储层预测技术在渤海W油田的综合应用

近几年,新近系砂岩油藏的开发已经成为渤海油田实现增储上产的重要保障.此类油田沉积类型主要属于河流相和浅水三角洲相,砂岩具有分布范围有限,单层厚度薄,纵向上泥岩隔夹层比较发育,横向上物性变化快,油水界面受构造和岩性边界双重因素控制等特点.为了规避这些因素给油田开发方案设计和井位优化尤其是水平井实施带来的风险,在W油田开发过程中综合应用层位精细标定、高频拓展处理、叠前多参数同步反演和属性约束储层参数预测技术,实现了储层精细描述,准确地认识了储层的响应特征、几何形态和隔夹层发育情况,对储层的物性和含油气性也有了较可靠的预测.这一技术体系的研究成果为W油田的科学高效开发提供了重要保障.     

渤海P油田河流相多层砂岩油藏储层连通性分析

为解决渤海P油田注水开发过程中逐渐暴露出的注水井吸水不均衡、注入水单层突进、储量动用不均衡等问题,以搞清剩余油分布及指导油田井网优化。通过对压力变化、水淹状况、生产干扰情况及储层沉积、储层展布等方面的分析,对河流相多层砂岩油藏储层连通性及控制因素进行了研究。认为不同沉积类型条件下,馆陶组辨状河沉积储层连通性优于明化镇组曲流河沉积,相同沉积类型中,沉积规模广、砂体呈垂向叠加,且夹层不发育的储层连通性好。可见,研究区储层连通性主要受沉积类型、沉积规模、砂体叠加模式及夹层展布的影响。     

蓬莱19—3地区新近系物源分析及应用

鉴于蓬莱19—3地区物源存在一定的分歧,通过对蓬莱19—3地区新近系砂岩碎屑轻矿物、重矿物、粒度分析、砂岩展布特征、地震资料及动态资料的分析认为该地区物源主要来自于东边。结合物源及藻类分析认为蓬莱19—3以西存在一定的水体,明下段表现出浅水三角洲窄河道绫罗分布的特征,而馆陶组以辫状三角洲平原为主。建议在油田地质油藏研究过程中考虑物源及沉积相,完善产液结构,从而改善油田开发效果。     

渤海海域新近系河流相砂岩储层描述技术

针对海上河流相砂岩油田单砂体厚度薄,井间储层横向变化快,纵向上油气水间互,平面上连通性差等特点,渤海通过十多年的不断探索和实践,发展完善了定量描述砂体展布的储层描述技术.该技术很大程度上解决了在海上探井井距大,井控程度低,取心资料较少等情况下的储层横向展布问题,并基于已钻井资料,总结出如何在探井之间寻找潜力砂体的经验.随着渤海越来越多的河流相油田投入开发,储层描述技术的可靠性也得到证实.大量实例证明,该技术是渤海油田新近系河流相砂岩储层预测与描述的有效技术手段,其思路和方法也可借鉴到类似地质背景下的河流相岩性油气藏评价.     

高分辨率层序地层格架内储层的综合预测方法

以苏丹L盆地G油田辫状河三角洲储层为例,结合地震、测井和地质资料,总结出综合预测砂岩储层的方法。在井震结合划分和建立五级高分辨率层序地层格架的基础上,首先,利用岩心、录井、测井相分析井点沉积微相,并根据三维地震反演数据体和地震属性,从剖面和平面上分析井间砂体分布特征;其次,综合井点信息和平面砂体分布认识,分析各砂组的沉积微相平面展布,编制沉积微相平面展布图;最后,通过测井相、地震反演成果和地震属性相结合,对砂岩储层进行定量预测,编制砂体平面展布图,为油田开发方案编制提供地质依据。     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷东营组砂岩储层特征及影响因素

冀中坳陷深县凹陷东营组砂岩储层岩石类型以长石岩屑砂岩或岩屑长石砂岩为主,岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,反映了近物源和多物源的特征。通过对研究区的岩心化验分析资料、薄片和扫描电镜资料的分析,认为深县凹陷东营组储集空间类型主要包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙两类,其中以原生的粒间孔隙为主。研究区岩性孔渗资料的统计结果表明,储层的物性较好,基本为中高孔中渗型储层,根据深县凹陷储层评价标准,可以将深县凹陷储层分为4类,东营组储层主要是Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类储层。深县凹陷东营组主要为辫状河流相沉积,其沉积作用直接决定着储集砂体的类型、展布范围以及后期成岩改造作用。而储层储集性能主要受原始沉积作用及后期成岩作用共同控制,控制储层孔隙演化的成岩作用主要为机械压实作用和胶结作用。     

伊拉克F油田Asmari组连通性分析

伊拉克F油田Asmari组油藏储层复杂,包括碳酸盐岩、砂岩和混积岩,储层非均质性强,连通性复杂。综合静态资料和动态数据,从储层特征,隔夹层分布,微裂缝发育情况,地层压力变化和见水规律多方面,对F油田储层连通性进行分析。结果表明:Asmari组隔夹层岩性多样,含量最多的为以白云岩为主的物性隔夹层;其次为泥岩、砂质白云岩、泥质砂岩、云质砂岩及灰岩。隔夹层具有一定的渗透性,且由于微裂缝发育,改善了储层连通性。地层压力变化和见水规律表明Asmari组储层层内和层间、纵向和平面具有连通性,但储层非均质性造成连通性程度存在一定差异。     

喇嘛甸油田北块萨零组储层沉积微相

喇嘛甸油田位于大庆长垣的最北端,是受构造控制的不对称的短轴背斜气顶油藏,萨零组位于萨尔图油层的顶部,属于下白垩统的嫩一段.根据取心井岩心描述、粒度分析、测井曲线特征,结合喇嘛甸油田沉积背景,对萨零组北块储层的沉积微相进行精细划分,进一步划分为水下分流河道、席状砂、表外储层微相,认为主要储层砂体为水下分流河道砂和席状砂.详细分析了沉积微相的平面展布特征,绘制沉积相带图.揭示了喇嘛甸油田的构造特征、沉积环境特征,确定了萨零组为三角洲外前缘沉积,为指导萨零组油气层的开发提供精细地质描述.     

渤海BZ油田沙三中段沉积演化特征及有利储层预测

渤海BZ油田沙三中段为特低渗油藏，发育扇三角洲沉积，由于储层横向变化复杂及对“甜点层”认识不清，制约了油田开发进程。本文重点研究沙三中段沉积演化并对其有利储层进行预测，以指导特低渗油藏的开发。综合区域沉积特征、钻井及地震资料，利用残余厚度法和印模法相结合的方法进行古地貌研究的结果认为，沙三中段主要发育古洼陷、古斜坡、古沟谷和古凸起4种古地貌单元；通过岩芯观察和测井相分析认为，沙三中段主要发育分流河道、河口坝、浊流、分流间湾和前扇三角洲泥沉积微相。综合研究认为，小层沉积微相及厚度与古地貌形态具有较好的相关性。古洼陷储层主要发育分流河道及河口坝优质微相且沉积厚度最大，古斜坡和古沟谷次之，古凸起最差。综合古地貌、沉积微相及演化特征分析，有利储层主要受控于古地貌及沉积微相。以储层厚度和物性综合确定出沙三中段的“甜点”区分布，为特低渗油藏不同井区采取不同的开发策略提供了地质依据。     

沙四段近源陡坡扇三角洲沉积特征及成储控制因素——以莱州湾凹陷KL油田为例

针对KL油田沙四段扇三角洲巨厚砂砾沉积体优势储层认识不清的问题,利用丰富的井壁取心、薄片、扫描电镜等资料,系统研究莱州湾凹陷南斜坡KL油田沙四段扇三角洲沉积特征,并对形成储层控制因素及储集空间类型进行了探讨。结果表明:沙四段为暖温带干旱背景下的退积型扇三角洲沉积,发育平原和前缘亚相,岩性自下向上发育棕褐色砂砾岩、凝灰质含砾砂岩、杂色含砾砂岩、灰色粗砂岩,局部夹薄层凝灰岩;岩石成分主要为石英、长石以及火山岩碎屑,填隙物以泥质、凝灰质为主,可见白云石。同时发现沉积作用和成岩作用共同控制该套沉积体有效储层形成,扇三角洲前缘沉积的含砾砂岩和粗砂岩分选较好,粒间孔发育,成岩期溶蚀作用改善储集空间效果明显,孔隙类型主要为粒间孔,其次是溶蚀孔;扇三角洲平原沉积的砂砾岩分选极差,粒间孔不发育,溶蚀作用效果差,又受压实作用、胶结交代作用等影响,储集空间变差。指出了南斜坡带沉积体优势储层的分布规律,认为扇三角洲前缘沉积的杂色含砾砂岩为有效储层的主体,是今后勘探评价的重点。     

Three-dimensional facies architecture analysis using sequence stratigraphy and seismic sedimentology: Example from the Paleogene Dongying Formation in the BZ3-1 block of the Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a classic non-marine rift basin in eastern China. The Paleogene Dongying sequences are the main hydrocarbon-bearing stratigraphic unit in the basin. Using three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data and one well control in the BZ3-1 Block in the western slope of the Bozhong Sag, we analyzed 3-D facies architectures of the Dongying sequences. The Dongying Formation, a second-order sequence, can be subdivided into four third-order sequences (from base to top: SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, and SQ4). The facies architecture was analyzed by using the seismic sedimentology approach based on 3-D seismic data. Sediment of the Dongying sequences was derived from the northern Shijiutuo Uplift via four major configurations of incised valleys, namely “V”, “U”, “W”, and composite shaped incised valleys. Seismic stratal slices reveal branching and converging characteristics of the channels from upstream to downstream. On the basis of an integrated analysis of well log, core data, seismic facies based on multi-seismic attributes, three sedimentary facies (e.g., “delta”, “fan-delta”, and “shore” or “shallow lacustrine” facies) have been recognized. The four types of incised valleys and their evolution control the sedimentary systems in the sedimentation area. The numbers and sizes of the fans are controlled by the sedimentary systems at various scales. Incised valley-fill and deltaic sand bodies are excellent hydrocarbon reservoirs and potentially good exploration targets for the study area. The reservoir quality of sequences SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 become better gradually from base to top. The proposed sediment dispersal patterns may aid in the prediction of potential reservoir distribution. This study also demonstrates that facies architecture analysis using sequence stratigraphy and seismic sedimentology may serve as an effective approach for constructing 3D facies models for petroleum exploration in areas lacking of well or outcrop data.     

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷古近系沉积体系演化及物源分析

综合运用地质、测井、地震及分析化验等资料,对渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷古近系沉积体系进行了较深入的研究,研究表明渤中凹陷古近系的沉积体系主要受构造升降和湖平面变化的控制,经历了3期裂陷和湖侵,发育5套沉积体系,其中沙河街组沉积时期为裂陷期,以扇三角洲、湖底扇沉积为主,并发育特征的滩坝及浅水台地相沉积;东营组沉积时期为湖侵期,主要发育大型湖泊三角洲沉积,并逐渐向辫状河相过渡。构造及沉积体系分析认为,沙三段沉积时期物源丰富,主要来自石臼坨凸起、渤南和庙西凸起,沙一、二段沉积时期物源有限,东三沉积期物源主要来自石臼坨和沙东南凸起,东二沉积期大面积的湖侵使得本区处于浅湖-半深湖环境,凹陷周边大量古水系将石臼坨凸起、沙垒田凸起的物源带入凹陷中沉积,使得大型三角洲叠覆体广泛发育。     

通王断裂带沙河街组油气成藏主控因素研究

通王断裂带地区位于济阳坳陷东营凹陷南斜坡东部,沙河街组是本区的主要含油层系。通过烃源岩分析、储集层类型划分、孔隙流体动力场的描述、优质输导体系类型及断裂构造特征的研究,认为牛庄洼陷烃源岩主要为沙四上和沙三段深湖相一半深湖相暗色泥岩、油页岩,油气以生油洼陷为中心,呈环状或半环状分布;沙三段大型三角洲相储集砂体、沙四段中上部的滨浅湖近岸砂坝、远岸砂坝和席状砂岩储层是主要储集层类型;砂体一断层类输导体系是本区优质输导体系,牛庄洼陷北部发育的高压型复式温压系统,使油气顺着断层、砂体向南部通王断裂带常压常温和常压高温区运移。通王断裂带的油气藏主要是受断裂控制的构造油气藏,王家岗油田往西的中浅层是断层类油藏的有利地区,王家岗地区北部和陈官庄地区的西北部,是沙三段隐蔽油气藏以及断层-岩性复合型油气藏勘探的有利勘探地区。     

Distribution characteristics of delta reservoirs reshaped by bottom currents: A case study from the second member of the Yinggehai Formation in the DF1-1 gas field,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The Dongfang1-1 gas field (DF1-1) in the Yinggehai Basin is currently the largest offshore self-developed gas field in China and is rich in oil and gas resources. The second member of the Pliocene Yinggehai Formation (YGHF) is the main gas-producing formation and is composed of various sedimentary types; however, a clear understanding of the sedimentary types and development patterns is lacking. Here, typical lithofacies, logging facies and seismic facies types and characteristics of the YGHF are identified based on high-precision 3D seismic data combined with drilling, logging, analysis and testing data. Based on 3D seismic interpretation and attribute analysis, the origin of high-amplitude reflections is clarified, and the main types and evolution characteristics of sedimentary facies are identified. Taking gas formation upper II (IIU) as an example, the plane distribution of the delta front and bottom current channel is determined; finally, a comprehensive sedimentary model of the YGHF second member is established. This second member is a shallowly buried “bright spot” gas reservoir with weak compaction. The velocity of sandstone is slightly lower than that of mudstone, and the reflection has medium amplitude when there is no gas. The velocity of sandstone decreases considerably after gas accumulation, resulting in an increase in the wave impedance difference and high-amplitude (bright spot) reflection between sandstone and mudstone; the range of high amplitudes is consistent with that of gas-bearing traps. The distribution of gas reservoirs is obviously controlled by dome-shaped diapir structural traps, and diapir faults are channels through which natural gas from underlying Miocene source rocks can enter traps. The study area is a delta front deposit developed on a shallow sea shelf. The lithologies of the reservoir are mainly composed of very fine sand and coarse silt, and a variety of sedimentary structural types reflect a shallow sea delta environment; upward thickening funnel type, strong toothed bell type and toothed funnel type logging facies are developed. In total, 4 stages of delta front sand bodies (corresponding to progradational reflection seismic facies) derived from the Red River and Blue River in Vietnam have developed in the second member of the YGHF; these sand bodies are dated to 1.5 Ma and correspond to four gas formations. During sedimentation, many bottom current channels (corresponding to channel fill seismic facies) formed, which interacted with the superposed progradational reflections. When the provenance supply was strong in the northwest, the area was dominated by a large set of delta front deposits. In the period of relative sea level rise, surface bottom currents parallel to the coastline were dominant, and undercutting erosion was obvious, forming multistage superimposed erosion troughs. Three large bottom current channels that developed in the late sedimentary period of gas formation IIU are the most typical.     

Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation of the Suqiao buried-hill zone in Wen'an Slope,Jizhong Subbasin,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation of the Suqiao deep buried-hill zone, in the Jizhong Subbasin, the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, was investigated from the perspective of paleo-fluid evidence by using fluid inclusions, quantitative fluorescence techniques (QGF), total scanning fluorescence method (TSF) and organic geochemical analysis. Results show that the current condensate oil-gas reservoirs in the study area once were paleo-oil reservoirs. In addition, the reservoirs have experienced at least two stages of hydrocarbon charge from different sources and/or maturities. During the deposition of the Oligocene Dongying Formation (Ed), the deep Ordovician reservoirs were first charged by mature oils sourced from the lacustrine shale source rocks in the fourth member of Shahejie and Kongdian Formations (Es₄+Ek), and then adjusted at the end of Ed period subsequently by virtue of the tectonic movement. Since the deposition of the Neogene Minghuazhen Formation (Nm), the reservoirs were mainly charged by the gas that consisted of moderate to high-maturity condensate and wet gas sourced from the Es₄+Ek lacustrine shale source rocks and mature coal-derived gas sourced from the Carboniferous-Permian (C-P) coal-bearing source rocks. Meanwhile, the early charged oil was subjected to gas flushing and deasphalting by the late intrusion of gas. The widely distributed hydrocarbon inclusions, the higher QGF Index, and FOI (the frequency of oil inclusions) values in both gas-oil and water zone, are indicative of early oil charge. In addition, combined with the homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions (<160 °C) and the existence of solid-bitumen bearing inclusions, significant loss of the n-alkanes with low carbon numbers, enrichments of heavier components in crude oils, and the precipitation of asphaltene in the residual pores suggest that gas flushing may have played an important role in the reservoir formation.     

下刚果盆地北部海域海相碳酸盐岩沉积储层特征

西非下刚果盆地为一典型被动大陆边缘含盐盆地,下刚果盆地北部海域在白垩系海相碳酸盐岩层系获得丰富油气发现。研究区海相碳酸盐岩领域油气勘探面临的核心瓶颈问题,即白垩系碳酸盐岩的沉积模式、演化规律、储层特征以及沉积储层发育控制因素。综合钻井、地震、区域地质等资料,分析认为自下向上相对海平面的上升控制了沉积演化,沉积体系演化模式为浅海碳酸盐岩台地→浅海混积陆棚→半深海-海底扇。下刚果盆地碳酸盐岩储层展布在纵向及平面上均可以划分为内中外3个储层发育带,碳酸盐岩储层最主要发育于下白垩统Albian阶下Sendji组。该时期研究区整体发育浅海碳酸盐岩混积缓坡台地沉积体系,沉积亚相可进一步划分为混积滨岸、后缓坡、浅水缓坡以及深水缓坡4种类型,其中浅水缓坡亚相颗粒滩微相与后缓坡亚相台内浅滩、砂质浅滩微相储层最为发育。碳酸盐岩储层岩性组合主要包括颗粒灰岩、砂岩、砂质灰岩、白云岩4种类型;储层发育主要受沉积相带的控制,并受成岩作用的影响。     

Oil migration through preferential petroleum migration pathway (PPMP) and polycyclic faults: A case study from the Shijiutuo Uplift,Bohai Bay basin,China

The Shijiutuo uplift is an oil enriched uplift in the offshore Bohai Bay Basin. Petroleum migration is a key factor for oil enrichment in Neogene reservoirs far away from the hydrocarbon kitchen. In this article, an integration of geological, geophysical and geochemical analyses are employed to investigate the petroleum migration and accumulation on the Shijiutuo uplift. Hydrocarbons in the QHD32-6 and QHD33 oilfields are mainly originated from the third (E₂s₃) and first (E₂s₁) member of the Shahejie Formation. The shallow traps have significant contributions of late-stage E₂s₁-derived oil. Lateral petroleum migration is a major mechanism forming large oilfields on the Shijiutuo uplift. The large oilfields have multiple hydrocarbon kitchens, multiple source rocks, and numerous preferential petroleum migration pathways (PPMPs). Once petroleum arrives at the structural highs on the Shijiutuo uplift through the Guantao Formation (N₁g) carrier-beds, neotectonic faults cutting through Guantao (N₁g) and Minghuazhen (N₁m^L) formations could serve as effective conduits for vertical petroleum migration. Neotectonic faults have experienced polycyclic fault activities. Fluid inclusions indicate episodic hydrocarbon charging. Crude oils display duplex properties of biodegradation and non-biodegradation, which is strong evidence for multiple and episodic oil charging on the Shijiutuo uplift. Finally, episodic petroleum charging along polycyclic neotectonic faults causes the late-stage E₂s₁-derived oils to occur in the shallow reservoirs.     

文安斜坡东营组沉积相研究

从岩心相,测井相,沉积展布几个方面对文安斜坡东营组的总体沉积特征进行了论述,并将研究区的沉积相类型定义为河流相。通过对研究区岩心相的详细分析,认为东营组主要发育有边滩微相、天然堤微相和泛滥平原微相。在岩心相分析的基础上发现了对沉积相响应较好的三类测井曲线,得出了研究区的测井相模式。根据对该区东营组沉积相的平面展布特征的研究表明,研究区以河流沉积和泛滥平原沉积为主,河道类型主要为曲流河至网状河,总体上呈由东向西方向展布,由早期的河道向下侵蚀作用为主到中晚期的河道侧向侵蚀作用为主,向湖盆方向河道变宽变浅直至消失,呈泛滥平原化,并在此基础上分析得出了泛滥平原化河流相的相模式。     

西湖凹陷KX构造平湖组储层特征及主控因素研究

西湖凹陷KX构造始新统平湖组是重要产气层系.利用大量薄片、岩心和分析化验资料,对该平湖组储集层进行了详细的岩石学特征、储层物性分析以及影响储层发育的主控因素的研究.结果表明,该套储层的岩石类型以长石岩屑质石英砂岩主,填隙物丰富、分选中等—好、成分成熟度低、磨圆程度高;孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主;喉道类型以片状、弯曲片状喉道为主;孔喉组合类型为中孔小喉、小孔小喉组合;储层物性较差,为低孔低渗储层;平湖组储层主要受潮汐改造的分流河道微相控制,压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等成岩作用是研究区储集层物性的主要控制因素.