顾及声线弯曲的横摇偏差迭代算法

横摇偏差校准是多波束水深测量测前准备的一项重要内容。针对传统多波束横摇偏差校准操作复杂且存在主观因素问题,同时考虑到横摇偏差引起海底地形失真的非线性变化,提出了顾及声线弯曲的横摇偏差自动迭代算法。该算法以平坦海底为假设,基于常梯度声线跟踪模型和最小二乘原理,对多Ping数据进行迭代拟合,最后取其平均值作为横摇偏差。仿真分析结果表明,迭代算法能逐步调整横摇偏差引起的海底地形非线性失真,提高横摇偏差计算值的准确性。     

基于多源水深数据融合的海底高精度地形重建

本文在研究多源水深数据构建技术的基础上,分析了张力样条插值算法和“移去-恢复”法的多源水深数据融合处理技术,基于该方法选取实验区,利用多波束、单波束、历史海图等多源水深数据进行高精度海底地形融合试验,并针对多源水深融合技术缺少误差评估的现状,利用split-sample方法对融合结果进行水深不确定性评估,形成融合结果的可靠性空间分布。结果表明该方法无论是在数据稀疏区还是高密度区都达到了较好的融合效果,既保留了高分辨率水深数据的细节信息,又较真实的反映了研究区海底地形特征,且构建的海底地形精度可靠,误差百分比集中在0.5%。本文整套数据融合和结果评估方法可为多源水深数据融合的海底高精度地形构建提供借鉴和参考。     

利用MVDR算法削弱多波束测深声纳的隧道效应

分析了海底多波束测深声纳中存在的隧道效应及其产生机理,指出旁瓣干扰是引起隧道效应的重要因素,隧道效应的出现导致多波束测深声纳把相对平坦的海底误测成凹面向上的水平半圆柱面海底地形。研究了基于GSC结构的自适应波束形成算法,推导提出了MVDR算法的连续自适应实现方案,并利用该算法对多波束测深声纳湖试数据中存在的隧道效应进行处理,结果表明该算法能够有效削弱多波束测深数据边缘波束中存在的旁瓣干扰。     

海底地形数据组织与可视化选取技术

海洋测绘数据信息化是构建智慧海洋的基础, 而海底地形数据是海洋测绘数据中的重要内容。为更加便捷和高效地 管理与利用地形数据, 本文结合工程实际需求, 研发了海底地形数据管理平台。首先, 基于海底地形数据的特点, 提出多分 辨率海底地形组织模型, 对不规则区域的海底地形进行多分辨率模型构建, 实现了对多波束实测数据的组织管理; 在此基础 上, 提出了多尺度海底地形分级渲染优化算法与海底地形数据空间截取算法, 利用分级渲染与数据裁剪算法实现对海底地形 数据的可视化表达预览和选取服务; 最后, 以典型的多波束测深数据为例, 基于研发平台完成了数据从存储 、组织管理到可 视化预览选取的一体化管理与服务, 验证了本文算法的可靠性与实用性, 同时可为海底地形数据管理服务提供一定参考。     

基于自适应卡尔曼滤波的多波束数据改正方法

多波束测深数据质量受声速误差等因素影响较大,针对该情况,利用自适应卡尔曼滤波以相邻条带中央波束作为先验信息,对多波束测深数据进行改正。首先,以相邻条带的中央波束数据构建海底地形大致走向的趋势线作为先验信息,结合观测值与检查线测深值,得到观测值和先验信息的偏差;其次,利用卡尔曼滤波对观测值进行改正并对方法进行分析;最后,利用自适应卡尔曼滤波对多波束测深数据进行优化。实验表明:利用自适应卡尔曼滤波能够对声速整体误差影响的多波束测深数据进行有效改正。     

CUBE算法及其在多波束数据处理中的应用

阐述了一种基于表面生成的多波束数据处理方法——CUBE(Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetry Estimator)算法,用该方法可以对观测区域网格节点"真实"水深及相关误差进行估计。与从测量水深中选择出"最佳"数据的手工交互方式的多波束数据编辑手段不同,CUBE算法具有很强的抗差性和较高的效率,适合于实时多波束数据处理。对南海某测区多波束数据处理结果表明,在没有人工干预的情况下,利用CUBE算法去噪生成的海底DTM图与手工编辑生成的相当吻合。CUBE算法和手工编辑方法综合对比得出,CUBE算法能够很好地保留水深地形细节,在计算效率、误差评估、实时处理等方面比手工编辑方法具有较大的优势。     

多波束测深异常的两种趋势面检测算法比较

利用三次样条插值算法模拟海底地形曲面,并加入高斯白噪声和不同数量的异常值作为多波束测深数据模拟值。分别基于最小二乘估计和高崩溃污染率抗差估计两种算法建立趋势面模型,通过各自的异常值标定准则对模拟数据进行测深异常检测,比较和分析了两种算法的处理结果,并得出相应结论。最后,利用上述两算法对多波束实测数据进行处理,结果表明,经高崩溃污染率抗差趋势面异常值检测后的数据能够更为准确地反映海底的真实情况。     

基于相干原理的多波束测深新算法

为了改善多波束声纳的分辨率,提出了一种基于相干原理的测深新算法,对每一个波束脚印内的信号进行相干处理,获得了大量的海底深度值。在此基础上,采用新算法对仿真数据和某型号多波束测深声纳湖上实验数据进行处理。结果表明,相对于传统多波束测深算法,该算法可显著提高声纳海底测量的分辨率,获得大量的海底深度测量值。     

基于Ping的Douglas-Peucker法抽稀阈值优化选取

抽稀阈值的合理选取直接影响多波束测深数据抽稀结果和构建海底地形的表征能力,在基于Ping的Douglas-Peucker法多波束测深数据抽稀的基础上,提出了计算拟合曲线曲率值确定多波束测深数据抽稀阈值的方法。通过算例分析,验证了该方法在多波束测深数据抽稀中的适用性和有效性,取得了较好的抽稀效果。     

用于海底底质分类的多波束声强数据选取研究

高质量的海底声强图是进行多波束海底底质分类、目标识别的基础。要得到"单纯"反映海底底质信息的声强图,就需要对原始声强数据进行地形改正,消除地形因素的影响。在描述了多波束数据中水深数据不能满足声强数据的改正要求问题的基础上,提出了以水深数据覆盖范围为约束的声强数据选取方法。实例计算结果表明:该方法在能有效地选取高质量的声强数据,提高了基于声强图像的海底底质分类精度。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,