济阳-临清东部地区石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩二次生烃研究

济阳-临清东部地区上古生界石炭-二叠系煤系源岩是油气勘探的另一个重要领域。根据研究区沉积地层构造演化分析,不同的构造演化决定了不同的埋藏史演化;研究表明,中生代期间及新生代期间石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩存在“二次生烃”过程,石炭系煤系烃源岩是研究区的主力烃源岩,二叠系的次之;济阳坳陷累计生烃量大于临清东部地区的累计生烃量。     

济阳坳陷前古近纪烃源岩生烃潜力分析

济阳坳陷前古近系发育多套低勘探程度层系,下古生界寒武系—奥陶系、上古生界石炭系—二叠系和中生界都具有一定的生烃能力并可以提供油气资源。不同地质时期构造和沉积背景的差异形成了具有不同地球化学特征的烃源岩。本文综合地质资料、烃源岩热解和TOC分析资料、镜质体反射率资料、全岩显微组分分析资料、饱和烃和芳香烃色质资料等,系统分析了济阳坳陷前古近系烃源岩分布特征、地化特征和资源潜力。下古生界海相碳酸盐岩系烃源岩分布局限,有机质丰度较低,但类型较好,具有一定的供烃能力。上古生界煤系烃源岩分布范围广,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型相对较差,以生气为主,复杂的构造演化特征导致了这套源岩以二次生气为主。中生界发育了煤系源岩和湖相泥岩两套烃源岩,有机质类型中等,局部发育中等—好烃源岩,成熟度空间差异较大。总体来看,济阳坳陷三套前古近系烃源岩中,上古生界煤系源岩品质最佳,中生界次之,下古生界相对较差。     

南华北地区石炭-二叠纪煤系生烃潜力与二次生烃探讨

综合运用岩石热解、有机岩石学及有机地球化学等方法,对南华北地区石炭-二叠纪煤系烃源岩有机质丰度、类型以及成熟度和热演化史进行了分析,综合评价了烃源岩的生烃潜力。评价结果表明,石炭系(太原组+本溪组)烃源岩要好于二叠系山西组、石盒子组;有机质类型以Ⅲ型干酪根为主、Ⅱ型干酪根为辅;有机质热演化程度大部分处于成熟-高成熟阶段,部分地区达到过成熟,以生气为主。文中结合构造-热演化史资料分析了煤系二次生烃的条件,指出谭庄-沈丘凹陷和倪丘集凹陷初始成熟度较低,且具有合适的埋藏史类型,并有二次生烃油气勘探前景。      

大牛地气田石炭—二叠系烃源岩生烃潜力

大牛地气田上古生界石炭—二叠系烃源岩为煤系烃源岩(主要为煤岩和暗色泥岩),有机质类型以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,烃源岩演化成熟度较高,Ro基本在1.5%左右。烃源岩存在3期生烃演化过程,分别为三叠纪期间、侏罗纪期间和古近纪期间。烃源岩(泥岩+煤岩)累计生烃量为8万多亿m~3,煤岩生烃贡献占85%。石炭—二叠系烃源岩现今累计生烃强度高值区主要分布在大牛地气田的东南部、西北部以及西部地区。     

济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系煤系页岩气生烃潜力评价

为了研究济阳坳陷石炭–二叠纪煤系泥页岩生烃潜力,应用地球化学、石油地质学及煤地质学等方法,从济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系残留地层分布、泥页岩有机地球化学特征和泥页岩生烃潜力对比等方面进行研究。研究结果表明:济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系残余地层厚度一般在200~800 m,最厚可达900 m;煤系泥页岩有机质丰度较好,为Ⅲ型干酪根,有利于生气,有机质成熟度达到成熟–较高成熟阶段;本溪组和太原组生烃潜力较好;山西组烃源岩各凹陷均可见中–好油气源岩,但范围局限,整体评价仍为中等。与我国其他地区对比发现,济阳坳陷石炭–二叠系煤系泥页岩生烃能力总体处于中等水平,具有一定的页岩气勘探潜力。     

冀中坳陷东北部石炭-二叠系烃源岩生烃潜力评价

冀中坳陷东北部石炭-二叠系煤系地层生、储、盖组合条件完备,上古生界自生自储煤成气藏勘探潜力巨大。笔者基于该层系"油井少、空井多"的勘探现实,通过烃源岩热解数据分析和热模拟实验工作,评价区内烃源岩的生烃潜力,以期减少勘探风险。数据分析表明,w(TOC)为10%和40%是区内煤系暗色泥岩、炭质泥岩和煤岩的有效划分界限。区内石炭-二叠系煤系烃源岩主要以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,为中等较差的油源岩和较好的气源岩。分别受岩浆热变质和深成变质作用影响,区内存在武清凹陷、苏4-苏8-苏23-文古4和葛8-大参1三个成熟度高值区,即生油气中心。结合热模拟实验结果,采用体积法算得该区石炭-二叠系地层生气总量约为4万亿m3。     

阜阳地区盆地模拟分析

阜阳地区位于南华北盆地周口坳陷东部，是在古生界地台型盆地上发育的中新生界断坳陷型盆地，本区总面积约为9600km^2，生烃区由5个断陷和一个低凸起组成，主要烃源层为上古生界煤系地层的暗色泥岩、煤岩和灰岩，分布于太和凸起以北；次为下白垩统暗色泥岩，主要分布于太和凸起以南。钻探表明上古生界具有良好的油气勘探前景。本文利用BASIMS盆模软件对阜阳地区热史、生烃史和生烃量进行模拟，研究表明本区的主生烃期为中三叠世和早白垩世，利用模拟结果对资源量进行估算，指出本区有利勘探区带。     

火成岩对石炭-二叠系煤岩二次生烃作用影响的研究

华北地区石炭-二叠系煤系具有良好的油气勘探前景,已发现油气的区域大多发现了侏罗纪闪长玢岩和煌斑岩,石炭-二叠系烃源岩曾在三叠纪或侏罗纪达到生烃门限,但是缺乏成藏条件,油气没有得到保存。渐新世以来,煤系烃源岩得到深埋进入二次生烃演化阶段,并且形成了以煤成气为主、少量轻质油的油气聚集,该煤成气具有异丁烷/正丁烷、环烷烃和芳香烃含量高、乙烷碳同位素重等特点。作者以为在生烃过程中存在侵入岩与烃源岩的相互作用,并且利用热模拟实验的方法考察了煤岩在与侵入岩接触的条件下二次生烃过程,发现气态烃产率明显增加、并且气态烃组成与钻井产出的天然气相似,认为与闪长玢岩和煌斑岩确实参与了煤系烃源岩的生烃作用,指出在评价石炭-二叠系油气勘探时应当考虑这个因素。     

松辽盆地石炭-二叠系烃源岩研究

松辽盆地石炭-二叠系是烃源岩，沉积埋藏史可划分出持续深埋型、平衡埋藏型和短暂浅埋型3种类型。早白垩世晚期，石炭—二叠系烃源岩地温又一次达到并超过90℃，开始第二期生烃，油、气并生。这一时期，有效供烃区位于盆地东南部农安地区、西北部黑鱼泡地区，生气强度超过了生油强度。通过对石炭—二叠系沉积埋藏史、有机质热演化史和生烃史研究，无论对于深层找气，还是对盆地中新生代地层的油气勘探都具有十分重要的地质意义。     

羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征讨论

长期以来,羌塘盆地烃源岩的研究一直限于中生代地层,而对其古生代地层生烃能力一直缺乏系统研究。针对这一问题,本文选择羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系8条剖面的暗色泥岩及碳酸盐岩样品,对其从有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度等方面进行了有机地球化学特征的分析。研究发现,石炭—二叠系可能烃源岩类型包括泥岩和碳酸盐岩两种,其分布总体上受沉积相的控制,碳酸盐岩烃源岩可能为局限台地相发育的泥晶灰岩,而泥质烃源岩主要为三角洲及斜坡相发育的暗色泥岩及凝灰质泥岩。石炭—二叠纪泥岩有机碳含量较高,具有较好生烃能力,大多达到烃源岩标准,尤其是刻莫石炭系剖面及贡日二叠系剖面,大多为中等—好烃源岩。碳酸盐岩有机碳含量总体比较低,为非烃源岩。石炭—二叠系碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,泥质烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型。石炭—二叠系烃源岩热演化程度总体较高,除盆地东部刻莫石炭系剖面处在成熟阶段外,大都处在高成熟—过成熟阶段,非常有利于天然气的生成,具备良好的天然气勘探前景。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.