Comparison of Characteristics Between the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Outbreaks in 2004 and 2008

The South China Sea summer monsoon is an important system affecting the weather and climate in China;its outbreak and evolution vary from year to year.Using the reanalysis data from the U.S.National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),USA,we analyze the circulation pattern,precipitation distribution,convection,temperature,and humidity around the monsoon outbreaks in 2004 and 2008.Results show that the monsoon had a late onset in 2004 (May 19) but an early outbreak in 2008 (May 4).Prior to the monsoon outbreak in 2008,cross-equatorial flows in Somalia were weaker than in 2004,subtropical precipitation did not arrive in southern China as it did in 2004,and the strongest convection was located more southward than in 2004.The results also indicate that accumulated rainfall in the Indochina Peninsula was about 61% of that in 2004 during a period of 25 days leading up to the monsoon outbreak,causing differences in land surface processes and then different activity levels for the summer monsoon.Post-onset warm and humid conditions in 2008 (2004) maintained through the end of October (mid-September),while the summer monsoon lasted longer in 2008 than in 2004.     

Intraseasonal oscillations of the monsoon circulation over South Asia

The space–time structure of the three-dimensional circulation over the South Asian monsoon region has been studied using the ERA-40 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Applying multi-channel singular spectrum analysis on combined daily values of horizontal winds and pressure vertical velocity at ten vertical levels for the period 1958–2001, two leading intraseasonal nonlinear oscillations were extracted. The first oscillation has an average period of 50?days and propagates northeastward from the Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent. The second oscillation has a period of 30?days and propagates northwestward from the West Pacific to the Indian region. Both the oscillations exhibit the oscillatory and propagation features at all vertical levels from 1,000 to 100?hPa. The two oscillations correspond well with similar oscillations found in outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation in earlier studies. The wind oscillations also account for the active and break phases of the Indian monsoon. The vertical structures and propagation of specific humidity and temperature are found to be consistent with those of the winds in each oscillation. The structure and movement of regional Hadley and Walker circulations have also been described. The analyses provide further strong evidence for the existence of two distinct monsoon intraseasonal oscillations.     

气候平均状况下亚洲夏季风的季节内演变过程

根据1979—1995年美国NOAA的向外长波辐射逐日资料,用功率谱分析和带通滤波方法,对气候平均状况下亚洲夏季风的季节内演变过程进行分析,归纳得到亚洲季风区各个子系统季节内变化的8个关键阶段。利用1979—1999年NCEP/NCAR的大气环流再分析资料及中国气象局降水资料CMAP,对每个关键阶段亚洲夏季风的环流和降水的时空演变特征进行分析,得到亚洲季风区环流和降水季节内变化的物理图像。研究表明,在不同的季节内演变阶段,亚洲夏季风各个子系统成员的环流系统的变化特征可以将亚洲夏季风系统的季节内演变过程较好地描述出来。     

Climatological Features of the Western Pacific Subtropical High Southward Retreat Process in Late Spring and Early Summer

Based on the climatological daily mean NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)data,and pentad NOAA CMAP precipitation from 1979 to 2006,the variation of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)ridge during late spring and early summer(LSES)and its relationship with the onset of the Asian summer monsoon is discussed from a climatological perspective.It is found that a remarkable southward retreat process(SRP)of the WPSH during LSES appears at both lower and higher levels of the ...     

Comparison of the Structure and Evolution of Intraseasonal Oscillations Before and After Onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon

High-resolution satellite-derived data and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data are used to investigate intraseasonal oscillations （ISO） over the tropical Indian Ocean.A composite evolution of the ISO life cycle is constructed,including the initiation,development,and propagation of rainfall anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean.The characteristics of ISO over the tropical Indian Ocean are profoundly different before and after the onset of the Indian summer monsoon.Positive precipitation anomalies before monsoon onset appear one phase earlier than those after monsoon onset.Before monsoon onset,precipitation anomalies associated with ISO first initiate in the western tropical Indian Ocean and then propagate eastward along the equator.After monsoon onset,convective anomalies propagate northward over the Indian summer monsoon region after an initial eastward propagation over the equatorial Indian Ocean.Surface wind convergence and air-sea interaction play critical roles in initiating each new cycle of ISO convection.     

Seasonal persistence and propagation of intraseasonal patterns over the Indian monsoon region

The space-time evolution of convection over the monsoon region containing the Indian subcontinent, the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific has been studied. A multi-channel singular spectrum analysis of the daily outgoing longwave radiation has yielded two intraseasonal oscillatory patterns and two large-scale standing patterns as the most dominant modes of intraseasonal variability. The oscillatory modes vary on time scales of about 45 and 28 days and their average cycles of variability are shown to correspond to the life cycles of active and break periods of monsoon rainfall over India. During an active (break) cycle, a convection (dry) anomaly zone first appears in the equatorial Indian Ocean, subsequently expands to cover the Indian subcontinent and finally contracts to disappear in the northern part of India. Some eastward and northward movements are found to be associated with both oscillatory modes, while westward movement may also be associated with the 28-day mode. The oscillatory modes are shown to have a large spatial scale extending to the West Pacific. One of the standing modes has anomalies of uniform sign covering the entire region and is related to El Niño and southern oscillation (ENSO) pattern. The other standing mode has a dipole structure in the equatorial Indian Ocean associated with large-scale anomalies over India with the same sign as those over the western part of the dipole. These two standing modes persist throughout the monsoon season, each maintaining its respective pattern. The seasonal mean monsoon is mainly determined by the two standing patterns, without much contribution from the oscillatory modes. The relative role of the standing patterns (ENSO mode and dipole mode) seems to be important in determining the seasonal mean during certain years.     

THE TIMING OF SOUTH-ASIAN HIGH ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS RELATION TO TROPICAL ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST-CENTRAL CHINA IN SUMMER

The timing of the South Asian High (SAH) establishment over the Indochina Peninsula (IP) from April to May and its relations to the setup of the subsequent tropical Asian summer monsoon and precipitation over eastern-central China in summer are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data and the daily precipitation data from 753 weather stations in China. It is found that the transitions of the zonal wind vertical shear and convection establishment over tropical Asia are earlier (later) in the years of early (late) establishment of SAH. In the lower troposphere, anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly circulation dominates the equatorial Indian Ocean. Correspondingly, the tropical Asian summer monsoon establishes earlier (later). Furthermore, the atmospheric circulation and the water vapor transport in the years of advanced SAH establishment are significantly different from the delayed years in Asia in summer. Out-of-phase distribution of precipitation in eastern-central China will appear with a weak (strong) SAH and western Pacific subtropical high, strong (weak) ascending motion in the area south of Yangtze River but weak (strong) ascending motion in the area north of it, and cyclonic (anti-cyclonic) water vapor flux anomaly circulation from the eastern-central China to western Pacific. Accordingly, the timing of the SAH establishment at the upper levels of IP is indicative of the subsequent onset of the tropical Asian summer monsoon and the flood-drought pattern over eastern-central China in summer.     

The summer monsoon of 1988

Summary Time averaged, monthly mean fields of a number of climate parameters such as sea surface temperature anomalies, outgoing longwave radiation anomalies, 200 mb velocity potential field, streamfunction anomaly at the lower and the upper troposphere and percentage rainfall amounts are presented, for the summer of 1988 over the regions of Asian summer monsoon. Above normal rainfall occurred over most of the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and eastern China during 1988. In comparison, 1987 was a drought year. This paper presents a comparison of some of the salient aforementioned parameters. The evolution of the planetary scale divergent motions and the streamfunction anomaly exhibit prominent differences during the life cycle of the monsoon in these two years. The velocity potential field exhibits a pronounced planetary scale geometry with the divergent outflows emanating from the monsoon region during 1988. The descending branches of these time averaged circulations are found over the Atlantic ocean to the west and over the eastern Pacific and North America to the east. The immense size of this circulation is indicative of an above normal monsoon activity. During 1987, the outflow center was located much further to the southeast over the western Pacific ocean. The longitudinal extent of the monsoonal divergent circulations were much smaller in 1987.The positive sea surface temperature anomaly of the El Nino year 1987 is seen to move westwards to the western Pacific in 1988, a warm anomaly also appears over the eastern equatorial Indian ocean and the Bay of Bengal at this time. The latter contributes to the supply of moisutre during the active monsoon season of 1988. The outgoing long wave radiation anomalies evolve with a westward propagation of strong positive anomalies from the central Pacific ocean consistent with the evolution of divergent circulation. The streamfunction anomalies basically show westerly zonal wind anomalies being replaced by easterly anomalies during 1988 over the upper troposphere of the monsoon region.The lower tropospheric streamfunction anomaly during the drought year 1987 showed a pronounced counter monsoon circulation. That feature was absent in 1988.With 11 Figures     

热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动年际变化联系的年代际改变

采用美国NOAA卫星观测OLR (outing longwave radiation)资料以及NCEP/NCAR、CM AP月平均资料,利用合成分析等方法,研究了热带西北太平洋(125°～140°E,10°～20°N)与热带东南印度洋(90°～105°E,5°～15°S)对流活动异常的联系。结果表明:热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动异常的联系有显著的年代际变化; 20世纪80—90年代存在显著的正相关,20世纪90年代至21世纪初有显著的负相关,其后转变为正相关。合成分析表明,热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动正相关时,两地区均存在反气旋性环流,低层辐散、高层辐合,对流活动弱,不利于降水产生,有降水负异常;当热带西北太平洋与东南印度洋对流活动负相关时,两地区环流异常存在明显差别,热带东南印度洋有正的海温异常,高层辐散、低层辐合,有上升运动,对流活动强,有降水正异常,而热带西北太平洋则相反。热带西北太平洋和热带东南印度洋之间的斜向垂直环流圈将这两个地区联系起来,并决定了这两个地区对流活动负相关关系的形成。     

南海夏季风季节内振荡的年际变化研究

利用NCEP/NCAR风场、 垂直速度再分析资料和NOAA的逐日向外长波辐射 (简称OLR) 资料, 运用Butterworth带通滤波方法, 对南海夏季风季节内振荡 (简称ISO) 的特征和年际变化情况进行了初步研究。气候平均状况下ISO在亚洲季风区存在5个活动中心, 其中包括南海南部地区 (5°N～15°N, 110°E～120°E)。气候平均状况下南海ISO在5～9月有三次比较明显的活跃过程。以850 hPa风在西南方向上的投影 (Vsw) 经30～60天带通滤波后的绝对值在南海区域的夏季平均定义了当年南海夏季风ISO活动指数, 以此确定了南海夏季风ISO活跃年和不活跃年, 并由此提取了两者在逐日序列和水平分布场特征上的差异。通过对南海夏季风ISO活跃年与不活跃年ISO信号差别的研究发现: 在南海夏季风ISO活动较活跃年份的一个完整周期的8个位相合成中, 低频对流中心从热带印度洋西部东传到达南海后, 受Walker环流和西太平洋副热带高压底层东风气流阻挡等其它动力和热力因素的影响转向东北传。春季南海地区较强的Walker环流和对流活动有可能作为南海夏季风ISO活跃的前期信号。     

中高纬度与热带大气的共同作用对江南4-6月低频降水的影响

基于中国国家气象观测站的逐日降水资料、NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)提供的逐日向外长波辐射资料和NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/NCAR(National Center for Atmospheric Research)逐日全球再分析资料,采用非滤波法提取10-30 d低频降水及低频环流因子,分析了1979-2013年江南地区4-6月低频降水及其关联的大气环流特征,着重讨论了中高纬度与热带共同作用对低频降水的影响及可能机理。结果表明:(1)江南4-6月降水的第1模态呈现全区一致的变化趋势,其10-30 d低频降水方差贡献率在江南南部较大,部分区域可达20%。(2)降水的低频异常不仅与热带对流有关,还与中高纬度大气环流的变化显著相关。当东印度洋及印度尼西亚一带对流旺盛,中国上游欧洲至西伯利亚地区高纬度位势高度表现为显著的正异常,江南上空为负异常时,有利于江南低频降水。(3)中高纬度大气环流与热带对流共同作用影响江南4-6月低频降水:当热带对流旺盛区(抑制区)位于东印度洋及印度尼西亚海洋性大陆一带时,热带热源的非绝热加热引起显著的上升(下沉)运动,并激发经向罗斯贝波北传;同时高纬度欧洲至西伯利亚地区的位势高度负异常(正异常)向东向南传播,两者在江南上游叠加,低压(高压)底前部的西南风(东北风)有利于孟加拉湾对江南的水汽输送加强(减弱),对应江南地区整层水汽通量辐合(辐散),低频降水偏多(偏少)。     

2010年和1998年西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常与东亚夏季风系统的关联性分析

利用西北太平洋编号台风资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA向外长波辐射(outgoing longwave radiation,OLR)资料等,选取西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常偏少的2010年和1998年,诊断分析ENSO事件及其东亚夏季风环流异常与热带气旋频数异常的关系,给出东亚夏季风系统部分成员影响热带气旋频数的天气学图像:由春入夏,赤道东太平洋海温异常偏暖,赤道哈得来环流偏强,沃克环流偏弱;西太平洋副热带高压异常强大,位置偏西;季风槽位置偏南,东西向不发展;南海、西太平洋越赤道气流偏弱;异常热源和水汽汇偏南,南海和菲律宾以东地区对流活动受到抑制,热带对流活跃区位于赤道以南;热带气旋生成个数明显偏少,位置偏西。     

Interannual variability of summertime outgoing longwave radiation over the Maritime Continent in relation to East Asian summer monsoon anomalies

The Maritime Continent (MC) is under influences of both the tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Anomalous convective activities over the MC have significant impacts on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and climate in China. In the present study, the variation in convective activity over the MC in boreal summer and its relationship to EASM anomalies are investigated based on regression analysis of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and CMAP [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation] data, with a focus on the impacts of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The most significant interannual variability of convective activity is found over 10°S–10°N, 95°–145°E, which can be roughly defined as the key area of the MC (hereafter, KMC). Outgoing longwave radiation anomaly (OLRA) exhibits 3- to 7-yr periodicities over the KMC, and around 70% of the OLRA variance can be explained by the ENSO signal. However, distinct convection and precipitation anomalies still exist over this region after the ENSO and IOD signals are removed. Abnormally low precipitation always corresponds to positive OLRA over the KMC when negative diabatic heating anomalies and anomalous cooling of the atmospheric column lead to abnormal descending motion over this region. Correspondingly, abnormal divergence occurs in the lower troposphere while convergence occurs in the upper troposphere, triggering an East Asia–Pacific/Pacific–Japan (EAP/PJ)-like anomalous wave train that propagates northeastward and leads to a significant positive precipitation anomaly from the Yangtze River valley in China to the islands of Japan. This EAP/PJ-like wave pattern becomes even clearer after the removal of the ENSO signal and the combined effects of ENSO and IOD, suggesting that convective anomalies over the KMC have an important impact on EASM anomalies. The above results provide important clues for the prediction of EASM anomalies and associated summer precipitation anomalies in China.     

塔里木河流域夏季降水年际和年代变化的环流异常

基于1961-2020年夏季（6-8月）NCAR/NCEP再分析资料和塔里木河流域（简称“塔河”）38个气象站降水资料,使用5年滑动平均分离出塔河夏季降水年代际和年际变化,选出了典型的年际变化的干年和湿年与年代际变化的干期（1963-1986年）和湿期（1989-2018年）,分析了与这两种时间尺度变化相关联的大气环流异常。结果表明,两者的变化不同,影响两者变化的大气环流不同。影响年代际变化的大气环流异常主要表现在欧亚大陆对流层从西北至东南交替出现正负位势高度异常中心,在湿期塔河东部和西部分别出现明显的东风和西南风异常,水汽主要由西北太平洋和印度洋输送至塔河,在干期则与之相反;影响年际变化的大气环流异常主要表现为在塔河东部和西部对流层分别为反气旋异常和气旋异常,在多雨年从南北方向向塔河输送的水汽增多,北风水汽通量异常向流域输送较多,南风水汽通量异常向流域输送较小且主要集中在流域西部,水汽主要由北冰洋洋和印度洋输送至塔河。在干年则与之相反。     

不同资料揭示南海夏季风爆发特征的比较

利用全球月平均海温资料，近地面的风、气温、湿度资料，以及海表感热和潜热资料，在综合分析海温和气象要素变化的基础上，确定了7个全球海气相互作用的关键区，并运用相关分析法，着重分析了各关键海区上空气象要素场与海温的时滞相关，以揭示不同关键海区海气相互作用的异同。分析表明：不同海区海气热力相互作用较强，海温与气温比湿有较好的互代性，特别是中东太平洋和南印度洋海区。动力作用对海温的影响各海区差异较大，中西太平洋海区的动力影响可能更关键。在感热潜热与海温的相关中，东西太平洋海区和西北太平洋及南印度洋两季风区都较关键。通过分析各海区海温和各气象要素相邻月的持续相关概率，进一步了解哪些要素、哪些区在哪些时段其异常持续性好，或异常持续性容易发生破坏，这不仅对做预报有一定的参考价值，也为我们讨论海气相互作用的物理机制提供了依据。     

东亚季风区夏季海气系统位相关系的特殊性

利用28年的月平均降水、海面温度(SST)、向外长波辐射(OLR)、表层潜热通量和海平面气压资料,通过同期相关、超前一滞后相关和回归分析,揭示了东亚季风区夏季海气相互作用的特殊性,即由于东亚夏季风的爆发导致西太平洋暖池、中国南海以及黑潮区的海气系统位相关系发生改变,使秋冬春季降水与SST的正相关(海洋影响大气为主)转化为夏季降水与SST的负相关(大气影响海洋为主).同时还分析了东亚季风区夏季大气影响海洋的几种可能机制,并揭示了不同机制在各海区的重要性.     

近20年来热带印度洋与热带太平洋海气系统相互作用特征的诊断研究

利用1979年1月～1998年12月的月平均海表温度(SST)、向外长波辐射(OLR)和l000hPa纬向风速等NCEP/NCAR再分析资料，对近20年来热带印度洋与太平洋海温异常(SSTA)及相关的环流特征量进行综合分析和研究，发现热带印度洋的内部耦合动力特征模态—偶极子模的强度，存在着年代间的差异，80年代偏弱，90年代偏强。热带印度洋与热带太平洋海气耦合系统之间存在着相互作用，80年代热带印度洋的SSTA主要是对太平洋ENSO的响应，90年代太平洋ENSO的异常发展在一定程度上是受印度洋偶极子模态异常活跃影响的结果。从观测资料诊断分析的角度，找出了90年代后ZC耦合模式对ENSO事件预报失败的可能原因。     

Influence of the Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific Types of ENSO on the South Asian Summer Monsoon

Based on observational and reanalysis data,the relationships between the eastern Pacific(EP)and central Pacific(CP)types of El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation(ENSO)during the developing summer and the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)are examined.The roles of these two types of ENSO on the SASM experienced notable multidecadal modulation in the late 1970s.While the inverse relationship between the EP type of ENSO and the SASM has weakened dramatically,the CP type of ENSO plays a far more prominent role in producing anomalous Indian monsoon rainfall after the late 1970s.The drought-producing El Ni?o warming of both the EP and CP types can excite anomalous rising motion of the Walker circulation concentrated in the equatorial central Pacific around 160°W to the date line.Accordingly,compensatory subsidence anomalies are evident from the Maritime Continent to the Indian subcontinent,leading to suppressed convection and decreased precipitation over these regions.Moreover,anomalously less moisture flux into South Asia associated with developing EP El Ni?o and significant northwesterly anomalies dominating over southern India accompanied by developing CP El Ni?o,may also have been responsible for the Indian monsoon droughts during the pre-1979 and post-1979 sub-periods,respectively.El Ni?o events with the same“flavor”may not necessarily produce consistent Indian monsoon rainfall anomalies,while similar Indian monsoon droughts may be induced by different types of El Ni?o,implying high sensitivity of monsoonal precipitation to the detailed configuration of ENSO forcing imposed on the tropical Pacific.     

CONTRAST ANALYSIS OF APRIL TYPHOONS LEO AND NEOGURI

The conventional observations data,NCAR/NCEP-2 reanalysis data,and NOAA outgoing longwave radiation data are used to investigate different characteristics of Leo and Neoguri,two April typhoons that ever made landfall on the continent of China over the past 60 years.The results showed that both Leo and Neoguri occurred during the La Nina events.Strong convective activity,weak vertical wind shear and upper-level divergence were in favor of the formation of these April typhoons.Leo originated from a monsoon depression and Neoguri evolved from an easterly wave.The meandering moving track of Leo attributed to strong northeast monsoon and a weak and changeable subtropical high;the steady moving track of Neoguri was governed by a strong and stable subtropical high.Leo and Neoguri had similar terrain conditions and intensities during landfall but were different in precipitation as water vapor transport and duration of kinetic uplifting resulted in apparent discrepancies between them.     

Some evidence on the relationship between the South American monsoon and the Atlantic ITCZ

The seasonal variations of convection associated with the South American monsoon system (SAMS) are analyzed using pentad means of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data during the 1979–2006 period. The data is filtered for the 0.4–1.2 year scale and an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied. The results provide three dominant modes with distinct convective features, which are referred to as: equatorially antisymmetric, intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and symmetric modes. The first two modes vary in an annual scale, and the latter one in a semiannual scale. The evolving aspects of these modes are studied by correlating (lagged and simultaneously) the principal component of each mode and the filtered OLR time series. The antisymmetric and the ITCZ modes evolve smoothly into each other reflecting the northwestward and northeastward propagation of convective activity. The propagation rates vary depending on development stage and region considered. On the other hand, the symmetric mode with the largest convective activity in the western Amazon evolves independently, and depicts the transition from dry to wet seasons and vice-versa.