基于GIS边坡稳定三维极限平衡方法的开发及应用

由于GIS强大的功能从一般的数据存储到复杂的空间分析及图形显示,在岩土工程分析中亦必将成为一个常用工具。本文研究基于GIS栅格数据和4个边坡稳定三维极限平衡模型,开发了一个GIS扩展模块用于边坡三维安全系数计算。考题和实例计算表明了该模块的正确性和便利性。     

GIS地表塌陷计算的有限棱柱法及三维数据模型

具有强大信息管理和可视化功能的GIS已在地下硐室开挖、矿山采掘、边坡等许多工程领域中得到了广泛应用。笔者给出了一种用于地下开挖变形描述和应力分析的方法——有限棱柱法，并就该方法与GIS集成中的数据模型和数据组织方法进行了探讨，建立了基于GIS的虚拟地质体地下开挖变形描述与评价计算的三维可视化系统，并对多语言集成模式和数据可视化方法进行了探讨。同时还给出了该方法的工程应用实例，对该方法的可靠性和有效性进行了验证。     

基于GIS的住宅区周边危险边坡三维稳定性评价

为了评价日本千叶县某住宅区周边大范围边坡的滑坡危险度,探讨了一种基于GIS的三维边坡稳定性评价方法。首先根据已有的CAD格式的地形等高线图及有限的钻孔数据,得到地表、地层、地下水的三维GIS数据。在依据边坡倾角、倾向等地形特性对该大范围边坡划分边坡单元的基础上,采用一种基于GIS栅格数据的边坡稳定三维极限平衡分析模型计算了研究区域各边坡单元的安全系数,进行了滑坡危险性分区评价。本研究对于如何利用有限的现场调查数据来进行高精度的数值计算分析,以及GIS在地质防灾领域的更深层次的应用具有一定的参考价值。     

基于GIS的边坡稳定性计算方法研究

结合GIS（地理信息系统）的空间分析能力和滑动面正应力分布假定模型,建立了基于栅格单元的三维边坡极限平衡模型,提出了基于GIS的边坡稳定性计算方法。该方法首先建立了基于栅格柱体单元的三维边坡稳定性分析模型,给出了模型参数在GIS中的空间表达式;其次,在极限平衡条件下,推导出滑体在GIS中的3个力平衡方程式和1个力矩平衡方程式,形成了用于求解三维安全系数的方程组;最后,基于摩尔-库仑强度准则,以及滑动面正应力分布的假定,求解三维安全系数。同时利用COM（组件对象模型）技术开发出一个基于GIS的三维边坡稳定性分析扩展模块,该模块可实现复杂的算法计算以及多种组合荷载下的稳定性计算,并通过算例验证了该模块的正确性和便利性。     

空间三维滑坡敏感性分区工具及其应用

对于滑坡敏感性分区目前有三种方法:定性法、统计法和基于岩土定量模型的确定性方法。定性法基于对滑坡敏感性或灾害评估的人为判断;统计法用一个来源于结合了权重因子的预测函数或指标;而确定性法,或者说是物理定量模型法以质量、能量和动量守恒定律为基础。二维确定性模型广泛用于土木工程设计,而无限边坡模型(一维)也用于滑坡灾害分区的确定性模型。文中提出了一个新的基于GIS(地理信息系统)的滑坡敏感性分区系统,这个系统可用于从复杂地形中确认可能的危险三维(3-D)滑坡体。所有与滑坡相关的空间数据(矢量或栅格数据)都被集成到这个系统中。通过把研究区域划分为边坡单元并假定初始滑动面是椭球的下半部分,并使用Monte Carlo随机搜索法,三维滑坡稳定性分析中的三维最危险滑面是三维安全系数最小的地方。使用近似方法假定有效凝聚力、有效摩擦角和三维安全系数服从正态分布,可以计算出滑坡失稳概率。3DSlopeGIS是一个计算机程序,它内嵌了GIS Developer kit(ArcObjects of ESRI)来实现GIS空间分析功能和有效的数据管理。应用此工具可以解决所有的三维边坡空间数据解问题。通过使用空间分析、数据管理和GIS的可视化功能来处理复杂的边坡数据,三维边坡稳定性问题很容易用一个友好的可视化图形界面来解决。将3DSlopeGIS系统应用到3个滑坡敏感性分区的实例中:第一个是一个城市规划项目,第二个是预测以往滑坡灾害对临近区域可能的影响,第三个则是沿着国家主干道的滑坡分区。基于足够次数的Monte Carlo模拟法,可以确认可能的最危险滑坡体。这在以往的传统边坡稳定性分析中是不可能的。     

Integration of root systems into a GIS-based slip surface model: computational experiments in a generic hillslope environment

Root systems of trees reinforce the underlying soil in hillslope environments and therefore potentially increase slope stability. So far, the influence of root systems is disregarded in Geographic Information System (GIS) models that calculate slope stability along distinct failure plane. In this study, we analyse the impact of different root system compositions and densities on slope stability conditions computed by a GIS-based slip surface model. We apply the 2.5D slip surface model r.slope.stability to 23 root system scenarios imposed on pyramidoid-shaped elements of a generic landscape. Shallow, taproot and mixed root systems are approximated by paraboloids and different stand and patch densities are considered. The slope failure probability (P_f) is derived for each raster cell of the generic landscape, considering the reinforcement through root cohesion. Average and standard deviation of P_f are analysed for each scenario. As expected, the r.slope.stability yields the highest values of P_f for the scenario without roots. In contrast, homogeneous stands with taproot or mixed root systems yield the lowest values of P_f. P_f generally decreases with increasing stand density, whereby stand density appears to exert a more pronounced influence on P_f than patch density. For patchy stands, P_f increases with a decreasing size of the tested slip surfaces. The patterns yielded by the computational experiments are largely in line with the results of previous studies. This approach provides an innovative and simple strategy to approximate the additional cohesion supplied by root systems and thereby considers various compositions of forest stands in 2.5D slip surface models. Our findings will be useful for developing strategies towards appropriately parameterising root reinforcement in real-world slope stability modelling campaigns.     

FLAC 3D 强度折减理论在边坡稳定分析中的应用

FLAC3D 是岩土工程中广泛应用的软件。本文主要介绍强度折减理论的基本原理,利用基于强度折减法的FLAC3D 软件,对某高速公路K377 + 230 ～ K377 + 520 段滑坡体进行数值模拟。计算边坡在自重作用达到初始化平衡状态时,边坡的横向与竖直方向的应力与位移,分析出边坡的破坏机制为牵引式滑坡,通过强度折减理论计算出边坡的稳定系数为0. 97,由剪切应变增量云图确定边坡的滑动面。     

Automated mapping of rock slope geometry,kinematics and stability with RSS-GIS

A GIS-implemented, deterministic approach for the automated spatial evaluation of geometrical and kinematical properties of rock slope terrains is presented. Based on spatially distributed directional information on planar geological fabrics and DEM-derived topographic attribute data, the internal geometry of rock slopes can be characterized on a grid cell basis. For such computations, different approaches for the analysis and regionalization of available structural directional information applicable in specific tectonic settings are demonstrated and implemented in a GIS environment. Simple kinematical testing procedures based on feasibility criteria can be conducted on a pixel basis to determine which failure mechanisms are likely to occur at particular terrain locations. In combination with hydraulic and strength data on geological discontinuities, scenario-based rock slope stability evaluations can be performed. For conceptual investigations on rock slope failure processes, a GIS-based specification tool for a 2-D distinct element code (UDEC) was designed to operate with the GIS-encoded spatially distributed rock slope data. The concepts of the proposed methodology for rock slope hazard assessments are demonstrated at three different test sites in Germany.     

重大工程地下环境信息系统的设计与实现

地下环境信息系统是运用岩土工程、地理学、计算机图形学、计算数学等多学科理论和方法，以GIS技术为基础，结合数据库处理、C 语言编程、OpenGL编程技术、三维图像处理技术建立的对地下环境信息进行数据综合管理和分析的大型信息管理系统。结合笔者开发的广东省东深供水改造工程地下环境信息系统特点，阐述了重大工程地下环境信息系统的功能特征：探讨了GIS二次开发的主要技术，包括：SQL Server数据库处理技术、OpenGL三维图形编程技术、C Builder面向对象编程技术、MAPGIS二次开发技术等；建立了地层三维模型，并提出了映射变换和插值技术相结合的地层切剖原理，以及在地层三维显示和分析中实用的径向基函数插值、滑动最小二乘插值、分片Lagrange插值等方法；开发了数字制图与分析、地基基础设计计算与稳定性分析、三维空间分析的主要功能；提出了地面结构景观和地下空间一体化分析的研究方向，并初步实现其分析功能。最后，在东深供水改造工程中进行了成功应用。     

青藏铁路路基稳定性模型的GIS集成工作环境应用研究

为了发挥GIS在青藏铁路冻土路基稳定性研究中有力的支持作用, 在已经建成的青藏铁路数字路基GIS平台的基础上, 探讨了一种基于过程集成模式的模型与GIS集成方法, 研究建立专业冻土路基模型与GIS平台集成的可视化"模型GIS集成工作环境", 研究重点为专业冻土路基稳定性模型模块在此"模型GIS集成工作环境"中的集成技术手段、 模型管理模式以及模型调用模式. 作为研究成果, 实现了一个实用原型系统.     

Combined methodology for three-dimensional slope stability analysis coupled with time effect: a case study in Germany

High-steep slopes in open pit mines are much more likely to collapse due to mining operations. Challenges such as data acquisition, precise numerical models and adaptable methodologies have impeded more reliable results of slope stability analysis based on the current methods. Within this context, this paper proposes a combined methodology using light detection and ranging technology to capture high-resolution slope geometry, three-dimensional geological and geotechnical modeling technologies for creating high-quality numerical simulation models and finite-element slope stability analyses combined with a new automatic strength reduction technique to analyze complex geotechnical problems. At the end, the methodology introduces a time series analysis to improve the reliability of the calculated factor of safety. A case study in the deepest open pit mine in Hambach, Germany, was conducted to test and demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodology.     

Applications of a GIS-based geotechnical tool to assess spatial earthquake hazards in an urban area

A geotechnical information system (GTIS) was constructed within a spatial geographic information system (GIS) framework to reliably predict geotechnical information and accurately estimate site effects at Gyeongju, an urban area in South Korea. The system was built based on both collected and performed site investigation data in addition to acquired geo-knowledge data. Seismic zoning maps were constructed using the site period (T _G) and mean shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V _S30), and these maps were presented as a regional strategy to mitigate earthquake-induced risks in the study area. In particular, the T _G distribution map indicated the susceptibility to ground motion resonance in periods ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 s and the corresponding seismic vulnerability of buildings with two to five stories. Seismic zonation of site classification according to V _S30 values was also performed to determine the site amplification coefficients for seismic design and seismic performance evaluation at any site and administrative subunit in the study area. In addition, we investigated the site effects according to subsurface and surface ground irregularities at Gyeongju by seismic response analyses in time domains based on both two- and three-dimensional spatial finite element models, which were generated using spatial interface coordinates between geotechnical subsurface layers predicted by the GTIS. This practical study verified that spatial GIS-based geotechnical information can be a very useful resource in determining how to best mitigate seismic hazards, particularly in urban areas.     

Development of a model for analysis of slope stability for circular mode failure using genetic algorithm

Slope stability estimation is an engineering problem that involves several parameters. The interactions between factors that affect slope instability are complex and multi-factorial, so often it is difficult to describe the slope stability mathematically. This paper, proposes the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) as a heuristic search method to find a regression model for analyzing the slope stability. For this purpose, an evolutionary algorithm based on GA was used to develop a regression model for prediction of factor of safety (FS) for circular mode failure. The proposed GA uses the root mean squared error as the fitness function and searches among a large number of possible regression models to choose the best for estimation of FS from six geotechnical and geometrical parameters. For validation of the model and checking its efficiency, a validation dataset was used to evaluate FS using the proposed model and a previously developed mathematical GA based model in the literature. Results have shown that the presented model in this study was capable of evaluating FS at a higher level of confidence regarding the other model (R = 0.89 for presented model in this study comparing R = 0.78 for the other model) and can be efficient enough to be used as a simple mathematical tool for evaluation of factor of safety for circular mode failure especially in preliminary stages of the designing phase.     

Landslide susceptibility deterministic approach using geographic information systems: application to Breaza town, Romania

The study is a deterministic-based approach on landslide susceptibility. The purpose of the paper is to create quantitative susceptibility maps by joining the one-dimension infinite slope stability model with a raster-based GIS (ILWIS) and taking into account the spatial distribution of input parameters. A landslide-prone area, with relative homogeneous geology and geomorphology, located in the Subcarpathian sector of the Prahova River, Romania, was selected for the study. There are frequent problems caused by active landslides in the studied area, especially in years with heavy precipitation, often causing destruction of houses and roads situated on the slopes (1992, 1997, and 2005). Detailed surveys covering a 7-year period provided the necessary input data on slope parameters, hydrological components, and the geotechnical background. Two simulations were used: one on dry soil conditions and one on fully saturated soil conditions. A third test was based on the level of the groundwater table mapped in summer 2008. Detailed analyses were particularly focused on landslides to compare predicted results with actual results using field measurements. The model is very suitable for use in raster GIS because it can calculate slope instability on a pixel basis, each raster cell being considered individually. The drawback of the model is the highly detailed data of input parameters. Despite this disadvantage, in conclusion, the usefulness of slope stability models on a large-scale basis was emphasized under infinitely high failure plain conditions and lithological homogeneity.     

水库库岸滑坡体稳定性与三维可视化模拟分析系统研究

基于滑坡体稳定性极限平衡分析方法、滑坡三维数字建模技术和可视化动态仿真技术等理论方法和技术,采用VC++研制开发了水库库岸滑坡体稳定性与三维可视化模拟分析系统VisualSlope。该系统的实现过程分为系统分析、系统设计、系统开发与实施3个阶段。VisualSlope系统通过图形对象库和数据库读取几何参数数据,进而完成稳定性计算、结果可视化分析和失稳三维动态可视化模拟与演示分析,软件功能丰富,具有一定的通用性,实用性强,为水库库岸滑坡的稳定性分析与防治提供了技术支持平台。     

Application of Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning and Surveying in Geological Investigation of High Rock Slope

The appearance of 3D laser scanning technology is one of the most important technology revolutions in surveying and mapping field. It can be widely used in many interrelated fields, such as engineering constructions and 3D measurements, owing to its prominent characteristics of the high efficiency and high precision. At present its application is still in the initial state, and it is quite rarely used in China, especially in geotechnical engineering and geological engineering fields. Starting with a general introduction of 3D laser scanning technology, this article studies how to apply the technology to high rock slope investigations. By way of a case study, principles and methods of quick slope documentation and occurrence measurement of discontinuities are discussed and analyzed. Analysis results show that the application of 3D laser scanning technology to geotechnical and geological engineering has a great prospect and value.     

Rainfall thresholds for landslide early warning system in Nakhon Si Thammarat

Transient seepage in unsaturated soil slope is one of the significant triggering factors in rainfall-induced landslides. Rainfall infiltration leads to the decrease in stabilizing effect because of increased positive pore-water pressures. SEEP/W and SLOPE/W used in this study have been widely employed to describe frameworks for understanding transient seepage in soil slope, and to perform slope stability analyses, respectively. The study area is in Sichon District in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. A landslide there was investigated by modeling the process of rainfall infiltration under positive and negative pore-water pressures and their effects on slope stability. GIS (Geographic Information System) and geotechnical laboratory results were used as input parameters. The van Genuchten’s soil water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability function were used to estimate surface infiltration rates. An average rainfall was derived from 30-year monthly rainfall data between 1981 and 2011 in this area reported by the Thailand Royal Irrigation Department. For transient condition, finite element analysis in SEEP/W was employed to model fluctuations in pore-water pressure during a rainfall, using the computed water infiltration rates as surface boundary conditions. SLOPE/W employing Bishop simplified method was then carried out to compute their factors of safety, and antecedent precipitation indices (API) calculated. Heterogeneous slope at the site became unstable at an average critical API (API_cr) of 380 mm, agreeing well with the actual value of 388 mm.     

MAPSUV数字测图成果3D模拟系统的设计

数字测图系统在城市地理信息系统建设中有着广泛的应用.根据MAPSUV生成的SUV文件数据, 基于二维电子地图的平面位置, 通过虚拟现实技术, 直接将测量得到的地物空间、属性信息直观清晰地显示成三维虚拟地图, 从而实现测图成果的表现方式由二维到三维的转变.对数字测图成果三维模拟系统的设计原则整体结构、数据组织、系统功能做了详细的探讨.介绍了系统数据源、数据处理、模型库和纹理库建立以及三维可视化成果图的显示和输出.该系统集成了GIS、VRML、测绘等理论和技术, 具有数据建模, 场景漫游、属性查询等功能, 再现了二维数字地图的三维景观.测图成果3D模拟系统建模周期短, 工作量小, 可应用于城市规划、测绘、交通等许多领域.      

Risk assessment of water soil erosion in upper basin of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing, China

This research selected water soil erosion indicators (land cover, vegetation cover, slope) to assess the risk of soil erosion, ARCMAP GIS ver.9.0 environments and ERDAS ver.9.0 were used to manage and process satellite images and thematic tabular data. Landsat TM images in 2003 were used to produce land/cover maps of the study area based on visual interpreting method and derived vegetation cover maps, and the relief map at the scale of 1:50,000 to calculate the slope gradient maps. The area of water soil erosion was classified into six grades by an integration of slope gradients, land cover types, and vegetation cover fraction. All the data were integrated into a cross-tabular format to carry out the grid-based analysis of soil erosion risk. Results showed that the upper basin of Miyun Reservoir, in general, is exposed to a moderate risk of soil erosion, there is 715,848 ha of land suffered from water soil erosion in 2003, occupied 46.62% of total area, and most of the soil erosion area is on the slight and moderate risk, occupied 45.60 and 47.58% of soil erosion area, respectively.     

3D GIS Supporting Underground Urbanisation in the City of Turin (Italy)

This paper introduces a 3D geological and geotechnical model of the subsoil of the city of Turin managed by means of a Geographical Information System (GIS). The 3D GIS of the subsoil of Turin represents a useful decision-support tool in the underground management for engineering purposes and it’s here proposed as base geological elaborate to support future underground work in the city. In the final part of the paper, an application of the information coming from the 3D model is shown to define the characteristics of the optimal excavation machines (the type and disposition of tools on the head and the necessary engine power) for the future developments of the Underground Metro System.