The role of strong motion rotations in the response of structures near earthquake faults

Early studies of earthquake strong motion assumed linear materials and small deformations. It was observed that under favorable conditions (long waves), the accompanying rotational motions are usually small, and so their effects could be neglected. In 1932, when Biot opted for the vibrational method of solution of the dynamic response problems [Trifunac MD. 75th anniversary of the response spectrum method—a historical review. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng 2008 [in press].] in his formulation of the response spectrum concept, his choice of the discrete mathematical models of buildings further led to the conditions that did not explicitly require consideration of the rotations [Trifunac MD. Buildings as sources of rotational waves, Chapter I.5. In: Teisseyre R, Nagahama H, Majewski E, editors. Physics of asymmetric continua: extreme and fracture processes. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2008 [in press].]. The engineering profession was not prepared in the 1930s and 1940s for Biot's new theory and first had to learn the basic dynamics of structures before it could question the wisdom and consequences of the vibrational versus the wave-propagation approaches to the solution. Also, there were too many other concerns, often caused by the modeling simplifications, that pushed the studies of the rotational motion further down to the low levels of priority. Even today, 40 years after the arrival of digital computers and the emergence of powerful numerical computational capabilities, which uncovered unexpectedly large families of chaotic solutions accompanying large deformations, as well as nonlinear response [Trifunac MD. Nonlinear problems in earthquake engineering. In: Springer's encyclopedia of complexity and system science, 2008 [in press] [94].], most researchers continue to ignore the role of rotations. Had Biot chosen the wave-propagation approach for the solution of the earthquake engineering problems in 1932, the “progress” might have been faster. The wave representation can be differentiated with respect to a space coordinate, giving the rotations at a point directly. In contrast, the lumped-mass models in the vibrational approach do not make this possible, and the closest one can come to considering rotations is in terms of average, per-floor rotation, or drift.     

重大工程设定地震动确定

概率一致反应谱通常高估设计地震动的中长周期成份,不能真实代表地震环境下的样本实现,为了合理地估计设计地震动反应谱,本文结合工程结合的动力特性和峰值加速度的经验设防标准,建议了一种重大工程设定的地震确定方法,然后依据设定地震和地震动衰减关系确定设计地震动反应谱。     

隔震结构地震波选择方法研究

隔震结构的设计一般是采用时程分析算法进行的,故选择合适的地震波十分重要。而目前设计人员往往依据隔震前模型进行隔震设计,存在一定的不合理性。本文依据隔震前和隔震后两种不同的选波模型和对地震波反应谱控制频段的不同提出三种选波方案:方案一为对所选地震动的加速度反应谱在场地特征周期Tg附近的平台段和隔震前结构基本周期T1a所在下降段的控制;方案二为对在Tg附近的平台段和隔震后结构基本周期T1b所在下降段的控制;方案三为对所选地震动的加速度反应谱在Tg附近的平台段和隔震前、后两结构基本周期段的分别控制。通过对某五层混凝土框架隔震结构分别输入三种方案所选的20条地震动记录,对比隔震结构的水平向减震系数的离散性,分析罕遇地震作用下支座位移的合理性,证明方案三可以取得最优的计算结果,并提出一种基于规范设计反应谱不同频段的三频段控制选波方法。此外选取5个不同结构形式的工程算例验证三频段控制选波方法对于一般结构的适用性。     

设计地震反应谱的双参数标定方法及其应用

近年的工程地震工作,如地震小区划、重大工程场地的危险性分析等,一般都要做设计谱标定。既反映局部场地条件,又反映地震环境的双参数标定设计谱的方法,已为工程界接受。作为该方法的应用,本文采用澜沧——耿马地震的强震资料,重新确定了设计反应谱的形状参数,给出了反映云南地区地震特性的设计谱,可供中、小型工业与民用建筑抗震设计时参考使用。     

Nonlinear surface ground analysis via statistical approach

A statistical approach is proposed for nonlinear surface ground analysis. In contrast to the conventional method which deals with only a single ground motion for equivalent linearization of soil properties, a design response spectrum defined at the upper level (bottom of the surface ground) of an engineering bedrock can be handled as the target design earthquake in the present paper. The effective shear strain in each soil layer is evaluated by means of a statistical procedure in which the mean peak shear strain is computed in terms of its standard deviation and the corresponding peak factor. The stiffness and damping ratio of each soil layer are obtained iteratively from the nonlinear relation of stiffness reduction factors and damping ratios with respect to the strain level. After the evaluation of the equivalent stiffness and damping ratio of every soil layer, the ground surface response spectrum is transformed from the design response spectrum defined at the upper level of the engineering bedrock via the one-dimensional wave propagation theory. The reliability and accuracy of the proposed analysis method is examined through the comparison with the results by the conventional method (represented by the program) for many simulated spectrum-compatible ground motions.     

基于新《电力设施抗震设计规范》的地震动随机模型参数研究

根据新《电力设施抗震设计规范》(GB50260-2013)对随机地震动功率谱参数的取值进行分析。介绍新《电力设施抗震设计规范》中设计反应谱,推导设计谱到功率谱的转换过程。选取常用的Clough-Penzien修正过滤白噪声模型作为拟合函数,通过功率谱参数拟合,得到不同场地类别、不同抗震设防烈度下的地震动模型参数。该研究成果可为电力工程抗震设计分析提供参考。     

抗震设计谱的发展及相关问题综述

抗震设计谱是地震荷载的表征和工程抗震设计的基础。首先对国内外抗震设计反应谱的发展、演变进行了阐述，指出现今反应谱理论以及在此基础上建立的抗震设计谱所取得的进展；总结了被广泛使用的各种抗震设计谱所存在的问题，指出了解决问题的可能途径，简要介绍了双规准反应谱的概念和统一设计谱的思想；探讨了抗震设计谱的发展趋势以及所涉及的新课题。     

硬夹层埋深对场地地震动参数的影响

选取某重要工程场地A3钻孔的厚度、剪切波速、密度等实际勘探数据,通过改变硬夹层的埋深,分析硬夹层不同埋深、不同地震时程对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明:在硬夹层厚度不变和模型总厚度不变的情况下,地表水平向的峰值加速度随硬夹层埋深的增大而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;硬夹层埋深到达一定深度时不再影响地表水平峰值加速度;随着硬夹层埋深的增加,整个反应谱的谱值普遍增大。     

Earthquake engineering in China

The development of earthquake engineering in China is described into three stages. The initial stage in 1950’s – 1960’s was marked with the initiation of this branch of science from its creation in the first national 12-year plan of science and technology by specifying earthquake engineering as a branch item and IEM was one participant. The first earthquake zonation map and the first seismic design code were soon completed and used in engineering design. Site effect on structural design and site selection were seriously studied. The second stage marked with the occurrence of quite a few strong earthquakes in China, from which many lessons were learned and corresponding considerations were specified in our design codes and followed in construction practice. The third stage is a stage of disaster management, which is marked by a series of government documentations, leading by a national law of the People’s Republic of China on the protecting against and mitigating earthquake disasters adopted at the meeting of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China in 1997, and then followed by some provincial and municipal laws to force the actions outlined in the national law. It may be expected that our society will be much more safer to resist the attack of future strong earthquakes with less losses. Lastly, possible future developments are also discussed.     

场地地震动水平/竖向谱比与地表/基底谱比差异及修正水平/竖向谱比法研究

局部场地条件是决定场地地震动强度和频谱的重要因素,基于强震动和脉动记录的统计分析,获取表征场地条件影响的特征参数已成为确定工程场地设计地震动的较经济和实用方法,特别是对于大范围或难以开展现场勘测的工程场地.利用日本KiK-net台网强震动记录计算分析了台站场地地震动水平/竖向谱比(HVSR)与地表/基底谱比(SBSR)...     

特高压电气设备抗震设计反应谱特征周期取值研究

特征周期是抗震设计反应谱的重要参数,开展特高压电气设备抗震设计反应谱特征周期的研究,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。对美国、日本等世界范围内的1448条Ⅲ类场地水平向强震记录进行了统计分析,结果表明震级、震中距对特征周期有较大影响;强震记录特征周期的80%分位数结果约为0.9s。对全国近年来已通过评审的312个Ⅲ类场地的地震安全性评价结果进行了统计分析,70%分位数的特征周期为0.9s。结合相关规范的对比分析,建议特高压电气设备抗震设计反应谱的特征周期取0.9s,可有效保证特高压电气设备的地震安全。     

2016年8月24日意大利中部MW6.2地震强地面运动特征分析

对意大利国家强震台网在2016年8月24日获得的其中部拉齐奥大区阿库莫利市发生的M_W6.2地震强震动三分向记录进行处理和分析。完成原始数据基线校正、滤波等基本数据处理,回归此次地震动幅值衰减规律,发现其整体与ITA08及BA08的衰减趋势一致,但远场实际值低于预测值,不同场地条件下的衰减特性与ITA10一致,近震源幅值较大,且方向性明显;计算并回归分析几种持时,与全球经验预测方程均基本吻合;比较4个幅值较大的近震源台站的反应谱,发现其明显高于欧洲抗震设计规范中的设计反应谱。结合此次震害特点,该地区在实际建设中仍需提高抗震设防能力,以确保安全性等级。     

近断层速度脉冲型地震动设计谱特征研究

选取161条速度脉冲型近断层地震动记录,采用最小二乘法拟合得到近断层地震动抗震设计Newmark三联谱,研究了震级、场地和断层类型对近断层设计谱的影响。结果表明:大震（级）相比小震（级）的影响较为显著,大震（级）下设计谱具有更宽的加速度敏感区段,中长周期段内的反应谱谱值更高;在3类断层类型中,大震（级）下逆斜断层的反应谱加速度敏感区段最宽,谱值最大。对于近断层区域的结构在大震（级）下应该考虑增大特征周期并提高设计谱谱值,还应充分考虑逆斜断层等断层类型的影响。     

随机有限断层法合成地震动的研究与应用

目前很多研究者采用随机有限断层模型预测地震动并被证明是可行的.本文运用随机有限断层地震动叠加合成方法,模拟了1988年肃南5.7级地震,与实际记录进行对比分析,发现：用有限断层方法模拟得到的峰值加速度以及峰值加速度出现所对应的特征时刻与真实记录较为吻合;比较模拟的地震动反应谱和实际记录的加速度反应谱,总体上在工程感兴趣的频段内,有限断层方法拟合的结果基本能满足实际工作的需要.为进一步开拓该方法在工程应用中的前景,以兰州市柴家峡水电站为例,将此理论方法应用于缺乏强震记录地区的近场地震动估计中,模拟分析了马衔山北缘活动断裂发震时在坝址区产生的地震动特征,其近场合成结果与1125年兰州7.0级地震的烈度分布符合较好,可供工程抗震设计参考使用.     

设计反应谱标定方法的研究现状与讨论

设计反应谱及其标定方法的研究是工程抗震研究领域的基本问题之一。在现有研究成果的基础上,归纳和总结了设计反应谱及其标定方法的研究历史和现状;评述了研究进程中的若干节点问题;介绍了设计反应谱的标定原理和当前几种有代表性的设计反应谱的标定方法;分析了设计反应谱标定参数的影响因素。在此基础上,对设计反应谱及其标定方法研究中的强震资料积累问题、谱形状问题、标定参数的确定问题以及标定方法等问题进行了讨论并提出了改进和进一步研究的建议。     

时变地震谱估计的非参数方法评价及应用

针对工程中常见的非平稳地震动激励,进一步建立了时变功率谱估计的理论框架。首先,在多个样本情形下,采用信号处理中的时频分析方法对非平稳激励的时变谱估计理论进行了讨论。当激励样本数量有限时,对Priestley提出的估计方法进行了介绍。其次,以地震工程中常用的Kanai-Tajimi谱模型为目标,分别对均匀调制与一般调制谱的估计结果以及不同估计方法的精度与收敛性进行评价后,提出了能够方便工程应用的建议。最后,针对SMART-Ⅰ(Strong Motion Array in Taiwan,Phase Ⅰ)密集台阵第45次地震记录的多组三维样本,揭示了EW、NS、UD三个方向时变谱的典型特征以及各方向间的时变相干性。结果表明:与短时Fourier变换相比,复Morlet小波与广义谐和小波估计谱具有较好的精度与收敛性,Priestley方法估计单个样本具有优势;SMART-Ⅰ台阵地震动具有强度和频率的双重非平稳性,三个方向具有弱相干性。研究结论可为拓展谱估计理论的工程应用以及后续大跨结构多维多点非平稳地震响应的分析提供参考。     

Generation of probabilistic displacement response spectra for displacement-based design

Displacement response spectrum (DRS), as the input, is of great significance to the displacement-based design just like the acceleration response spectrum to the traditional force-based design. Although the procedure of performance-based, in particular the displacement-based design has achieved considerable development, there is not a general DRS covering an enough long period range for common seismic design yet. This paper develops a systematic ground motion data processing procedure for the purpose of correcting the noise in the earthquake records and generating consistent DRS for seismic design. An adaptive algorithm is proposed to determine the cutoff frequency of the high-pass digital filter. The DRS of more than 500 recorded earthquake ground motions are generated and they are classified into three groups according to the ratio of the peak ground acceleration to the peak ground velocity (A/V) and/or the ratio of the peak ground velocity to the peak ground displacement (V/D). In each group, all the ground motions are normalized with respect to a selected scaling factor. Their corresponding DRS are obtained and then averaged to get the mean and standard deviation DRS, which can be used for both deterministic and probabilistic displacement-based design.     

宁洱6.4级地震考察研究综述

基于2007年6月3日云南宁洱6.4级地震现场近场强震与流动数字地震观测、各类建筑结构及生命线工程震害调查、政府及民众应急处置与响应调查等基础工作,结合云南多年积累的大量地震现场调查资料与认识,开展了震区各类建筑结构及生命线工程震害特征与机理、强震动观测与地震烈度分布关系、灾区恢复重建资金评估方法、政府应急处置与普通群众个体认知状况以及地壳结构、震源特性、强震动频谱与农居抗震调查等方面的综合分析与研究等工作。归纳和总结了可供我国其它多震地区在城市发展规划、工程结构抗震、地震应急管理和地震灾区恢复重建等领域参考和借鉴的技术、方法、措施和经验。     

DISCUSSION ON THE SPECTRA SHAPE OF SEISMIC MARGIN EARTHQUAKE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN CHINA

Fukushima nuclear accident caused widespread concern of earthquake initiated severe accident. Under this background, China nuclear utilities carried out research and application of seismic margin assessment(SMA)approach to evaluate the seismic margin of the existing nuclear power plants(NPP)by different spectra shape of seismic margin earthquake(SME). By reviewing the method used to determine SME of operational NPP in central and eastern United States(CEUS), this paper analyzed the seismic hazard characteristic of China NPP sites, contrasted the design basis ground motion between NPP in CEUS and China, and suggested giving priority to evaluating the seismic margin of operational NPP that adopted the improved second generation technology for the urgency and importance of assessment on the actual seismic capacity of NPP. Comparing RG1.60 spectrum to normalized site-specific SL-2 level acceleration spectra, we found that some normalized spectra overtook the RG1.60's in high frequency range, so it is not always adequate to scale RG1.60 spectrum to evaluate the seismic margin for sites of the improved second generation NPP. We selected a sample site whose site-specific SL-2 level ground motion is close to the standard design of improved second generation NPP(0.2g scaled RG1.60 spectrum)to determine the seismic margin earthquake by probabilistic seismic hazard analysis method of the sample site. Compared to the given PGA(0.3g)scaled scenario earthquake ground motions and the uniform hazard response spectrum(UHRS), whose PGA is 0.3g to PGA(0.3g)scaled standard spectra(median NUREG/CR0098 spectrum and RG1.60 spectrum), the results demonstrated that uniform hazard response spectrum and scaled scenario earthquake ground motions are both significantly higher than the PGA scaled median NUREG/CR0098 spectrum, and all the three spectra are enveloped by PGA scaled RG1.60 spectrum. Then, this paper suggests adopting the uniform hazard response spectrum or scenario earthquake ground motions to evaluate the seismic margin of improved second generation NPP beyond site SL-2 ground motion; and to evaluate the seismic margin of improved second generation NPP beyond standard design, we recommend to use PGA scaled RG1.60 spectrum.     

Dynamic parameter identification for non-linear isolation systems in response spectrum analysis

The response spectrum method has been widely used in earthquake engineering design, but cannot be directly applied to non-linear systems such as the lead-filled rubber bearing used in base isolation systems. An appraoch to determine the equivalent linearized stiffness and damping coefficient of the lead-filled rubber bearing by use of the results of shaking table tests is developed. Comparisons of time histories for the equivalent linear systems and the actual model show the method gives accurate maxima for displacement and acceleration and at the appropriate times. It is found that the identified parameters vary with the maximum deformation and the simplified formulae that can optimally describe the variations are derived. Using these formulae, an iterative algorithm using the response spectrum method to calculate the dynamic response of buildings isolated by lead-filled rubber bearings is also presented.