概率一致的期望地震和概率一致的保守地震

笔者分析指出,Kameda等概率一致的假想地震、期望地震或设定地震的概念,由于对概率法设防标准的理解不确切并非概率一致;罗奇峰的相应概念符合概率一致,但由于保留平均意义,结果仍然不理想．在分析指出上述问题的基础上,笔者建议采用概率一致保守地震的概念,提出了一种在概率法基础上选择有物理意义的抗震设防目标地震的新方法．在对某控制物理量,如峰值加速度作危险性分析,并按某概率水平确定其设防标准后,由有关衰减规律和潜源状况确定对应于该标准的地震或震级 距离组合. 此种震级 距离组合对应的地震对该物理量是概率一致的. 在此基础上,我们建议兼顾其它物理量(本文考虑反应谱)的破坏作用,选择保守地震取代平均地震,以更好地满足设防标准的本意．      

基于设定地震确定非基岩场地弹塑性验算输入地震动探讨

对非基岩场地的甲类建筑弹塑性验算输入地震动中存在的问题进行讨论,探讨基于设定地震确定弹塑性验算输入地震动的方法。以某设施厂址为例,采用修改后的概率地震危险性公式计算潜源对工程厂址的影响。按照震级(M)-距离(R)-衰减关系标准差系数(ε)组合,对概率地震危险性分析结果进行分解,将三元变量(M,R,ε)的均值或众值计算的反应谱定义为设定地震动,并根据设定地震及其反应谱,选取实际地震动记录近似模拟地震动的离散;采用随机生成的土层模型进行地震响应分析,最终给出土层地表设定地震动的期望值作为输入地震动。     

考虑地震环境影响的高层建筑设定地震研究

以烟台地区一高层建筑为研究对象,结合概率地震危险性分析结果,确定出不同周期下的最大贡献潜源区.再利用震级空间联合概率分布函数以及震级、震中距计算公式计算设定地震震级和震中距,并结合研究区的地震地质背景、发震断裂及其活动性等特征,给出设定地震的具体空间位置.最后根据震级、震中距以及地震动衰减关系确定设定地震反应谱.该方法得到的结果能够直接反映地震危险性,有利于获得考虑地震环境影响的基岩地震动输入参数.此外,还可以为研究区自振周期小于6s的建(构)筑物的抗震设防提供参考依据.     

城市震害预测中设定地震的确定问题

提出了一个确定震害预测中设定地震的方法,包括：确定贡献量最大的潜在震源区、潜在震源区内贡献量最大的震级档和设定地震的构造位置等。以福建省泉州市为例,获得５０年超赵概率６３％、１０％和２％等３个概率水平下的设定地震。本文给出的设定地震方法纵使了确定论方法和概率论方法的优点,有助于地震危险性分析方法的发展。     

成都市地震危险性分析

本文以第三代地震区划图的编图思路为基础,采用考虑地震活动时空非均匀性的地震危险性分析方法进行成都市地震危险性评价。首先根据成都市及邻区的地震地质、地球物理和地震活动特征,确定不同震级上限Mu的潜在震源区;再估计各地震带的b值、地震年发生率及地震年均发生率分配函数;然后建立适合于成都市及邻区地震动(或烈度)衰减特征的等效圆、椭圆、长椭圆和断层破裂4种衰减模型。最后,采用考虑时空非均匀的地震危险性概率分析模型,评价了成都市不同超越概率的地震烈度。     

概率地震危险性分析与设计地震：消除不协调

之所以要进行概率地震危险性（ＰＳＨＡ）是因为存在有地震的威胁：本区域内的活动震源可能产生一个中等以上地震。该分析考虑了大量的地震和地面运动,得到一个表示所有事件的地震危险性的总体描述。在进行设计、分析、新改进或其他地夺危险性决策时,常需要一个单独的“设计地震”,因此地震影响常由单一的震级、距离或者还有其他的参数来表示。这里就允许模拟附加的地面震特征。如持续时间、运动的不稳定性和稳定和特定的脉冲。本     

1998年南加州地震中心的研究项目

南加州地震中心的科研任务南加州地震中心（ＳＣＥＣ）的研究目标是研究和发展地震危险性评估的科学基础,其研究重点是：①地震潜势或作为地点、震级和时间函数的地震发生的概率;②破裂动力学;③地面运动或是用于任何场地的任意地震的完整的理论地震图。地震潜势研究包...     

地震区划原则和方法的研究——以华北地区为例.

本文基于对我国华北地区地震活动在时间和空间不均匀分布的认识,吸收了近20年来地震预测方面的科研成果,采用目前国际通用的地震危险性概率分析方法,通过对华北区划的试验,对地震区划的原则和方法提出了如下改进: 1.以地震带作为地震活动性参数的统计单元.引入地震活动趋势估计因素,评定表征地震活动水平的年平均发生率,以使区划结果同预测未来时间段地震活动水平相适应; 2.采用按震级挡次分配各潜在震源区的年平均发生率,可以合理地评估高震级地震的危险程度; 3.采用以震级挡次为条件概率的空间分布函数,刻画地震带内各潜在震源区之间发生相应震级挡次地震的相对危险程度,使区划结果更好地反映地震活动在时间和空间上不均匀性分布的特点; 4.在地震危险性分析计算中,引入了方向性函数项,使得分析模型更接近我国地震震源的实际情况.      

地震长期概率预测

利用地震矩解目录外推估算了全球长期地震概率。该预测基于地震矩张量解,预测结果用一幅表示预测的地震发生率密度和震源机制方位图来表示。震源机制首先用于平滑地震活动图以获得望的危险性图,然后用于预测未来地震的机制。使用了几种类型的平滑影响函数核。在空间域,使用１／距离影响函数核来计算任一震周围的地震活动性分布。该影响函数核使用两个可调参数;即最大距离和方向性因子（任一震中周围考虑了一次地震震源机制的地震     

断裂地震地表断错危险性评价

引入地震断错危险性概念 ,用概率表示发生断错的可能性大小 ,断错危险性涉及到地震危险性和断错发生与分布特点。断错危险性的表达式为 :P =P1×P2 ×P3,式中 ,P表示断错危险性 ;P1表示地震发生的危险性 ;P2 指不同震级条件下地表断错出现的概率 ;P3为断错量值分布概率。以中国和世界地表地震断错资料为基础 ,建立震级 -断错概率指数P2 和断错幅度及其分布概率指数 ,包括幅值及其分布、宽度和覆盖层厚度影响等指数P3,为地表断错危险性量化评估奠定了基础     

Envelope Functions of Time Histories in Seismic Safety Evaluation and Scenario Earthquakes

It has been a period of time since the concept of scenario earthquake was proposed, but this concept has rarely been used in seismic safety evaluation in China since then. Meanwhile, because of the uncertainties of magnitudes-distances pairs, there is large arbitrariness while determining the envelope function of time histories in seismic hazard analysis. In this paper, we describe a method to control the envelope functions of the time histories by introducing the most-likely combinations of magnitude and distance of the scenario earthquakes based on a probabilistic method, revise the software of the ellipse model for seismic hazard analysis, and give a computation example.     

A probability-consistent method based on practical ground surface motion

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厦门市某商住大厦场地地震时程分析

根据地勘测和地震危险性分析资料，采用波传播方法，提供了厦门市某商住大厦结构动力时程分析所需要的场地地震动输入，并根据我国建筑抗震设计规范关于地震区高层建筑抗震设计的要求，做了场地分析的初步尝试。     

Scenario-Based Seismic Risk Analysis: An Engineering Approach to the Development of Source and Site-Specific Ground Motion Time Histories in Areas of Low Seismicity

Modern engineering design methods require ground motion time histories as input for non-linear dynamic structural analysis. Non-linear dynamic methods of analysis are increasingly applied in the context of probabilistic risk assessments and for cost-effective design of critical infrastructures. In current engineering practice artificial time histories matching deterministic design spectra or probabilistic uniform hazard spectra are most frequently used for engineering analysis. The intermediate step of generation of response spectra can lead to a biased estimate of the potential damage from earthquakes because of insufficient consideration of the true energy content and strong motion duration of earthquakes. Thus, assessment of seismic risk may seem unrealistic. An engineering approach to the development of three-component ground motion time histories has been established which enables consideration of the typical characteristics of seismic sources, regional ground motion attenuation, and the main geotechnical characteristics of the target site. Therefore, the approach is suitable for use in scenario-based risk analysis a larger number of time histories are required for representation of the seismic hazard. Near-field effects are implemented in the stochastic source model using engineering approximations. The approach is suggested for use in areas of low seismicity where ground motion records of larger earthquakes are not available. Uncertainty analysis indicates that ground motions generated by individual earthquakes are well constrained and that the usual lognormal model is not the best choice for predicting the upper tail of the distribution of the ground motions.     

空间相关的多点地震动合成(Ⅱ)合成实例

本文应用已提出的自功率谱、相干函数、视速度模型生成了空间相关的多点地震动时程。采用分段合成、乘强度包络函数的方法近似地考虑了地震动强度和频率尬发的非平稳性、生成的地震动符合空间相关性、传播性、随机性和非平稳性,可用于长结构多点输入地震反应分析。     

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified ground shaking peaks and target response spectrum

1 Introduction Time history analysis is usually needed not only for the seismic design of important structures, such as nuclear plants, large concrete dams and super high-rise buildings, but also for seismic performance based design. Performance-based design requires tha knowledge of the entire process of nonlinear seismic responses of structures be obtained, which depends on the ground motion time history as input for this analysis. However, because the observed strong-motion recordings are l…     

An energy-based envelope function for the stochastic simulation of earthquake accelerograms

An energy-based envelope function is developed for use in the stochastic simulation of earthquake ground motion. The envelope function is directly related to the Arias intensity of the ground motion as well to the manner in which this Arias intensity is built-up over time. It is shown that this build-up, represented by a Husid plot, can be very well modelled using a simple lognormal distribution. The proposed envelope makes use of parameters that are commonly available in seismic design situations, either following a deterministic scenario-type analysis or following a more comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), either in terms of Arias intensity or the more common spectral acceleration. The shape parameters of the envelope function are estimated following the calculation of the analytic envelopes for a large number of records from PEER Next Generation of Attenuation (NGA) database. The envelope may also be used to predict the distribution of peak ground acceleration values corresponding to an earthquake scenario. The distribution thus obtained is remarkably consistent with those of the recent NGA models.     

潜在震源区概念的界定

本文首先论述了地震危险性概率分析方法中潜在震源区的概念及其地位和作用，在此基础上，比较了它与地震危险区的差异，其次，阐述了我国现行地震危险性概率分析方法对潜在震源区概念的发展，最后，讨论了潜在震源区的不确定性问题。     

青藏高原东北缘地震活动性广义帕累托模型的全域敏感性分析

基于广义帕累托分布构建地震活动性模型,因其输入参数取值难以避免不确定性,导致依据该模型所得的地震危险性估计结果具有不确定性。鉴于此,本文选取青藏高原东北缘为研究区,提出了基于全域敏感性分析的地震危险性估计的不确定性分析流程和方法。首先,利用地震活动性广义帕累托模型,进行研究区地震危险性估计;然后,选取地震记录的起始时间和震级阈值作为地震活动性模型的输入参数,采用具有全域敏感性分析功能的E-FAST方法,对上述两个参数的不确定性以及两参数之间的相互作用对地震危险性估计不确定性的影响进行定量分析。结果表明:地震危险性估计结果（不同重现期的震级重现水平、震级上限及相应的置信区间）对两个输入参数中的震级阈值更为敏感;不同重现期的地震危险性估计结果对震级阈值的敏感程度不同;对不同的重现期而言,在影响地震危险性估计结果的不确定性上,两个输入参数之间存在非线性效应,且非线性效应程度不同。本文提出的不确定性分析流程和方法,可以推广应用于基于其它类型地震活动性模型的地震危险性估计不确定性分析。      

A stochastic model and synthesis for near‐fault impulsive ground motions

The orientations of ground motions are paramount when the pulse‐like motions and their unfavorable seismic responses are considered. This paper addresses the stochastic modeling and synthesizing of near‐fault impulsive ground motions with forward directivity effect taking the orientation of the strongest pulses into account. First, a statistical parametric analysis of velocity time histories in the orientation of the strongest pulse with a specified magnitude and various fault distances is performed. A new stochastic model is established consisting of a velocity pulse model with random parameters and a stochastic approach to synthesize high‐frequency velocity time history. The high‐frequency velocity history is achieved by integrating a stochastic high‐frequency accelerogram, which is generated via the modified K‐T spectrum of residual acceleration histories and then modulated by the specific envelope function. Next, the associated parameters of pulse model, envelope function, and power spectral density are estimated by the least‐square fitting. Some chosen parameters in the stochastic model of near‐fault motions based on correlation analysis are regarded as random variables, which are validated to follow the normal or lognormal distribution. Moreover, the number theoretical method is suggested to select efficiently representative points, for generating artificial near‐fault impulsive ground motions with the feature of the strongest pulse, which can be used to the seismic response and reliability analysis of critical structures conveniently. Finally, the simulated ground motions demonstrate that the synthetic ground motions generated by the proposed stochastic model can represent the impulsive characteristic of near‐fault ground motions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.