四大流域面雨量监控预报系统

基于中国气象局下发的“关于全国七大流域面雨量预报业务实施方案的通知”和河南省气象局下发的“黄河中下游面雨量预报业务实施细则”，开发了“四大流域面雨量监控预报系统”。系统程序设计采用C＋＋Builder4.0和Visual Fortran 5.0，实现了降水实况自动入库、全省站点雨量预报及四大流域面雨量预报的计算输出，达到了对四大流域面雨量进行实时预报、监控的目的。     

SVM方法与长江上游降水落区预报

在分析长江上游各流域面雨量的气候特征及面雨量与暴雨站数关系的基础上,依据SVM回归方法,利用面雨量和ECMWF 0 h资料,建立了面雨量的SVM回归方法预报模型,并对其进行了模拟试验.结果表明,SVM回归方法能运用于面雨量预报,并给出了依据SVM方法建立的流域面雨量实时业务预报系统的检验结果.     

内蒙古流域面雨量预报方法的研制

首先讨论了面雨量的概念、面雨量在气象学上的意义及面雨量的计算问题 ,在此基础上针对内蒙古四个主要流域进行了流域划分和代表站点选取 ,并利用 T10 6资料建立了四个流域的面雨量统计预报方法 ,且进行了业务化系统的建设     

面雨量分析和预报技术改进

松花江是我国重点防汛的七大江河之一,流域面积广阔,洪涝基本取决于流域内降水的多少。1998年超历史记录的特大洪水,就是由于流域内区域性的暴雨、特大暴雨造成的。利用流域内各气象站点逐日降水量计算出流域内各区域的面雨量值,并结合水位资料分析了嫩江、松花江流域水位变化与面雨量的关系。在此基础上,利用逐步回归、相似技术建立了流域内各区域面雨量的预报方法。经检验、试报,有较好的预报参考价值。在MICAPS业务平台上开发的面雨量预报业务系统可以投入业务运行。     

抚河流域预报中心业务系统建设探讨

１引言为使气象服务能力和水平尽快适应防灾减灾工作的需要 ,研究和建立与之相适应的预报服务系统势在必行。组建流域预报中心是省局年初提出的重点突破工作之一。其目的是为了增强台站对流域面雨量的监测、预警服务能力 ,满足各级领导对流域防灾减灾工作的需求。２业务系统建设的构思基于抚河流域的地理环境和９０年代以来地方各级领导对流域气象服务工作的要求 ,从流域防汛的角度出发 ,抚河流域预报中心业务应从３个方面来建设。即流域面雨量预报业务、暴雨洪涝指数预报业务和暴雨次生地质灾害指数预报业务。业务时段为每年的４～７月。２…     

松花江流域面雨量预报业务运行系统简介

简要介绍了开展面雨量业务工作的意义，面雨量的定义及计算方法，松花江流域的子流域划分，松花江流域面雨量预报业务系统的结构、运行方式。该系统在松花江流域2002年7月1日到8月31日业务运行情况。     

陕西省十流域面雨量预报系统

利用陕西省MM5V3中尺度模式,基于陕西省河流特点、面雨量计算方法开发了陕西省十流域面雨量预报系统,系统以中尺度模式降水预报所计算的面雨量为基础,人工订正的方法制作流域面雨量,对外发布和服务。该项工作是对面雨量预报客观化、定量化的一个有益的尝试。     

长江上游流域面雨量预报系统

以T213数值预报产品降水格点为基础,采用权重方法和逐次订正法计算,然后根据统计、经验、模式等方法订正来预报单站降水,采用泰森多边形法计算长江上游流域面雨量的"四川省气象台长江上游流域面雨量预报系统".     

流域洪涝预报研究

提出了一个应用水文上降水产生流量过程线的变化原理,仅用降水资料来推算流域洪涝指数,用量化指标来预报未来流域洪涝强度的研究思路和方法。利用流域内测站雨量计算出流域的有效综合面雨量(考虑了前一段时间内的逐日流域面雨量的不同贡献)。复核流量(或水位)等洪涝有关资料与流域有效综合面雨量的关系,最终确定出各级洪涝指数的流域有效综合面雨量的大小。在实际预报业务中,利用流域的实况面雨量和预报面雨量计算出未来流域某日的有效综合面雨量,对其值与已确定的各级洪涝指数的有效综合面雨量大小进行比较分析,最终判断未来流域可能出现的洪涝等级和强度。     

黄河上游洪灾及流域面雨量预报

通过统计分析黄河上游流域特征、洪灾特征和强降水特征及成因等 ,首先建立了强降水预报智能模型。并在此预报结论的基础上 ,利用三角形面积计算法和流域分区原理在MICAPS系统上进行二次开发 ,完成了黄河上游流域及各区段面雨量预报业务系统的建立 ,使用效果良好。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...