内蒙古哈达贺休盐湖卤水水化学特征及成因

内蒙古哈达贺休盐湖是由黑河尾闾湖演化形成的现代干盐湖。地质勘探发现其地下蕴藏有第四系上更新统砂砾层孔隙卤水,目前对其水化学特征及成因没有系统的研究报道。本文作者采集了哈达贺休盐湖24件卤水样品,并分析其常量和微量离子含量、矿化度(TDS)和pH值。结果显示,盐湖卤水水化学类型为硫酸钠亚型,pH值在6.72～7.77之间,属弱碱性卤水;TDS在59.71～172.02 g/L之间,平均值100.45 g/L,属中低矿化度;卤水常量离子中K⁺含量为0.66～3.16 g/L,平均1.60 g/L(接近和超过了综合利用的标准),K/TDS比值也高于马海、黑北凹地等深层卤水,并落在察尔汗和罗布泊晶间卤水数量级范围内。表明研究区卤水具有成钾而低矿化度的特征;微量离子中B₂O₃和Li⁺含量分别为40.09～278.21 mg/L和1.14～5.17 mg/L。K-Li-B三角当量图显示,盐湖卤水具有富K、B特征,具有综合开采钾和硼的潜在经济价值;卤水离子钠氯系数(0.79～6.15)和溴氯系数(0.11～1.8...     

柴达木盆地盐湖卤水硼、氯同位素的水化学特性探讨

通过对柴达木盆地盐湖硼、氯同位素组成和相应的水化学参数关系的讨论,揭示了盐湖卤水中硼、氯同位素组成变化与盐湖卤水演化之间的关系。盐湖卤水的硼同位素组成主要是与盐湖补给水的硼同位素组成和 Ｃａ 离子含量有关,氯同位素组成是受卤水的蒸发程度所控制。硼、氯同位素之间存在负相关关系。     

新疆盐湖卤水水化学特征研究

要为深入研究新疆盐湖形成演化规律及成盐环境,根据我所历年盐湖科学考察研究结果,对该区盐湖卤水的分布及其化学组成、盐湖卤水的矿化特征和卤水水理性质及水化学类型分类等进行了研究,并通过与我国其它盐湖区盐湖水化学特征的对比分析,确认本区现代盐湖水化学成因类型具有陆相再溶盐成因特征,从而显示了该区盐湖形成演化的独特水文地球化学特点。     

柴达木盆地大盐滩矿区深层晶间卤水的成因

柴达木盆地西部昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区地下卤水资源丰富,具有很好的开发利用前景。野外采取了大盐滩矿区不同深度(9.8～133 m)晶间卤水样品和冷湖构造油田水样品,分析了卤水的水化学组成和氢氧同位素值。结果显示,晶间卤水矿化度较高(平均为363.94 g/L)且富K~+,水化学类型为硫酸镁亚型;油田水矿化度较低(平均为39.02 g/L),富Ca~(2+)和Sr~(2+),水化学类型为氯化物型。离子含量及钠氯系数和溴氯系数分析显示,大盐滩矿区晶间卤水主要为大气降水汇聚后经蒸发作用形成,深层晶间卤水(30～133 m)具有大气降水盐岩溶滤成因及受具有深部来源性质油田水补给的特征。氢氧同位素组成分析表明,卤水均发生了明显的"氧同位素正漂移"现象,推断深层晶间卤水较高的δ~(18)O、δD值与浅层晶间卤水(9.8～11.5 m)以及大气降水溶滤盐岩沿断裂下渗补给有关。     

青海可可西里东部盐湖水化学及沉积特征初步研究

2008 a夏对可可西里地区东部4个新发现的盐湖,进行了卤水水化学组分、矿物组成及其石盐元素含量分析。结果表明,该区水体卤水矿化度高,湖表卤水富硼锂等组分。通过对化学组分及水化学特征系数的研究,卤水的水化学类型主要为硫酸镁亚型和硫酸钠亚型。卤水pH值随着矿化度的增加而降低。Na+、Cl-含量与总矿化度呈正相关,SO42-"与矿化度呈负相关。Li与Mg物源、迁移规律近似。本区盐类沉积物以石盐为主,石盐中Si、Al、Fe、Sr含量低,其间相关性好,物质来源可能为周围岩石风化。布查盐湖盐类沉积存在少量硬石膏、半水石膏和铁白云石,表明布查盐湖的盐类物质来源很可能与地下热水作用有关。     

察尔汗盐湖矿物组合特征及其成因指示

察尔汗盐湖赋存有硫酸镁亚型和氯化物型两种水化学类型,沉积了中国最大的液体钾镁盐矿床。为解释察尔汗盐湖卤水矿床成因,拟在别勒滩、达布逊、察尔汗和霍布逊区段选择4个剖面,剖面深度在0~7 m之间,属于全新统上含盐组的上部盐层,每隔10cm进行采样,运用XRD半定量方法分析矿物组合特征。结果表明,整个湖区矿物组合由石盐、石膏、水氯镁石和碳酸盐组成,其平均含量分别为70%、4.7%、3.4%和1%;显示其矿物组合特征简单,盐层主要沉积石盐而贫石膏和碳酸盐矿物。同时,研究发现各区段石膏(硫酸盐矿物)平均含量自西向东明显下降,含镁矿物平均含量自西南向东北明显下降。结合察尔汗盐湖区卤水化学组成和水化学类型的分带,基本符合盐湖北部和东北部卤水富Ca~(2+),贫Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)的沉积事实,进一步说明盐湖北部和东北部卤水和盐类沉积受具有氯化物型盐泉水的补给影响,为察尔汗盐湖混合掺杂成因提供了一定的矿物学证据。     

柴达木盆地盐湖类型和水化学特征

本文详细地介绍了柴达木盆地的地理位置和周围环境，以及该盆地内盐湖的分布和分类，系统地阐述了盐湖卤水中硼，锂和钾的水化学特征及其关系。     

西台吉乃尔盐湖地下卤水的赋存特征

西台吉乃尔盐湖属于柴达木盆地构造分区茫崖坳陷中的一里坪凹陷区,位于柴达木盆地东部三湖(台吉乃尔湖、涩聂湖和达布逊湖)沉降区的西端,接受来自昆仑山北坡的那陵格勒河补给。此盐湖是以卤水锂矿物为主,并伴生钾、硼、镁等多种组分的大型矿产地,水化学类型属于硫酸盐型硫酸镁亚型。地下卤水划分为晶间潜卤水(WⅠ)、孔隙潜卤水(WⅡ-1)和晶间承压卤水(WⅡ-2)三层。     

新疆盐湖卤水成分及其成因

根据野外考察和室内研究资料，论述了新疆盐湖的概况，卤水主要和次要成分，盐湖的水化学类型。探讨了盐湖卤水化学成分的来源和集散特点。     

中国盐湖卤水主要成矿元素分布特征及其资源禀赋综合评价

我国350多个盐湖湖表卤水水化学成分综合研究表明,成矿元素K、Li、B主要分布在青藏高原地区,但新疆一些富K、B盐湖也具有较好的开发潜力。我国盐湖卤水中的Br、I、Rb、Cs呈现明显的区域分异,富Br和I盐湖主要分布在内蒙古的中东部,而Rb和Cs则主要分布在青藏高原地区。我国盐湖区按主要成矿元素禀赋情况可以分为3种类型,K+B+Li资源综合利用型;K+B(Li)资源综合利用型以及单一的K(B或Li)资源利用型。青藏高原地区的盐湖卤水矿床以前两者为主,新疆和内蒙的盐湖则以后两者为主。     

From land cover-graphs to urban structure types

Urban structure types (UST) are an initial interest and basic instrument for monitoring, controlling and modeling tasks of urban planners and decision makers during ongoing urbanization processes. This study focuses on a method to classify UST from land cover (LC) objects, which were derived from high resolution satellite images. The topology of urban LC objects is analyzed by implementing neighborhood LC-graphs. Various graph measures are examined by their potential to distinguish between different UST, using the machine learning classifier random forest. Additionally the influence of different parameter settings of the random forest model, the reduction of training samples, and the graph measure importance is analyzed. An independent test set is classified and validated, achieving an overall accuracy of 87%. It was found that the height of the building with the highest node degree has a strong impact on the classification result.     

基于热红外光谱的干旱区土壤盐分监测研究

土壤盐渍化是新疆最常见的土地退化过程,已经严重威胁到了当地的农业生产、生态稳定和经济发展。通过对渭库绿洲土壤含盐量和土壤热红外光谱分析,探讨了土壤含盐量与热红外发射率之间的定量关系。结果表明：（1）盐渍化土壤的发射率随着含盐量的变化而发生变化,当土壤盐分增加时,发射率也随之增大。（2）土壤含盐量与热红外发射率光谱数据相关性在8.5～9.5 μm波段范围内表现尤为显著,相关系数超过0.8,最高为0.90,对应波段范围9.259～9.271 μm。（3）运用回归模型一阶导数变换形式下建模效果和预测精度都是最优的,R²达到了0.899,RMSE最小为1.734。热红外光谱技术可以反演土壤含盐量,为利用热红外遥感识别土壤盐分信息提供技术支撑。     

Impact of Irrigation Methods on Soil Salt Content and Their Differences in Whole Cotton Growing Season in Arid Area of Northwest China

Research for changes of soil water and salt is an important content of land sciences and agriculture sciences in arid and semi arid regions. In this paper, sampling in actual agricultural fields, laboratory analysis of soil samples and statistical analysis methods are used to quantitatively analyze soil salinity changes under different irrigation methods throughout the cotton growing season in Shihezi reclamation area. The results show that irrigation methods play an important role in soil salt content in the surface soil (0-20 cm) and sub-deep soil (40-60 cm), followed by deep soil layer (60-100 cm) and root soil layer (20-40 cm). Furrow irrigation yields the maximum soil salt content in deep layer (60-100 cm) or sub-deep layer (40-60 cm) and the maximum salinity occurs in the first half of the cotton growing season (June or earlier). In contrast, drip irrigation yields the maximum soil salinity in the root layer (20-40 cm) or sub-deep (40-60 cm), and this usually appears in the second half growing season (July or after). The ratio of chloride ion to sulfate ion (Cl^-/SO₄^2-) and its change in the soil are on the rise under furrow irrigation, while the value first increased and then decreased with a peak point in June under drip irrigation. This suggests that furrow irrigation may shift the type of soil salinization to chloride ion type moreso than drip irrigation. Potassium and sodium ion contents of the soil show that soil sodium+potassium content will drop after the first rise under furrow irrigation and the value is manifested by fluctuations under drip irrigation. Potassium+sodium content change is relatively more stable in the whole cotton growth period under irrigation methods. The maximum of sodium and potassium content of the soil usually occur in deep soil layer (60-100 cm) or sub-deep soil layer (40-60 cm) in most sample points under furrow irrigation while it is inconsistent in different sample points under drip irrigation. A nonparametric test for paired samples is used to analyze differences of soil salt content under different irrigation methods. This analysis shows that the impact of irrigation on soil salinity is most significant in July, followed by August, June, May, and April in most sample points. The most significant impact of irrigation methods occurs in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm), followed by deep layer (60-100 cm), root layer (20-40 cm) and sub-deep (40-60 cm). These conclusions will be benefitial for mitigation of soil salinization, irrigation and fertilization and sustainable land use.     

贝叶斯专家系统分类器中专家知识的自动提取

专家知识提取是长期以来遥感专家系统分类器应用过程中存在的瓶颈问题,该文重点解决如何实现贝叶斯专家系统分类器中专家知识自动提取和知识库建立的问题。基于参考样点统计分析得出的规律,提出专家知识与参考信息间关系的假设,并设计专家知识自动提取方法,即分类类型先验概率和条件概率估计方法。为了验证专家知识自动提取方法的准确性和有效性,应用模拟数据和实际研究区域数据进行分类并评价其精度。结果表明,基于参考样点统计分析能够获得较高精度的各类型分布先验概率和条件概率,从而实现专家知识自动提取,有效解决现有贝叶斯专家系统分类器中存在的瓶颈问题。     

地貌形态分类的数量化研究

用数量分析法进行地貌分类时会遇到数据怎么量取、样本的基本单位怎么选择、样本基本单位的界线怎么定、样本选择多少为宜等问题,文章就这些问题的解决做了探索。最后分析并讨论了用数量分析法得出的分类结果,得出用数量法进行地貌分类时以细致、定量、综合、三性优于传统分类法的结论。     

Automatic classification of dome instabilities based on Doppler radar measurements at Merapi volcano, Indonesia: Part I

Monitoring lava dome instabilities is crucial to efficiently monitor active dome building volcanoes. The Doppler radar technique provides a unique opportunity to gather information about the number of instability events occurring at the growing dome and about the dynamic processes that take place during different types of instabilities. So far, three different kinds of processes have been identified: sliding material, gravitational break-offs and explosive outbursts. In addition, Doppler radars provide rain measurements, which can be used to investigate possible correlations between rainfall and dome activity. Two radar systems have been installed at Merapi volcano in October 2001 and January 2005 to continuously monitor dome instabilities. Due to the large number of instability events that occur during times of high activity, manual processing and analysis of instability events is not practical for monitoring purposes. Therefore, an automatic classification system has been developed, which is capable of identifying different kinds of instabilities as well as rainfall. Two different kinds of classifier models have been applied: (1) neural network and (2) K-nearest-neighbour classifier model. Both classify Doppler spectra according to the underlying dynamic process, that is, rain, sliding material, gravitational break-off or explosive outburst. The classifiers are able to identify disturbances, which have no physical source, but are merely artefacts from the radar device itself. Because radar events are sequences of Doppler spectra, a rule set has been defined, which finally determines the event class. All classifiers have been trained and tested on independent data sets to estimate the classification performance. The overall classification rate is about 90 per cent. Discrimination of instabilities and non-volcanic events reaches about 98 per cent accuracy.     

盐湖水化学类型的判别分析研究

应用判别分析分类技术研究了盐湖水化学类型。结果表明,用统计分析方法筛选出的变量(X1～X8)对区分盐湖水化学类型有显著作用。考虑这些变量,依据判别分析分类技术建立了盐湖水化学类型的数学模型。其判别函数可以成功地对盐湖样品进行水化学类型的判别或预测。     

柴达木盆地盐湖卤水层给水度分布变化特征

选择柴达木盆地马海盐湖作为研究对象,在研究区布置给水度采样点11处,采样深度1.61~148.5 m,采集给水度样品75件。结合研究区以往37处采样点的72个测试数据,共计取得48处采样点145个测试数据。根据给水度实测数据,采用数理统计方法分析了柴达木盆地马海盐湖卤水层给水度分布变化。其主要特征表现为：① 给水度在水平方向上表现出较大的差异性,卤水层W_Ⅰ至W_Ⅴ的给水度分别介于0~0.263 5、0.009 4~0.209 9、0~0.277 8、0.006 2~0.135 9、0~0.107 7。在采样点MHK-022~MHK-026处,各卤水层给水度值较小,均小于0.06。在盐湖东北部,各卤水层给水度值较大,均大于0.08。② 给水度在垂直方向上受地层静压力的影响随着深度的增加而减小,上部卤水层W_Ⅰ的给水度均值为0.105,下部卤水层W_Ⅴ的给水度均值已降至0.038 7,不足卤水层W_Ⅰ给水度均值的40%。③ 给水度在垂直方向上还表现出旋回性的变化特征,这种沉积旋回的出现可能是对成盐期间气候波动的反映。     

Short-term and diurnal patterns of salt secretion by Tamarix ramosissima and their relationships with climatic factors

Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) is an invasive shrub or tree species in the United States. Glands within Tamarix leaves secrete salt that may increase surface soil salinity and consequently result in an unviable ecosystem for native riparian tree species. To increase our understanding of the effects of invasive Tamarix on the ecosystem and its native riparian vegetation, we investigated salt secretion of a stand of Tamarix ramosissima in the Las Vegas Wash, Nevada. Short-term and diurnal salt secretion rates were monitored in the stand from September to October 2009. Soil samples were collected beneath the canopy so that water and salinity conditions could be determined. We used weather data from a Las Vegas database in conjunction with soil temperature data collected for this study. The major cation secreted by salt glands was sodium. Diurnal variation in the salt secretion rate had a maximum during the day, suggesting that salt secretion is dependent on salt transportation to leaves. Variations in the salt secretion rates were mostly influenced by solar radiation, suggesting that salt secretion in T. ramosissima would be enhanced by light in natural conditions.     

基于低空无人机的草原灌丛遥感辨识方法

以位于中国科学院内蒙古草原生态研究定位站灌丛化样地实验平台为研究区，基于低空无人机遥感影像，结合实地调查，开展草原灌丛遥感辨识方法研究。通过对灌丛、草地和裸地归一化植被指数（NDVI）的方差统计分析，确定了裸地与植被的分割阈值为-0.08，并使用该阈值提取植被覆盖区，然后分别利用面向对象的决策树（DT）、贝叶斯（Bayes）、K最邻近（KNN）、支持向量机（SVM）机器学习分类器进行灌丛辨识。研究表明：借助Estimation of Scale Parameter（ESP）最优分割尺度评价工具可以快速确定分割参数，获取灌丛、草地影像对象；利用特征空间优化工具选取了18个的对象特征，可以有效避免盲目选择而导致的计算量增大；通过对不同分类器分类结果的对比和样本数量敏感性实验得出：Bayes分类器精度稳定、无需设置参数，灌丛分类精度最高，总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到92%和0.83，结果与影像地物嵌合最好，能够精确识别单株灌丛；根据Bayes分类器分类结果统计得研究区灌丛盖度为14.74%，平均冠幅为0.6 m²，与样方调查结果基本一致。由于4种分类器的算法特征以及对训练样本数量的敏感性各不相同，因此选择合适的分类器还需根据具体影像的地物特征、空间分辨率和研究区范围来确定。