃克环流加强。高中低层大气环流和海温这种差异可能是导致登陆华南热带气旋频数异常的原因。     

冬季北半球风暴轴的协同变化及其与大气环流的相互作用

基于1971—2016年NCEP/NCAR的逐日、逐月再分析资料,研究冬季北半球西伯利亚风暴轴(Siberian Storm Track,SIST)、北太平洋风暴轴(Pacific Storm Track,PST)和北大西洋风暴轴(Atlantic Storm Track,AST)的协同变化特征及其与大气环流的关系。结果表明:(1)三大风暴轴不仅各自的位置与强度变化存在显著相关性,风暴轴之间也存在一定的协同变化且年代际尺度上比年际尺度上更紧密。年际尺度上,SIST与AST的经度变化呈显著负相关,而PST和AST的协同性较差;年代际尺度上,SIST与PST的经、纬度变化均呈弱的负相关,SIST与AST的经度和强度变化均呈显著正相关,PST与AST的经、纬度变化均呈显著负相关。(2)由联合EOF分析得到北半球风暴轴的协同变化时空特征:在年际尺度上,第一模态主要表现为SIST偏弱(强),PST主体偏弱(强)、东南偏强(弱),AST略偏北(南)偏强(弱)但不显著的协同变化。PC1为正位相时,对应的大气环流异常为:500 hPa高度场上为太平洋北美(Pacific North America,PNA)型和欧亚(Eurasian,EU)型的正位相,东亚急流偏强且偏南;第二模态主要表现为SIST偏强(弱)且偏东(西),PST中东部偏南(北)、西部强度偏强(弱),AST偏强(弱)的协同变化。PC2为正位相时,对应的大气环流异常为:500 hPa高度场上为PNA型和大西洋东部(East Atlantic,EA)型的正位相,北美急流减弱;在年代际尺度上,第一模态主要表现为SIST偏西(东)且偏弱(强),PST偏东(西)且偏弱(强),AST偏西(东)且偏弱(强)的协同变化。PC1为正位相时,对应的大气环流异常为:500 hPa高度场上为西大西洋(West Atlantic,WA)型和EU型的正位相。第二模态主要表现为SIST偏强(弱)且偏北(南),PST偏南(北)且偏弱(强),AST北抬(南压)的协同变化。PC2为正位相时,对应的大气环流异常为:500 hPa高度场上为EU型和WA型的正位相,东亚急流强度加强且偏南,北美急流强度减弱。     

Analysis of results of numerical experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model with allowance for peculiarities of the underlying surface in megalopolises

A hypothesis is put forward that underlying surface peculiarities over large cities should be taken into account in the atmospheric circulation modeling, climate change studies, and in the numerical weather forecast. It is demonstrated based on the analysis of satellite images that the scales of changes in the underlying surface properties amount to hundreds of kilometers and that their influence can be studied with a large-scale atmospheric general circulation model. The influence of changes in the underlying surface characteristics in the cities on the surface temperature is analyzed. It is shown that the model atmosphere is sensitive to changes in surface properties in the cities. It is also shown that the surface air temperature approaches the observed climate over most land part of the urban territories, where peculiarities of the urban territories are taken into account. The model of the city should be changed in the areas, where such a result was not obtained. According to the experimental results, the model of the city in the mid- and high latitudes should differ from the model in the southern latitudes, but it should be taken into consideration for all urbanized areas of the world.     

Decadal change in relationship between western North Pacific tropical cyclone frequency and the tropical Pacific SST

In this study, we examine the relationship between the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific and the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) during the main TC season (July–November) for the period of 1965–2006. Results show that there are periods when TC frequency and the tropical Pacific SST are well correlated and periods when the relationship breaks down. Therefore, decadal variation is readily apparent in the relationship between the TC frequency and the SST variations in the tropical Pacific. We further examine the oceanic and atmospheric states in the two periods (i.e., 1979–1989 vs. 1990–2000) when the marked contrast in the correlation between the TC frequency and the tropical Pacific SST is observed. Before 1990, the analysis indicates that oceanic conditions largely influenced anomalous TC frequency, whereas atmospheric conditions had little impact. After 1990, there the reverse appears to be the case, i.e., atmospheric conditions drive anomalous TC frequency and oceanic conditions are relatively unimportant. A role of atmosphere and ocean in relation to the TC development in the western North Pacific changes, which is consistent with the change of the correlations between the TC frequency and the tropical Pacific SST.     

北半球冬季大气环流遥相关型特征与我国区域气候

计算了1951／1952～2002／2003年北半球冬季大气环流遥相关型的强度指数，研究了它们的长期变化和近期特征，指出近10年来WA型的负趋势，PNA型的正趋势还在持续并有所加强。它们的强度突变分别发生于20世纪80年代初(WA型1984年由强转弱)及70年代中(PNA型1976年由弱转强)。还指出，近10年来，亚洲(亚欧)地区的纬向环流强度继续在加强，经向环流强度继续在减弱，大气环流及遥相关型强度的这种变化是中国冬季气候变化的一个重要原因。     

Atmospheric and Coupled Model Intercomparison in Terms of Amplitude Phase Characteristics of Surface Air Temperature Annual Cycle

A model intercomparison in terms of surface air temperature annual cycle ampitude-phase characteristics(SAT AC APC)is performed. The models included in the intercomparison belong to two groups:five atmospheric models with prescribed sea surface temperature and sea ice cover and four coupled models forced by the atmospheric abundances of anthropogenic consituents (in total six coupled model simulations). Over land, the models, simulating higher than observed time averaged SAT,also tend to simulate smaller than observed amplitude of its annual and semiannual harmonics and (outside the Tropics laterthan-observed spring and autumn moments. The models with larger(smaller) time averaged amplitudes of annual and semiannual harmonics also tend to simulate larger(smaller)interannual standard deviations. Over the oceans, the coupled models with larger interannual standard deviations of annual mean SAT tend to simulate larger interannual standard deviations of both annual and semiannual SAT harmonics amplitudes. Most model errors are located in the belts 60°-70°N and 60°-70°S and over Antarctica. These errors are larger for those coupled models which do not employ dynamical modules for sea ice.No systematic differences are found in the simulated time averaged fields of the surface air temperature annual cycle characteristics for atmospheric models on one hand and for the coupled models on the other. But the coupled models generally simulate interannual variability of SAT AC APC better than the atmospheric models (which tend to underestimate it). For the coupled models, the results are not very sensitive to the choice of the particular scenario of anthropogenic forcing.There is a strong linear positive relationship between the model simulated time averaged semiannual SAT harmonics amplitude and interannual standard deviation of annual mean SAT.It is stronger over the tropical oceans and is weaker in the extratropics. In the tropical oceanic areas, it is stronger for the coupled than for the atmospheric models.     

华东地区大气臭氧总量的变化特点

分析了１９９３年１２月至１９９４年１１月的大气臭氧总量资料并与同纬度全球平均值进行比较，分析了大气臭氧总量的年变化、日变化和季节变化。结果表明，臭氧总量的年变化中有双峰特征，它的日变化则以中午时较高，早晚较低；季节变化以春季高，冬季低，与大气透明度的关系较为密切     

Source,transport and deposition of atmospheric phosphorus over the Northwestern Mediterranean

Atmospheric concentrations and total deposition (wet+dry) of phosphorus were measured over the northwestern Mediterranean between april 1985 and march 1988. A seasonal cycle of both atmospheric concentrations and total deposition is observed, the higher values being recorded during the dry season. Air-mass trajectory analyses allow an identification of the major sources of atmospheric phosphorus: soil-derived dust from desert areas of north Africa and anthropogenic emissions from european countries. The impact of the atmospheric input as a source of phosphorus for surface Mediterrancan waters is tentatively assessed on both annual and seasonal time scales. The results suggest that the atmospheric input of phosphorus could be significant to Mediterranean oligotrophic zones, especially during summer when phosphorus input from deeper waters into the photic layer is minimum.     

Role of Extratropical Cyclones in the Recently Observed Increase in Poleward Moisture Transport into the Arctic Ocean

Poleward atmospheric moisture transport(AMT) into the Arctic Ocean can change atmospheric moisture or water vapor content and cause cloud formation and redistribution, which may change downward longwave radiation and, in turn, surface energy budgets, air temperatures, and sea-ice production and melt. In this study, we found a consistently enhanced poleward AMT across 60?N since 1959 based on the NCAR–NCEP reanalysis. Regional analysis demonstrates that the poleward AMT predominantly occurs over the North Atlantic and North Pacific regions, contributing about 57% and 32%, respectively, to the total transport. To improve our understanding of the driving force for this enhanced poleward AMT, we explored the role that extratropical cyclone activity may play. Climatologically, about 207 extratropical cyclones move across 60?N into the Arctic Ocean each year, among which about 66(32% of the total) and 47(23%) originate from the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean, respectively. When analyzing the linear trends of the time series constructed by using a 20-year running window, we found a positive correlation of 0.70 between poleward yearly AMT and the integrated cyclone activity index(measurement of cyclone intensity, number, and duration). This shows the consistent multidecadal changes between these two parameters and may suggest cyclone activity plays a driving role in the enhanced poleward AMT. Furthermore, a composite analysis indicates that intensification and poleward extension of the Icelandic low and accompanying strengthened cyclone activity play an important role in enhancing poleward AMT over the North Atlantic region.     

银川市大气混合层高度变化特征及其与空气污染的关系

基于银川高空站2008～2017年的L波段秒级数据和地面观测数据,利用干绝热法计算银川2008～2017年逐时大气混合层高度,分析其变化特征,同时利用银川6种污染物的质量浓度和AQI指数,分析大气混合层高度与空气污染物的关系。结果表明:银川市的大气混合层高度（MLH）大部时间在600 m以下,占比为68%;银川MLH具有明显的单峰型日变化特征,07:00（北京时间,下同）最低,16:00最高;各月MLH值在282～936 m,4～6月MLH值最高,12月MLH值最低;季节变化方面,春季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低;年变化方面,2012年MLH平均值最高为621 m,2015年最低为566 m;银川市6种污染物除O₃外,其余5种污染物的质量浓度与MLH值都为负相关,O₃与MLH值的相关性最好;四季中,冬季污染物浓度与MLH值的相关性最好,夏季最差,秋季好于春季;银川MLH值与AQI指数呈负相关。