软黏土中PHC管桩打入过程中土塞效应研究

当开口管桩打入土层中,土体进入桩内形成土塞,土塞效应对桩的打入特性和承载能力具有重要影响。基于上海典型软土地基中长PHC桩的现场试验,统计分析3个不同场地共44根桩打桩过程中的土塞数据,探讨软土地基中PHC桩打桩过程中土塞长度与内径之比、土塞增量与桩打入深度增量之比(IFR)随打入桩长与内径之比变化的规律,并线性拟合出土塞增量与桩打入深度增量之比与土塞高度和桩打入深度之比(PLR)的经验公式。研究表明,大部分PHC桩在打桩过程中,土塞部分闭塞,桩从浅部较硬土层打入较软土层,IFR值减小,土塞闭塞作用大;桩从较软土层打入深部较硬土层,IFR值逐渐增大,土塞闭塞作用小,且土塞长度增量与桩打入深度增量之比与土塞长度与桩打入深度之比基本呈线性关系。     

Field measurements regarding the influence of the installation method on soil plugging in tubular piles

Soil plugging in open-ended piles leads to an increase in compressive bearing capacity but also influences pile driving resistance. Many different factors affect the tendency for soil plugging, for example, pile diameter, penetration depth and installation method. In this paper, the influence of the installation method on soil plugging is investigated. In situ measurements during the installation of two instrumented tubular piles are carried out to investigate the internal and external stresses acting on the pile during the installation process. Furthermore, the cone penetration resistance inside one pile is measured during the installation, and the accelerations and strains at the pile head are monitored to predict the bearing capacity. The installation method is varied between vibratory and impact pile driving. The results show that a significant increase in horizontal stresses inside the pile occurs during impact driving which leads to the conclusion that a soil plug is formed. During vibratory pile driving, no stress increase was observed.     

Estimation of bearing capacity of open-ended model piles in sand

The plugging of pipe piles is an important phenomenon, which is not adequately accounted for in the current design recommendations. An open-ended pipe pile is said to be plugged when the soil inside the pile moves down with the pile, resulting in the pile becoming effectively closed-ended. Plugging is believed to result in an increase in the horizontal stresses between the pile and the surrounding soil, which results in an increase in skin friction. A total number of 60 model pile tests are carried out to investigate the behavior of plugs on the pile load capacity and the effects of plug removal. Different parameters are considered, such as pile diameter–to–length ratio, types of installation in sands of different densities, and removal of the plug in three stages (50, 75, and 100 %) with respect to the length of plug. The changes in the soil plug length and incremental filling ratio (IFR) with the penetration depth during pile driving show that the open-ended piles are partially plugged from the outset of the pile driving. The pile reached a fully plugged state for pressed piles in loose and medium sand and partially plugged (IFR = 10 %) in dense sand. For driven piles, the IFR is about 30 % in loose sand, 20 % in medium sand, and 30 % in dense sand. The pile load capacity increases with increases in the length of the plug length ratio (PLR). The rate of increase in the value of the pile load capacity with PLR is greater in dense sand than in medium and loose sand. Based on test results, new empirical relation for the estimation of the load carrying capacity of open-ended piles based on the IFR is proposed.     

Numerical modelling of the driving response of thin‐walled open‐ended piles

The driving response of thin‐walled open‐ended piles is studied using numerical simulation of the wave propagation inside the soil plug and the pile. An elastic finite element analysis is carried out to identify the stress wave propagation in the vicinity of the pile toe. It is found that the shear stress wave has the highest magnitude above the bottom of the soil plug. Below the bottom of the soil plug, the vertical stress wave has the highest magnitude. Although the shear stress wave propagating in the radial direction is similar in magnitude to the vertical stress wave at the bottom of the soil plug, it decays rapidly while travelling downwards. The highest vertical stress at the bottom of the soil plug appears after the vertical stress wave interacts with the shear stress wave travelling in the radial direction. Initially, the vertical stress wave propagates with the dilation wave velocity in both the radial and vertical directions. After it interacts with the shear stress wave, the vertical stress wave starts to propagate with the shear wave velocity in the radial direction and with the axial wave velocity downwards. It is concluded that at the bottom of the soil plug, the interaction between the waves travelling in radial and vertical directions is important. The capabilities of several one‐dimensional pile‐in‐pile models to reproduce the driving response given by a two‐dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is studied. It is seen that when the base of the soil plug fails, a one‐dimensional pile‐in‐pile model can be used to achieve results in agreement with the finite element model. However, when the pile is unplugged, where the base of the soil plug does not fail, a reduced finite element mesh that permits the radial wave propagation inside the soil plug must be used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of soil plugging inside open-ended piles with respect to the installation method

The development of a soil plug inside an open-ended pile with respect to the installation method is examined using numerical simulations. In this paper, the penetration process of an open-ended tubular pile with diameter D = 61 cm into granular soil is investigated. The aim is to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms of soil plugging inside open-ended piles with respect to the installation method. As an example, the horizontal stress distribution inside the tubular pile after installation shows significant increase depending on the installation method. The numerical results are compared to experimental data.     

砂土中开口管桩沉桩过程的颗粒流模拟研究

基于颗粒流理论,采用PFC2D程序,模拟再现不同型号开口管桩在沉桩过程中土塞的形成演化规律、土颗粒细观结构变化以及桩周土应力场分布情况,并通过分析土体细观变化模式揭示沉桩过程中宏观力学响应的内在机制。计算结果表明,管桩直径对土塞效应影响很大,外径为30 mm的开口管桩,沉桩过程中土塞增量填充率（IFR）值较小,土塞效应明显,土塞高度小,类似闭口桩;随着管桩直径的增大,土塞效应迅速减小,大直径管桩在砂土中沉桩全部闭塞的可能性很小。细观因素（孔隙率和滑动比例）与土体宏观位移表现之间存在着明显的相互对应关系,并依此将桩周土划分3个区域。桩周土体水平应力、竖向应力和剪应力都在桩底附近形成“应力核”,不同型号管桩桩周土应力场分布相近。     

钙质石灰岩中桩基轴向承载特性的有限元分析

为了研究钙质石灰岩中桩基的合理设计理论及开发相关的变形破坏数值分析方法,利用弹塑性有限元方法对以硫球石灰岩作为持力层的桩基现场轴向载荷试验进行了数值分析。有限元分析中钙质石灰岩被假定为理想弹塑性材料。结果表明,如果能在有限元解析中合理地考虑桩侧摩阻力的低减效果,弹塑性有限元计算可以较好地模拟与分析钙质砂土中桩基的轴向承载力特性。最后还对开口钢管桩基的土塞效应的发生机制进行了分析。     

开口桩中土芯形成、影响因素及判别方法研究

开口桩打桩过程中桩端土体进入桩管内形成土芯,土芯在大直径钢管桩、新研发的大直径现浇混凝土薄壁筒桩的作用不容忽视,通过闭塞效应土芯会提高开口桩的承载力,减小桩的沉降量。比较分析了目前国际上两种土芯闭塞效应定义方法,研究认为,从土芯破坏机制出发定义土芯是否产生闭塞效应更为合理;并从土芯的形成出发,探讨了影响土芯形成及闭塞效应的各种因素,如桩径、桩端土的承载力、土芯与桩内壁的摩阻力等,此外还应考虑桩端土体侧向水平应力的影响。最后讨论了ICP方法中砂土及黏土中开口桩土芯闭塞效应的判别方式,认为该判别方式过于粗略,不能很好地反映土芯闭塞情况。     

开口管桩高频振动贯入过程的ALE有限元分析

任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法吸取了拉格朗日和欧拉法的优点,避免了常规有限元中拉格朗日方法的网格畸变问题,适用于开口管桩高频振动贯入过程的计算分析。采用ALE有限元方法,建立开口管桩高频振动贯入过程的数值模型,对沉桩过程中挤土效应、桩侧阻力和土塞效应的变化规律进行了详细研究。研究结果表明:挤土应力主要沿径向传播,且深层土体受到的挤土应力比浅层土体大;水平挤土位移随管桩贯入深度的增加而增大,而最大水平挤土位移与管桩贯入深度存在累积效应;挤土效应的影响范围约为10倍管径,因此在施工过程中要给以足够重视;桩外侧摩阻力随贯入深度增加呈近似线性增长,桩内侧摩阻力随贯入深度增加而呈非线性增长,增长速率随贯入深度增加而逐渐增大;管内土塞处于不完全闭塞状态,土塞程度由完全非闭塞向部分闭塞过渡。此外,研究了土体模量、桩土界面摩擦系数、振动频率和桩径对土体位移的影响。     

An Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Steel Open Ended Pipe Pile with Exterior Wings Under Compression Load

The present study investigates the increasing in ultimate pile capacity and studied the soil plugging phenomenon and the incremental filing ratio for a modified type of open-ended pipe pile. The modification performed by adding steel plates as wings with special dimensions and fixed on the exterior face of the pipe pile wall at a location near the pile tip with specified dimensions. Five wings have used for each new model of pipe pile. These wings distributed in equal spacing along with the circumstances of the exterior wall of the open-ended pipe piles. The efficiency of the proposed type studied by modelling and manufacturing twelve piles (40 mm diameter, L/D = 15 and L/D = 20). Complete setup manufactured for installing and loading the piles in a constant rate of penetration. The model piles installed in poorly graded loose dry sand. The obtained results show that the proposed type has a higher ultimate bearing capacity. The percentage of increase reaches more than 50%. The development of the load capacity is due to the three effects. The first is increases of the exterior shaft friction, and the second effect creates a new end-bearing capacity under the constrained soil between the exterior wings. And the third effect is developing the end-bearing capacity under the soil plug inside open-ended pipe pile due to the first and the second effects.

     

薄壁筒桩在温州滩涂土地基处理中的应用研究

以温州浅滩一期半岛起步区首期1#地块为工程背景,对薄壁筒桩、钻孔灌注桩、预应力管桩进行现场静载荷试验,研究结果表明：在滩涂土地区,与钻孔灌注桩、预应力管桩相比,薄壁筒桩不会产生沉渣问题、桩身质量好、挤土效应弱、节约工程造价,承载力及桩顶沉降量均满足滩涂土地基加固要求,更适宜应用于滩涂土地基处理中,且在滩涂土地区,薄壁筒桩不会产生土芯闭塞效应,土芯的存在及桩顶封盖对于提高承载力具有一定的贡献,适当增加筒桩桩长可以提高承载力。     

Finite element analyses of soil plug response

Open-ended pipe piles are often used in offshore foundations. The response of the soil plug inside a pipe pile is poorly understood, and only limited work has been performed to quantify the response under the different loading conditions relevant to offshore platforms. This paper describes numerical analyses that have been carried out in order to assess the end-bearing capacity of the soil plug under loading conditions which range from undrained to fully drained. The soil plug has been modelled as either elastic, elastic–perfectly-plastic or elastoplastic. The soil–pile interface, an important aspect of the problem, has been examined critically. Comparison with experimental data from model test at laboratory scale indicates that the load–deformation behaviour of the soil plug is modelled well using an elastoplastic model for the soil plug, and an elastic–perfectly-plastic joint element to model the soil–pile interface. The finite element analyses show that, under typical loading conditions, adequate end bearing may be mobilized by the soil plug, largely by high effective stresses in the bottom 3–5 diameters of the soil plug.     

格型钢板桩结构有限元数值分析

以有限元软件ABAQUS作为分析平台,建立波浪荷载作用下格型钢板桩结构稳定性及应力分析的三维弹塑性有限元分析模型。格型钢板桩采用壳体单元模拟,在相邻板桩之间设置铰接连接器模拟板桩之间的相对转动;土体采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型模拟,在格型钢板桩与其内、外土体之间设置接触面单元模拟它们之间的滑移、张裂和闭合。结合某实际工程,研究结构的破坏模式、失稳特性和应力分布特性,分析参数变化对结构稳定性和环向拉力的影响,并对格内土体的剪切变形进行分析,建议格型钢板桩锁口拉力的验算断面。结果表明,铰接连接器的设置对于结构稳定性影响不大,但对环向拉力有一定影响;格内土体的剪切变形主要发生在格体中轴处,符合太沙基法结论。     

A simple model for inelastic footing response to transient loading

This paper presents a mechanical analogue which models the response of a rigid circular footing on an ideal elastoplastic half-space to transient loads. In the rational analysis of pile-driving dynamics, the response of soil at the base of a pile is often approximated by a footing on a semi-infinite half-space. Most existing base models employ the well-known Lysmer analogue to model the elastic response of the soil at the pile base, and account for the inelastic soil behaviour through the inclusion of a plastic slider with a slip load equal to the ultimate failure load of the footing. The improved model provides a force response which is significantly closer to the ideal response than existing models. The paper commences with a review of analytical solutions for the dynamic response of a rigid circular footing on an elastic half-space. Existing mechanical analogs for the system are reviewed, and an automatic matching process proposed which improves the accuracy of the analogs under transient loading. The inelastic response is then studied using the finite element method, and the mechanical analogs are modified to allow representation of the observed inelastic behaviour. Examples are presented illustrating close agreement between the proposed models and finite element analyses for a range of Poisson's ratio. The improved models have direct application for one-dimensional models of pile driving, particularly in the back-analysis of data from dynamic testing of piles. They are also applicable to studies of dynamic compaction.     

Numerical modelling of large deformations associated with driving of open‐ended piles

This paper presents a ‘Eulerian‐like’ finite element technique to simulate the large accumulated displacements of piles subjected to multiple hammer blows. For each hammer blow, results are obtained using a standard small strain finite element model and, at the end of each hammer blow, material flow is taken into account with reference to a fixed finite element mesh. Residual stresses calculated at the Gauss integration points of the deformed finite element mesh are mapped on to the fixed finite element mesh, and these stresses are used as initial stresses for the next hammer blow. At the end of each hammer blow, stiffness and mass matrices are recalculated for the volume of material remaining inside the fixed finite element mesh. Results obtained with and without allowing material to flow through the fixed mesh are compared for several hammer blows. Build up of residual stresses, soil flow and yielded points around the pile are presented for plugged, partially‐plugged and unplugged piles. Using the new finite element technique, the driving of a pile from the soil surface is studied. The ability to analyse this and other large deformation problems is the main advantage of the new finite element technique. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled deformation–seepage analysis of dynamic capacity tests on open-ended piles in saturated sand

Open-ended piles such as tubular piles or I-beams are used as foundations for offshore and nearshore construction. After the pile installation a load test to estimate the bearing capacity of these open-ended piles is necessary. Due to the offshore conditions and the high bearing capacity of the installed piles a static load test is not normally feasible. Therefore, dynamic load tests are carried out where the wave propagation due to an dynamic impact at the pile head is measured. The methods to estimate the bearing capacity from the measured signal of the dynamic tests were derived for solid pile profiles. It is questionable whether these evaluation techniques are applicable for open-ended piles. Hence, the influence of various important system parameters as well as the differences between static and dynamic load tests on open-ended piles is investigated in this paper.     

Dynamics of pile driving by the finite element method

It is proposed that the dynamics of pile driving based on the one-dimensional theory of wave propagation be analyzed by the finite element method. This approach enables one to continuously interpolate the displacement, velocity and acceleration profiles throughout the pile length. In contrast to the finite difference technique presented by E. A. L. Smith [1] and the finite element procedure presented by I. M. Smith [2] in which initial conditions are defined on the basis of a prescribed hammer velocity, the method presented herein defines initial conditions on the basis of a prescribed impact force versus time curve at the pile/hammer point of contact. Applications of the proposed technique to typical pile driving problems on an elastoplastic soil and using an implicit time-integration scheme are discussed using a numerical example.     

水平荷载下导管架平台桩基础的非线性有限元分析

导管架平台桩基础的控制荷载主要为风荷载、波浪荷载、地震荷载等水平荷载,为研究水平荷载下导管架平台桩基础的承载特性,采用非线性有限元分析方法对水平荷载下桩-土之间的相互作用进行研究,提出了有效模拟桩基水平承载特性的有限元模型,分析了模型桩的刚度、直径、土质参数中水平土压力系数、剪胀角对桩基承载特性的影响及水平荷载下群桩承载特性,并将有限元计算结果与API规范及模型试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,非线性有限元分析方法分析水平荷载下桩-土相互作用是可行的,计算结果可为导管架平台的桩基设计提供参考。     

基于Gudehus-Bauer模型的砂土中灌注桩护壁套管高频振动贯入速率

随着全套管护壁振动取土灌注桩施工工艺的发展,灌注桩在工程中的应用越来越广泛,但是关于灌注桩护壁套管高频振动贯入速率的研究较少。通过假定套管为刚体,将套管周围土体划分为同心轴的圆环柱体,利用Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型计算套管外侧各土体单元接触面间的剪应力和套管端部土体竖向应力,并考虑套管振动贯入过程中土塞效应,建立灌注桩套管高频振动贯入砂土中贯入速率的计算模型。将所提出的贯入速率计算结果和物理模型试验结果与有限元结果进行对比分析,验证了计算模型的合理性。通过参数分析,得到地基土体孔隙比、振动频率和套管直径对贯入速率的影响规律,为实际工程中快速、准确地预测套管振动贯入速率提供了可靠方法。