气相色谱-质谱在地下水检测过程中的重要性

采用气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法对地下水样品中α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT、六氯苯、苯并(a)芘等组分进行测定时,通过气相色谱-质谱在测量复杂基体待测样品组分中的识别作用、在高浓度待测样品组分检测中的确认作用以及对样品检测结果假阳性现象的判断作用等内容,论证了气相色谱-质谱技术在测定复杂基体或高浓度地下水样品过程中的重要性,确保了地下水调查项目测量数据准确可靠。     

微波萃取-气相色谱/气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中18种有机氯农药

采用微波萃取-Florisil固相萃取柱净化分离、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱相结合的方法测定土壤中的痕量半挥发性有机氯农药。优化了微波萃取和固相萃取柱净化条件,在最优条件下18种有机氯农药(α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、七氯、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ、p,p′-DDE、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹Ⅱ、p,p′-DDD、o,p′-DDT、异狄氏剂醛、硫丹硫酸酯、p,p′-DDT、甲氧滴滴涕)的回收率在89.56%~114.22%。对气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱法的仪器检出限、回收率、精密度和方法检出限进行对比,确定了采用气相色谱-质谱定性和气相色谱定量相结合的方法,测定实际土壤样品中的有机氯农药,使得定性和定量的准确度都得到提高。     

中国典型类型土壤中有机氯农药和多氯联苯成分分析标准物质的研制

目前我国有1个有机氯农药(OCPs)分析标准物质,3个多氯联苯(PCBs)分析标准物质;欧洲有1个OCPs分析标准物质和2个PCBs分析标准物质。美国、国际原子能机构和日本等组织研制了沉积物中OCPs、PCBs和多环芳烃的有机分析标准物质,这些标准物质的基质性质、浓度水平与我国地质样品基质性质、实际污染情况不符。本文针对我国土壤类型的分布特点、污染特征及实际样品检测情况,采集典型地区的土壤作为候选物,利用传统的气相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱-串联质谱法、气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法和现代分析技术方法——同位素稀释质谱法,严格按照国家一级标准物质技术规范和相关标准研制了6个土壤有机分析标准物质(编号为GBW07469~GBW07474),基本涵盖了我国典型土壤类型,包括褐土、水稻土、黄壤土和草甸土;定值化合物包括全国地质大调查必测的8种OCPs(α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT)和选测的7种PCBs(PCB28、52、101、118、153、138、180),含量范围为3.9μg/kg~2.31 mg/kg。此批标准物质的基质性质、目标组分的浓度水平和污染特征与实际环境样品具有较好的一致性,而且目标物种类多,含量范围宽,可以满足我国不同地区、不同程度污染的土壤样品中OCPs和PCBs同时测定的质量监控需求。     

地下水中有机氯农药测量方法准确度的平衡均匀水平试验

采用5个浓度水平样品通过7家实验室进行协同评定试验,验证了地下水中六氯苯、α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT有机氯农药分析方法的稳定性与准确性。测量结果经一致性和离群值检验表明,地下水中9种有机氯农药组分在3.00～56.5 ng/L浓度水平范围内,重复性标准差为0.50～0.77 ng/L,再现性标准差为1.92～3.03 ng/L,单个样品中的2,4,5,6-四氯间二甲苯和二丁基氯菌酸酯替代物质量监控指标回收率分别为58.8%～99.5%和79.2%～117%。检测方法准确、可靠。     

地质调查样品中有机氯农药分析存在的困难和解决方法

9种有机氯农药(六氯苯、α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD、o,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDT)是国土资源地质大调查项目中水和土壤样品必测的有机污染物。有机氯农药自身结构和性质的特殊性以及地质调查样品的差异性,在采用气相色谱电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)分析有机氯农药过程中仍然存在许多困难。文章结合大量地质调查样品中有机氯农药分析的实践经验,从溶剂与待测物响应值的关系、基质效应的表现、样品前处理以及仪器日常维护四个方面,介绍了针对不同样品和分析要求正确选择进样溶剂、判断和解决基质效应,并通过良好的仪器日常维护习惯确保地质调查样品中有机氯农药检测灵敏度达到要求。     

环境介质中典型新型有机污染物分析技术研究进展

环境中持久性有机污染物(POPs)、药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)和消毒水副产物(DBPs)等新型有机污染物对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在威胁,研究其来源、检测方法、环境分布和迁移转化已经成为热点。新型有机污染物组成复杂,如短链氯化石蜡有7000多种同类物,采用传统分析手段无法实现分离,对这些物质的准确定性和定量面临挑战。近年来在新型有机污染物检测技术开发方面已取得较大进展:根据待测样品的性质可使用快速溶剂萃取、固相微萃取等多种提取方法,凝胶渗透色谱、多层复合层析柱和固相萃取柱是有效的净化手段,采用气相色谱-质谱或液相色谱-质谱实现了对指示性单体准确定性定量,检出限可达ng/g级。但对于环境影响较大的新型有机污染物如手性多氯联苯(PCBs),由于各手性PCBs单体之间在分离过程中发生峰共溢现象,需要应用专门的手性色谱柱进行分析,尚未建立可靠的检测方法。本文认为,一方面需要探索磁性固相基质分散萃取技术等高效的前处理技术对干扰物质进行有效分离;另一方面需要提高全二维气相/液相色谱、傅里叶变换质谱等色谱/质谱检测技术的识别性和灵敏度,开发出简便、标准化的定量方法。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定地下水中30种挥发性有机物

在测定地下水中有机污染物时,捕集阱的填料对分析结果有很大的影响.本文采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了适用于地下水中卤代烃、氯代苯、苯系物等30种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法.对11#捕集阱( VOCARB3000)和10#捕集阱(Tenax/硅胶/碳分子筛)进行比较实验和捕集阱的填料进行选择优化,结果表明,以氮气为吹扫气,11#捕集阱的检出限比10#捕集阱的检出限低,富集效率和响应值更高,更适合分析低含量的地下水样品;Rtx - 502.2毛细柱(60 m×0.32 mm×1.8 μm)对目标组分有更好的分离效果,且柱流失小、色谱峰响应高;利用选择离子扫描方式对目标物进行扫描,采用内标法定量,提高了方法灵敏度,消除了组分的干扰以及整个分析过程中存在的系统误差.方法检出限为0.031 ～0.059 μg/L,精密度(RSD)为1.02％ ～5.19％(n=7),回收率为87.7％ ～118.0％(n=7),各组分相关系数均在0.9991以上.方法操作简便,对环境污染小,可满足大批量地下水中痕量挥发性有机物的分析要求.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中7种多氯联苯

建立了土壤样品中7种多氯联苯(PCB 28、PCB 52、PCB 101、PCB 118、PCB 138、PCB 153、PCB 180)的分析方法。土壤样品通过加速溶剂萃取、磺化法结合Florisil固相萃取小柱净化、电子捕获检测器气相色谱分析测定,并结合气相色谱-质谱进一步确证。结果表明,方法回收率为80.06%～100.28%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.01%～6.28%,检出限为0.15～0.50μg/kg。用优化的方法测定复杂基质的土壤样品中多氯联苯,具有提取效率高、净化效果好、结果准确可靠、对环境污染小等优点。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法测定地下水中的挥发性有机物

利用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用技术,建立了适用于地下水中氯代烃、苯系物、氯代苯类等25种挥发性有机污染物的分析方法。采用选择离子监测与全扫描交替方式进行质谱定性,内标法定量,方法检出限为0.10～0.20μg/L,样品加标的平均回收率在83.9%～104.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)在3.23%～10.1%。方法检出限低,精密度好,分析快速,适用于大批量地下水中挥发性有机物的分析。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定地下水中44种有机物污染物

地下水中有机氯、多环芳烃、邻苯二甲酸酯等半挥发性有机污染物对生态环境和人体健康带来潜在威胁,开发高效、准确、快速的检测方法具有现实意义。通过液液萃取、固相萃取等方式将水中有机污染物分类萃取,利用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱、液相色谱-质谱等方法测定,不能在满足低检出限的同时测定多种类别有机污染物。本文建立了一种改进的QuECHERS方法,即在水样中加入少量有机溶剂振荡后直接取有机相,无需净化,利用灵敏度更高的气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱仪多反应监测模式(MRM)进行定性、内标法定量,实现了44种有机污染物的同时测定。实验优化了质谱条件,对比了不同溶剂的提取效果以及传统方法和QuECHERS的优缺点。结果表明:44种有机物在1～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,各有机物的检出限和回收率均满足要求。本方法具有前处理简单、检出限低、邻苯二甲酸酯类本底低、多类有机物同时测定等优点,可应用于地下水中痕量有机物的测定和评估。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)