我国泥炭形成时期的探讨

从泥炭的形成时期看,我国泥炭主要形成于全新世,也有晚第三纪上新世的古泥炭、更新世早期和晚期泥炭。近万年来,不同地带泥炭的形成和发育规律有明显差异。泥炭形成时期的探讨,有助于泥炭资源的勘查和古地理研究。     

"泥炭气候成因说"的探讨

文章从沼泽有机质积累的本质和泥炭的定义出发,通过对地带性气侯与沼泽小气候、泥炭的现状分布与自然分布、“没有泥炭分布”地区与“不能形成泥炭”地区、地区差异与地带性分异规律等几对矛盾在泥炭形成与分布中的作用和地位的详细剖析,认为：各种地带性气候条件下都能因为地表积水而形成湿地小气候,不同地带内湿地小气候都具有湿润的特征;泥炭沼泽的形成与分布主要是与湿地小气候及积水厌氧环境有关,用与泥炭形成没有直接联系的地带性气候指标来研究泥炭形成与分布的规律性是不合逻辑的;地带性的水热条件主要对泥炭在不同地带的分布面积起到一定的控制作用;泥炭现状分布因为人类活动的影响已不是自然规律的表现,从不能反映泥炭形成与分布自然状况的泥炭现状分布来分析泥炭形成与分布的自然规律,显然也不能得出正确的结论;“没有泥炭分布”的地区并不是因为这里的水热条件组合不能形成泥炭,各自然地带内都可形成泥炭且所有地带内的泥炭特征都是相似的,没有必要将它们区别对待,这些事实说明“泥炭气候成因说”对泥炭形成与分布的规律性的解释是不合逻辑的,泥炭的分布不具有地带性的规律。     

泥炭基本性质指标测定方法

泥炭是在沼泽的形成过程中由未被完全分解的植物残体堆积形成的,泥炭的性质取决于泥炭的形成环境,发育过程和成炭植物种属等。泥炭性质的差异可以反映泥炭的化学组成、发育过程以及形成环境,是评价泥炭质量的重要指标,如何测定泥炭基本性质指标,     

泥炭形成的水热系统指数

本文结合笔者几年来对不同类型泥炭沼泽分布区界的实地考察,分析了世界各地与泥炭形成有关的517个气象站的水热气候指标的相互关系。确定了泥炭形成的水热系统指数。划分了不同类型的成炭气侯区。并依此对现代泥炭的成因、分类进行了系统分析。     

三江平原和横断山区的泥炭资源及其合理开发利用

三江平原和横断山区是我国泥炭资源两大丰富区，作者详细论述了三江平原和横断山区的泥炭资源分布、泥炭资源评价和开发利用与保护问题。泥炭的形成和积累是各种自然因素综合作用的结果。不同地区由于地貌、地质、气候以及各种成矿作用组合的差异，不仅造成泥炭分布的时空不平衡性，而且也影响着泥炭性质、质量，左右着泥炭开发利用的方向。泥炭质量评价以泥炭的性质为依据，是泥炭合理开发利用的基础，决定着泥炭利用的方向和效益。     

华北平原与长江下游平原泥炭地的类型及形成时代

1976—1978年我们对华北平原与长江下游平原的泥炭资源进行了考察与勘探,这个地区泥炭的分布比较普遍,泥炭地的类型、特征以及形成时代等,在我国东部平原地区具有一定的代表性。此外,通过泥炭研究第四纪,特别是全新世,已经引起人们的重视。所以本区的泥炭地的研究具有一定的理论与实践意义。     

大小兴安岭高位泥炭孢粉纪录及泥炭发育和演替过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析和＾１４Ｃ测年数据，以及植物残体、微量元素与营养元素等分析相互印证，揭示大小安岭分别５０００ａ Ｂ．Ｐ．和２７００ａ Ｂ．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。分析表明大小兴安岭高位泥炭形成了低、中和高位发育阶段的演变，大兴安岭高位泥形成晚于小兴安岭。１３００ａ Ｂ．Ｐ．大小兴安岭普遍发育高位泥炭。该区图强和汤北（９４－Ａ）高位泥炭剖面分别是大小兴安岭高位泥炭标准     

我国泥炭性质及发育的探讨

我国幅员辽阔,自然条件复杂,泥炭资源比较丰富。北起黑龙江,南至海南岛,东濒滨海大陆架,西至西藏高原,泥炭分布广而零散,且裸露泥炭多于埋藏泥炭。裸露泥炭集中分布在大小兴安岭、长白山、三江平原、若尔盖高原、云贵高原西部、新疆的博斯腾湖滨以及西藏高原南部;埋藏泥炭主要分布在东部和南部沿海平原、长江中下游平原、华北平原、华中与华南的低山丘陵、云贵高原等地。本文根据一些泥炭矿点的考察和分析化验资料,对我国泥炭的组成、特性以及全新世以来泥炭的形成和发育初步探讨如下。     

吉林省泥炭资源

泥炭是一种宝贵的自然资源,在工业、农业、医药卫生和环境保护等方面具有广阔的利用前景。1975～1977年间,我们对吉林省的泥炭资源进行了野外考察,并对大量泥炭样品进行物理、化学、植物残体、孢子花粉分析与同位素C~(14)年代测定,在此基础上,本文对该省泥炭的分布、分区、形成时期、特性与质量进行了初步研究。     

国外大气沉降泥炭沼泽档案研究进展

雨养泥炭沼泽养分补给主要源于大气降水。因为沼泽表面水的流动是缓慢并且有限的,所以沉降至其中的物质依然基本保留在原处。因此,大气颗粒物污染历史在泥炭累积时被保存。在最近20a期间,雨养泥炭沼泽被证明是痕量元素大气沉降富有意义的档案。尤其Pb被广泛深入地研究,并且Pb在泥炭芯中的非迁移性被很好地展示,其它元素也被指明保存在泥炭芯中。国外的泥炭沼泽沉积记录研究在某些方面非常深入细致,前期工作成为后续工作的铺垫,长年的积累形成一定的系统性。利用泥炭沼泽档案,人们对历史时期的环境研究取得了一定成果,尤其在大气金属沉降的泥炭沼泽档案与泥炭地古气候反演方面;但稍显不足的是比较重视对“记录”的研究,而对“机制”的研究深度不够。     

Ostracode carbonate δ18O- and δ13C-signature of hydrological and climatic changes affecting Lake Neuchâtel,Switzerland, since the latest Pleistocene

Floating and grounded peat plateaus were studied in fens in the Yukon Territory (Canada). The peat deposit may be over 4 m thick and consists of a lower bed of aquatic peat overlain by humic fen peat, mesic fen peat and woody peat. Permafrost in the grounded peat plateaus is older than the 1200 year old White River Ash, whereas permafrost in the floating peat plateau is younger.Peat accumulation rates since 1200 years B.P. were greater in the fens (85–100 cm) than on the surface of the peat plateaus (25–55 cm). Where the peat plateau is free-floating, it will persist until the climate changes, causing the icy core to thaw. Where the peat plateau is frozen to the mineral substrate, it slowly drowns since the fen peat accumulates faster than the woody peat. This drowning results in degradation of the landform independently of the climate. Only degradation of floating peat plateaus can be used to identify climatic changes.This publication is the first paper in a series of papers presented at the session on Past Climatic Change and the Development of Peatlands at the ASLO and SWS Meetings in Edmonton, Canada, May 30–June 3, 1993. Dr. P. Kuhry and Dr S. C. Zoltai are serving as Guest Editors.     

A Critical Note on ‘Eco‐Civic Regionalisation’ as the Basis for Local Government Boundaries in Australia

The notion of ‘eco‐civic regionalisation’ has been applied recently to New South Wales by Brunckhorst, Coop and Reeve (2004 Brunckhorst D Coop P Reeve I 2004 An eco‐civic regionalisation for rural New South Wales: final report to the NSW government Institute for Rural Futures and Centre for Bioregional Resource Management, University of New England, Armidale  [Google Scholar]) in order to identify the appropriate administrative boundaries for ‘socio‐civic’ regions and ‘biophysical’ regions. On the basis of this analysis, they recommended inter alia that 49 future non‐metropolitan ‘local government areas’ be established. This proposal was adopted with alacrity by advocates of the NSW government's program of compulsory council amalgamation, including official ‘Facilitators’ appointed by the State government to draft formal consolidation proposals. This paper disputes the applicability of ‘eco‐civic regionalisation’ as the foundation for local government boundaries in Australia.     

On Resurrected Nuggets and Sphincter Windows: Cultured Meat,Art, and the Discursive Subsumption of Nature

ABSTRACT

In this article, I scrutinize three art, design, and architecture projects engaging with “cultured,” or “in vitro,” meat (primarily muscle cells cultured outside of bodies) to illuminate the entanglements of academic and extra-academic environments that have characterized cultured meat’s history to date, and the conversations that this technology has spurred. In envisioning new ways of eating, and living, these projects (a book of hypothetical recipes, The In Vitro Meat Cookbook, Catts and Zurr’s bioartistic engagements with tissue engineering, and Terreform1’s tissue-house prototype “The In Vitro Meat Habitat”) illustrate cultural practices thought to be enabled by cell culturing’s new applications. Emphasizing such visions and conversations allows me to highlight an inattention to discursive dynamics within research on natures subsumed to industrial production processes (Boyd, Prudham, and Schurman 2001 Boyd, W., W. S. Prudham, and R. A. Schurman. 2001. Industrial dynamics and the problem of nature. Society and Natural Resources 14 (7):555–70. doi:10.1080/089419201750341862[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). But engaging with the “subsumption of nature” framework simultaneously allows me to problematize artistic visions presenting nature as fully malleable.     

Introduction: Toward More Inclusive and Comparative Perspectives in the Histories of Geographical Knowledge

Over the past three decades, feminist historiography of geography has begun to situate women's contribution to the production of geographical knowledge within the histories of geography, at times against the conviction of skeptical colleagues. In this Focus Section introduction, we renew Domosh's (1991a Domosh, M. 1991a. Beyond the frontiers of geographical knowledge. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 16 (4): 488–90.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1991b ———. 1991b. Toward a feminist historiography of geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 16 (1): 95–104.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) call for creating more inclusive feminist histories of geography by situating the three focus section articles on the careers and contributions of women in twentieth-century geographical practice and knowledge production in the United Kingdom and the United States within wider debates about diverse, unfamiliar, and previously hidden aspects of geographical knowledge production. We argue that feminist historiography of geography and feminist historical geography could benefit from continuously diversifying inclusive and comparative research perspectives, and from unlocking diverse archives, to enhance understanding of why and how some male and some female gatekeepers have been more supportive of women than others.     

Rates of peat accumulation over the past 200 years in fiveSphagnum-dominated peatlands in the United States

Using²¹⁰Pb-dating of peat cores, corroborated by pollen and acid-insoluble ash approaches, rates of vertical height growth, dry mass accumulation, and organic matter accumulation were determined for fiveSphagnum-dominated peatland sites (one in Minnesota, one in Pennsylvania, one on the Maryland/West Virginia border, two in West Virginia), spanning a mean annual temperature range of 4.5 °C and differing in total annual precipitation by a factor of almost 2. Site differences in rates of vertical height growth and dry mass accumulation were documented, but both within-core and between-site differences in bulk density and ash concentrations of peat confound efforts to relate vertical height growth and dry mass accumulation to net organic matter accumulation. Taking bulk densities and ash concentrations into account, rates of net organic matter accumulation over the past 150–200 years were strikingly similar at four of the five sites, an unexpected result given the general trend that with decreasing latitude, peat deposits become older, thinner, and more highly decomposed. More comprehensive studies are needed in which net organic matter accumulation is determined at several locations within a single peatland, at several peatlands within a particular geographic/climatic region, and at peatland sites in different geographic/climatic regions. If additional studies confirm that recent (past 200 years) net organic matter accumulation is relatively insensitive to broad-scale regional climatic differences, boreal and subarctic peatlands may continue to function as a net sink for atmospheric CO₂ and a net source of atmospheric CH₄ with no change in rates of net organic matter accumulation, even under predicted scenarios of global climate change.This publication is the third paper in a series of papers presented at the session on Past Climatic Change and the Development of Peatlands at the ASLO and SWS Meetings in Edmonton, Canada, May 30–June 3, 1993. Dr P. Kuhry and Dr S. C. Zoltai are serving as Guest Editors.     

Artificial Maturation of Organic Matter from Recent Venezuelan Sediments

Laboratory simulation of the catagenesis of organic matter in sedimentary rocks has been used to provide an understanding of the processes involved in petroleum generation. Several of these studies have focused on the thermal evolution of organic matter (OM) present in Recent sediments. This study examines the geochemical characteristics and experimental thermal evolution of primary organic matter from two organic facies that are thought to be major contributors to Venezuelan hydrocarbon source rocks. A third facies, generally considered unimportant for petroleum formation, is used to contrast the experimental results. Hydrous pyrolysis maturation experiments were performed for three intermediate temperatures. The products of the final 330°C stage are shown in this paper because they best illustrate the changes in the OM during catagenesis. Results from the hydrous pyrolysis experiments show that at 280°C and higher all three samples yield liquid hydrocarbons similar in composition to natural crudes and the transformed organic matter is similar to kerogen that occurs in natural source rocks. Chromatograms from the saturated fraction of extracts at 330°C are similar to natural crudes with respect to n-alkane distribution and abundance of beta; and beta;alpha; hopanes. The only difference seems to be the relative abundance of 22R over 22S isomers, which indicates immature oil. This is in contrast to indications from the R _o and T _max parameters measured on the accompanying kerogen.     

Policy Change and Venue Choices: Field Burning in Idaho and Washington

Grass seed farmers have burned their fields in Idaho and Washington State for decades. Field burning, however, creates small particulate matter air pollution, thus engendering a growing public backlash by the 1990s that manifested itself in new clean air advocacy groups. The new groups’ push for policy change eventually met with significant success in both cases. How did each set of advocates approach the challenge of policy change? More specifically, what kinds of policy venues did each group choose and why? This research uses the cases to explore and explain each clean air group's choices vis-à-vis hypotheses of venue choice. Three hypotheses are tested—Schattschneider's (1960 Schattschneider , E. E. 1960 . The semisovereign people . New York , NY : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston . [Google Scholar]) “expanded scope of conflict” thesis, ACF's (Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith 1999 Sabatier , P. , and H. Jenkins-Smith . 1999 . The advocacy coalition framework: An assessment . In Theories of the policy process , ed. P. A. Sabatier , 117 – 166 . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . [Google Scholar]) contention that groups strategically apply their resources in order to increase the likelihood of achieving their primary goal(s), and Pralle's (2003 Pralle , S. B. 2003 . Venue shopping, political strategy, and policy change . J. Public Policy 23 : 233 – 260 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], 2010 Pralle , S. B. 2010 . Shopping around: Environmental organizations and the search for policy venues . In Advocacy organizations and collective action , ed. A. Prakash and M. K. Gugerty , 177 – 203 . Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) thesis that internal group constraints deter groups from moving into new venues.     

深圳湾海底沉积层的研究

本文用全球定位系统与地球剖面系统对深圳湾进行网格状断面勘测,经室内剖面记录解译及与钻孔记录校核,将全部剖面录入计算机,再经地理信息系统分析处理,得出深圳湾海底沉积层的空间分布与各种数据。文中讨论了有关新技术在小区域地貌及第四纪地质研究中的应用及结果。     

Response to ‘Comments on “Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields” with communications on some issues related to Markov chain geostatistics’

Li and Zhang (2012b Li, W. and Zhang, C. 2012b. Comments on ‘Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields’ with communications on some issues related to Markov chain geostatistics. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26(10): 1725–1739. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], Comments on ‘Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields’ with communications on some issues related to Markov chain geostatics) raised a series of comments on our recent paper (Cao, G., Kyriakidis, P.C., and Goodchild, M.F., 2011 Cao, G., Kyriakidis, P.C. and Goodchild, M.F. 2011. Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(11): 1773–1791. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25 (11), 1773–1791), which include a notation error in the model equation provided for the Markov chain random field (MCRF) or spatial Markov chain model (SMC), originally proposed by Li (2007b Li, W. 2007b. Markov chain random fields for estimation of categorical variables. Mathematical Geology, 39(3): 321–335. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], Markov chain random fields for estimation of categorical variables. Mathematical Geology, 39 (3), 321–335), and followed by Allard et al. (2011 Allard, D., D'Or, D. and Froideveaux, R. 2011. An efficient maximum entropy approach for categorical variable prediction. European Journal of Soil Science, 62: 381–393. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], An efficient maximum entropy approach for categorical variable prediction. European Journal of Soil Science, 62, 381–393) about the misinterpretation of MCRF (or SMC) as a simplified form of the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME)-based approach, the so-called Markovian-type categorical prediction (MCP) (Allard, D., D'Or, D., and Froideveaux, R., 2009 Allard, D., D'Or, D. and Froidevaux, R. 2009. Estimating and simulating spatial categorical data using an efficient maximum entropy approach, Avignon: Unité Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Technical Report No. 37 [Google Scholar]. Estimating and simulating spatial categorical data using an efficient maximum entropy approach. Avignon: Unite Biostatisque et Processus Spatiaux Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique. Technical Report No. 37; Allard, D., D'Or, D., and Froideveaux, R., 2011 Allard, D., D'Or, D. and Froideveaux, R. 2011. An efficient maximum entropy approach for categorical variable prediction. European Journal of Soil Science, 62: 381–393. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. An efficient maximum entropy approach for categorical variable prediction. European Journal of Soil Science, 62, 381–393). Li and Zhang (2012b Li, W. and Zhang, C. 2012b. Comments on ‘Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields’ with communications on some issues related to Markov chain geostatistics. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26(10): 1725–1739. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], Comments on ‘Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorial fields’ with communication on some issues related to Markov chain geostatistics. International Journal of Geographical Information Science) also raised concerns regarding several statements Cao et al. (2011 Cao, G., Kyriakidis, P.C. and Goodchild, M.F. 2011. Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(11): 1773–1791. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Combining spatial transition probabilities for stochastic simulation of categorical fields. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25 (11), 1773–1791) had made, which mainly include connections between permanence of ratios and conditional independence, connections between MCRF and Bayesian networks and transiograms as spatial continuity measures. In this response, all of the comments and concerns will be addressed, while also communicating with Li and other colleagues on general topics in Markov chain geostatistics.