一个稳态Kalman滤波风暴潮数值预报模式

利用Kalman滤波资料同化技术将海洋站水位观测资料融入二维线性风暴潮模式中,研制具有资料同化能力的风暴潮预报模式,改进风暴潮模式计算结果.通过在风暴潮模式的动量方程中加入模式噪声项来修正模式本身和气象强迫力的不确定性.确定性模式的输出通过带有观测噪声的观测方程与可利用的海洋站的潮位观测资料联系起来.假定初始的模式噪声和观测噪声满足均值为0的高斯分布,用迭代法得到计算区域的状态向量的稳态Kalman滤波,进而得到风暴潮模式输出的最优线性校正结果.利用这种资料同化技术,对1956年发生在东海的一次强风暴潮过程进行了后报试验,结果表明,该同化方法对短期风暴潮水位后(预)报有一定的改进.     

基于四维变分同化方法的南海中尺度涡后报实验

海洋中尺度涡在本质上是属于满足准地转平衡的大尺度运动,因此理论上,其在短时间内的运动将主要受到准地转平衡关系的约束,而外部强迫场的影响在短期内不会明显改变其运动特征。基于上述思想,我们提出了一种基于四维变分同化初始场的中尺度涡旋预报方案。为了检验该方案的可行性,本文使用区域海洋模式(regional ocean modeling system, ROMS)和其内建的增量强约束四维变分同化(incremental strong constraint four dimensional variational, I4D-Var)模块,建立了一个南海海洋同化模拟系统。首先,通过I4D-Var方法将AVISO卫星高度计资料同化到海洋数值模拟中,获得了理想的中尺度涡同化模拟结果。同化、模式模拟和观测三者的中尺度涡统计结果表明,该同化系统模拟的南海中尺度涡的路径、半径、海表高度异常和振幅等特征信息与AVISO(Archiving ValidationandInterpolationofSatelliteOceanographicData)观测结果高度吻合,同时在深度上的分析表明,涡旋对应的温度、盐度和密度均得到有效的调整。然后,将该同化系统的模拟结果做为初始场,对某一特定时段的南海中尺度涡进行了后报模拟和结果的定量化分析。通过比较后报模拟与观测资料中对应涡旋的海表面高度异常(sea surface height anomalies, SSHA)相关系数、涡心差距和半径绝对误差,证明该方案的中尺度涡后报时效至少可达10 d以上。后报实验结果验证了该中尺度涡预报方案的可行性,从而为中尺度涡的预报提供一定的理论基础和可行性方案。     

双多普勒雷达资料同化在飓风“艾克”预报中的应用研究

本文采用美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）开发的中尺度数值模式WRFV3.7及其三维变分同化系统WRF-3DVAR对2008年飓风“艾克”进行了数值模拟研究。利用多普勒天气雷达观测资料具有高时空分辨率的优点,将美国两部多普勒天气雷达资料进行速度退模糊等必要质量控制后同化进中尺度数值模式,考察雷达资料同化对飓风“艾克”预报的改进程度。试验结果表明:将雷达资料用于对流尺度分辨率下飓风初始化需要对变分同化系统中特征尺度化因子进行优化调整,使观测资料能够以较为合理的方式调整模式初始场并进而改进预报;雷达径向风同化可以有效调整模式初始场中的飓风动力和热力结构,而经过尺度化因子调整后的雷达径向风同化则在飓风观测中心位置产生较为合理的气旋性风场增量,提供更为确切的中小尺度信息,使模式初始场更加接近观测并进而改进对飓风路径和强度的预报。     

非线性集合四维变分同化方法NLS-4DVar之局地化改进

四维变分同化可利用同化窗口内所有可能的观测信息优化大气、海洋模式的初始场,从而极大地提高大气、海洋模式模拟性能,而作为4DVar标准算法的伴随方法始终无法避免繁琐与复杂的预报模式伴随方程的编程、维护以及更新。为避免伴随模式的使用,集合四维变分方法,4DEnVar方法被逐渐开发,为4DVar的求解提供了一种便捷的途径。4DEnVar一般通过局地化过程消除样本不足所造成的虚假相关,而局地化方案的不同也必然会影响到其最终的同化效果。本文将一种集合样本扩展的局地化方案引入到基于Gaussian-Newton迭代算法的非线性集合四维变分同化方法NLS-4DVar中,从而避免了原算法中为进行局地化过程而额外需要的线性化假设,使得算法收敛更稳定。另外,通过将原Gaussian-Newton迭代序列进行变形、避免了矩阵的直接求逆,极大地提高了同化算法的计算效率。利用非线性动力模型Lorenz-96所开展的观测系统模拟试验表明:采用新的样本扩展型局地化方案的NLS-4DVar算法,其同化精度略优于NLS-4DVar原始算法,由于避免了矩阵的直接求逆,其计算效率反而有所提高,同化所需时间有所降低,对于大气与海洋数据同化领域的应用具有极大的潜力。     

南海北部海洋四维变分同化试验研究

为了研究四维变分同化方法在南海北部海洋数值预报中的适用性,使用海洋区域模式(ROMS),建立了南海北部海洋资料四维变分同化系统,进行了温盐廓线和海面温度数据同化试验,初步对比分析了三种四维变分实现方法的同化效果。研究结果表明,四维变分同化方法具有较好的同化效果,其中,增量强约束方法(I4DVar)具有较好的稳定性,其稳定性高于4DPSAS和R4DVar。本文研究成果为建立南海业务化海洋四维变分同化及预报系统奠定技术基础。     

集合最优平滑同化方法的研究与应用

海洋状态场的历史变化过程对其分布状态有重要影响。在观测资料稀疏的情况下,合理利用历史观测资料能够为海洋数据同化提供大量有效信息。然而在目前的顺序资料同化过程中,往往只同化当前时刻的观测数据,没有考虑到历史观测资料对当前状态的约束。四维变分虽然可以体现变量在时间维度的演变过程,但引入伴随方程会增加计算代价。本文基于集合最优平滑同化算法（Ensemble Optimal Smoothing,EnOS）探讨了一种在数据同化中加入历史观测资料的简易可行方案,其能够根据历史观测数据估计当前状态,并进行单点同化实验和区域同化实验来验证该方案的有效性。实验结果表明,将历史观测资料引入到同化过程中可以把控时间演变趋势,减小分析数据与真实值之间的偏差,更有效地消除数值模式误差,提高同化质量。     

国家气候中心全球海洋资料四维同化系统在热带太平洋的结果初步分析

介绍了国家气候中心(NCC)“全球海洋资料四维同化系统”(简称NCC-GODAS).该系统包含观测资料预处理系统、插值分析系统和所应用的动力模式.插值分析系统采用四维同化技术方案,在时间上设置一个4周的窗口,将此窗口之内的观测资料以一定的权重插入插值分析系统,在空间上采用三维变分方案.海洋动力模式为“九五”期间LASG研制的L30T63OGCM 1 0版本.文中考察了该系统从1982年到2003年3月在热带太平洋的部分同化分析结果,并与NCEP的再分析资料和EMC/NCEP的太平洋区域海洋资料同化系统的结果进行了对比分析.结果显示,该系统的同化结果(如SST,SSTA,Nino指数,次表层海温变化等)与NCEP的同期同化结果具有很好的一致性.同时,该系统得出的海洋同化资料气候场与海洋模式气候场相比,有显著的改进.表明该系统具有较好的同化能力,其同化结果可为海-气耦合模式进行季节和跨季节的气候预测业务提供可信的海洋初始场资料,同时还可以为相关研究提供海洋分析场.     

Kalman滤波风暴潮数值预报四维同化模式研究进展

本文首先介绍了Kalman滤波在风暴潮数值预报中的应用，特别介绍了近年来国际上发展的一些在实际中可行的次优化Kalman滤波算法。并通过一个稳态Kalman滤波风暴潮数值预报模式的实例表明，使用资料同化可以明显改进风暴潮后报结果；资料同化能够提供更为合理的预报初始场，对风暴潮的短期预报有较明显的改进。一旦没有资料同化到模式中去，预报结果很快接近确定性模式。     

0808号台风"凤凰"登陆过程的三维变分同化试验

主要对0808号台风"凤凰"的登陆过程进行模拟试验.首先,利用GPS掩星资料反演的大气气压、温度和水汽资料以及云导风资料,对台风"凤凰"进行了三维变分同化及数值模拟试验.结果表明:同化不同资料,得到的台风初始场各不相同,对台风预报的影响也各不相同.同时同化GPS资料和云导风资料,对台风初始场的调整最大,对模拟台风登陆前...     

美国卡罗莱纳州区域海洋观测预报系统简介

介绍了美国卡罗莱纳州区域海洋观测预报系统(Caro-COOPS系统)。该系统通过"实时观测-模式模拟-数据同化-业务应用"形成的一个完整链结,为卡罗莱纳州及其周边海域的科研、经济以及军事应用提供服务。观测系统依靠沿岸水文气象台站、海上浮标、潜标以及卫星遥感装置等,获得研究海区的准确观测资料。数值模拟模块是Caro-COOPS系统的核心部分,使用三重网格嵌套技术,并耦合了大气、海浪、泥沙输运以及生物化学模型,真实、全面地模拟出该海区的状况。Caro-COOPS系统中采用集合卡曼滤波和四维变分同化的方式,利用观测数据来调整计算误差。在模式的运行过程中,数据同化的作用主要体现在对初始场和强迫场的修正上,其观测结果经过统计分析处理后,可对原有的强迫场进行校正,将相对真实的强迫场提供给模式计算;模式计算的结果与观测数据相融合,通过滤波的方法调整积分的方向,以便更加逼近物理场的真实状态,将滤波调整后形成的物理场作为模拟下一个时刻计算所需的初始场。经过数据同化的调整,优化了模式计算所依赖的初始场和强迫场,减小了其与真实状态的误差,使模式的计算结果更加逼近真实值。Caro-COOPS系统的一大优势亮点是通过将预报结果与地理信息系统(GIS)相结合,快速而准确地定位洪水、风暴潮等自然灾害的影响区域,可准确至每一条街道乃至住宅,极大方便了决策部门有针对性地进行灾害预防和救助工作。GIS与模式结果的结合也极大地增强了Caro-COOPS系统服务社会的能力。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,