根据环境应力值预测我国大陆近三年强震危险区的研究

把环境应力增高，作为将要发生强震的前兆。根据陈培善导出的利用地震波资料直接计算环境剪应力τ＿０值的公式，计算了１９８７─１９９１年全国范围内的环境剪应力值，并据此预测了１９９２年以后３年内可能发生６级以上地震的５个强震危险区。实际验证结果是：从１９９２年５月至今，中国境内共发生Ｍ≥６．０的地震７次，６次均落在预先划定的危险区内。根据进一步的研究，计算了１９９２─１９９３年全国环境应力值，结合１９９１年以前的资料，对未来１９９３年１１月─１９９６年３年内可能发生强震的危险区进行了预测，提出了６个值得注意的强震危险区。     

华北北部地区2005年前地震危险性预测研究进展

综述了利用确定性和概率性相结合的预测方法，对华北北部地区２００５年前的地震危险性进行了概率预测研究。研究表明，该区在２００年前发生６级以上地震的概率为０．４５，其中涿鹿－怀来一带地区内每个计算单元中的发展概率最高，达到０．０２。     

2005年前中国大陆地震震级概率预测

采用以地震震级-频度关系和贝努利随机独立试验模型为基础建立的地震震级概率预测方法，对2005年前中国大陆各地震带的地震危险性进行了预测．结果表明，2005年前，中国大陆东部各地震带发生5级地震的概率一般在0.7以上，大部分在0.8以上；各地震带发生6级地震的概率一般在0.5～0.7之间；7级地震发生的概率也以山西地震带最高，可达0.0858．2005 年前中国大陆西部各地震带普遍具有发生6级地震的可能性(一般达0.9以上)；发生7级地震的可能性在青藏高原周缘各地震带和南天山地震带相对较高(0.7以上)．本文最后对预测结果的可信度、预测概率大小与未来地震的年发生率之间的关系进行了讨论．      

汾渭地震带地震发生的统计分析

应用极值理论、马尔科夫过程、震级－频度关系等６种方法，分别对汾渭地震带地震发生的规律性进行了讨论，各种方法取得了比较一致的预测效果。经计算得到：汾渭地震带今后５年内，有可能发生Ｍｓ＝５．０级左右的地震，发生Ｍｓ＞５．５级地震的可能性较小；Ｍｓ＝５．０、５．５级地震的复发周期分别为６年和２５年左右；自１３００年以来．其５．０级以上的地震活动存在着２３０±１０年的卓越周期。     

鲜水河断裂带地震活动特征及强震发生随时间增长概率

作者等仔细分析了鲜水河断裂带从１７２５年到现在的地震资料，并利用乌莫洛夫Ｔ─Ｓ、Ｍ为参数的作图法及强震发生随时间增长概率，绘制了地震活动图件及地震发生概率曲线以及Ｍ─Ｔ图和鲜水河断裂应变释放曲线。根据这些资料可以清楚地看出鲜水河断裂带自１７２５年到现在可分为两个大的活动周期，其中６．０级以上地震有由康定依次向甘孜迁移的特点。在每一个大的地震活动周期中，地震基本上两次重复由康定向甘孜迁移的过程，而且较强地震多发生在第二次迁移过程中，１９８２年甘孜地震标志着断裂带在第二幕地震活动高潮中，中强震已经完成了最后一次由断裂带东南端向西北端迁移的过程。同时考虑到断裂带应变释放曲线的特征，估计鲜水河断裂带目前已进入新的平静阶段。前两个大的活动周期之间，平静了近一个世纪。按历史上地震定向迁移规律，估计在新的活动期地震仍将从康定方向开始，逐步向甘孜发展。     

更新论在估计西南地区未来地震活动中的应用

更新过程在许多领域已有应用。本文检验确认四川省、云南省Ｍ＿ｓ≥５．５，６．０，６．５；川滇Ｍ＿ｓ≥６．０、６．５，７．０；西藏Ｍ＿ｓ≥６．０，６．５，６级地震（主震）间隔时间分别都可认为服从指数分布；同时其中大多又可认为服从对数正态分布，分别对未来１年、３年、５年给出地震发生的概率，并对以上时段内可能发震的次数作出估计，对西南地区未来几年内的地震活动强度给出简明的统计描述，应注意：年内四川省应有Ｍ＿ｓ≥５．５级地震发生，且震级可能大于或等于６．０级。     

江苏-南黄海地区未来地震形势的统计分析

根据１５００年以来的地震资料,应用数理统计、灰色预测、干支６０周期分析等多种方法,对江苏—南黄海地区未来３～５年地震形势进行分析和预测,结果表明：该区目前处于本世纪第２活跃幕中后期,未来几年内依然存在５～６级地震的危险性,至２０００年７月,累积发震概率将达到０．７～０．８,１９９９—２０００年、２００２—２００３年均有可能发生５级以上中强地震。     

1993年10月26日托来6.0级地震前地震活动性异常特征

１９９３年１０月２６日托来６．０级地震前地震活动性异常特征１前言１９９３年１０月２６日在甘青交界托来附近（Ｎ３８°３６＇，Ｅ９８°４２＇）发生了一次Ｍｓ６．０级地震。地震发生之前，在河西祁连山地区（Ｎ３６°－４０°，Ｅ９７°－１０３°）多项地震活动性...     

中强以上地震发生后半年内地震趋势的模糊聚类分析

利用１次中强以上地震（Ｍ０≥４．７）发生后前６天地震序列的资料，对未来半年内是否可能发生相当（Ｍ＝Ｍ０±０．３）或更大的地震进行模糊聚类分析．根据３６个初选问题的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１３项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标．应用模糊聚类的ＦＣＭ算法对地震序列进行分类，Ⅰ类为Ｍ０级中强震后６个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥Ｍ０－０．３级的地震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ０级中强震后６个月内无相当或更大的地震。以中国大陆地区１９６６年以来的４８次Ｍ０≥４．７级中强震序列资料建立震后判别模型，然后对近期发生的８次强震序列进行了外推检验。     

国内外震情

１９９７年１０月华北ＭＬ≥３．０地震动态根据国家地震局分析预报中心提供的资料,１９９７年１０月华北地区（３３．０°～４２．０°Ｎ,１１１．０°～１２５．０°Ｅ）共发生ＭＬ≥３．０地震１１次,无４级以上地震发生,北安河发生了两次３级以上地震（见附表）。...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.