浙江绍兴地区广山-栅溪岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年：对漓渚铁矿成矿时代的限定

选取与漓渚铁矿成矿关系密切的栅溪和广山岩体为研究对象,采用高精度的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对栅溪岩体黑云母花岗岩和广山岩体花岗斑岩代表性样品进行了详细的测年工作,在此结果的基础上,结合区域上矿床成矿的时代,讨论了漓渚铁矿的成矿时代。定年结果显示,栅溪岩体的成岩时代为150.1Ma±2.6Ma,而广山岩体经历了多期的岩浆事件,主体成岩时代为147.2Ma±1.7Ma,2个岩体均属于燕山早期岩浆活动的产物。矿区地质特征显示,漓渚铁矿的形成与广山、栅溪岩体成岩期岩浆热液作用关系密切,广山-栅溪岩体的成岩时代即代表了漓渚铁矿矿化的时代,漓渚铁矿矿体主要形成于中侏罗世（约150Ma）。漓渚铁矿成矿时代的精确厘定为邻区寻找同类型矿床指明了方向。     

浙江绍兴地区广山-栅溪岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石 U-Pb定年:对漓渚铁矿成矿时代的限定

选取与漓渚铁矿成矿关系密切的栅溪和广山岩体为研究对象,采用高精度的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对栅溪岩体黑云母花岗岩和广山岩体花岗斑岩代表性样品进行了详细的测年工作,在此结果的基础上,结合区域上矿床成矿的时代,讨论了漓渚铁矿的成矿时代。定年结果显示,栅溪岩体的成岩时代为150.1Ma±2.6Ma,而广山岩体经历了多期的岩浆事件,主体成岩时代为147.2Ma±1.7Ma,2个岩体均属于燕山早期岩浆活动的产物。矿区地质特征显示,漓渚铁矿的形成与广山、栅溪岩体成岩期岩浆热液作用关系密切,广山-栅溪岩体的成岩时代即代表了漓渚铁矿矿化的时代,漓渚铁矿矿体主要形成于中侏罗世(约150Ma)。漓渚铁矿成矿时代的精确厘定为邻区寻找同类型矿床指明了方向。     

浙西闲林岩体的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其地质意义

浙西闲林铁钼矿床地质特征表明,矿床为岩浆期后热液接触交代矽卡岩型,根据岩石蚀变、矿石结构构造和矿物组合,划分了4个成矿阶段。研究表明:闲林矽卡岩型铁钼矿与中生代侵入岩成岩期岩浆热液作用关系密切。运用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年方法对闲林花岗闪长岩体的成岩时代进行测定,为(151.8±2.2)Ma,认为与磁铁矿成矿密切相关;结合辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄(132.05±0.47)Ma,与早白垩世花岗岩成岩时代相耦合,进一步限定了闲林地区成岩→成矿活动的时间轨迹,铁钼矿床是晚侏罗世和早白垩世两期成矿形成的。     

胶东晚中生代三期成矿岩体和3. 5 Ga锆石的发现及成矿动力学背景

胶东地区在晚中生代发生了大规模岩浆活动和"爆发式"成矿作用。为了深入研究岩浆活动的时代及其对成矿的影响,本文在对胶东晚中生代花岗岩类侵入岩及大规模成矿作用进行综合分析基础上,选择福山邢家山钼钨矿区、栖霞香夼铅锌矿区和福山王家庄铜矿区,对成矿岩体进行锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测试。测试结果表明,幸福山斑状二长花岗岩体(邢家山矿区)和香夼花岗闪长斑岩体的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb同位素年龄分别为159.3±1.6Ma和130.4±1.2Ma,养虎山石英闪长玢岩体(王家庄矿区)的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为116.1±5.1Ma和119.8±1.8Ma,由此确定了三期岩浆活动及与之相对应的三期成矿事件。在晚侏罗世幸福山岩体中测得了前寒武纪残余锆石的年龄信息,三组年龄分别为3548±12Ma、2472.9～2400Ma和2192～1725Ma,指示岩浆物质来源于前寒武纪结晶基底的再循环作用。3548±12Ma是胶东地区迄今为止获得的最大年龄值,指示胶东地区存在古太古代早期的古老结晶基底。综合分析认为,胶东晚侏罗世岩浆活动和160Ma±的成矿事件是华北克拉通与扬子克拉通碰撞造山后续过程的产物,形成于挤压构造背景;早白垩世早期的岩浆活动及130Ma±成矿事件与太平洋板块俯冲有关,形成于挤压向伸展转化背景;早白垩世中晚期岩浆活动形成于拉张环境,与华北克拉通破坏和岩石圈伸展减薄有关,由此产生的胶东热隆-伸展构造体系,为115Ma±的金、银及有色金属等热液矿床大规模爆发式成矿提供了有利成矿条件。     

鄂东南付家山矽卡岩型(Cu-)W矿床成岩成矿时代及地质意义

付家山(Cu-)W矿床是鄂东南地区新近发现的大型矽卡岩型矿床之一,成矿与花岗闪长斑岩关系密切。为了精确获得该矿床成岩成矿年龄,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年法对其进行了系统的成岩成矿年代学研究,并基于长江中下游成矿带晚中生代沉积地层及构造变形、地球物理和岩石地球化学等证据探讨了其成岩成矿构造背景。结果显示:花岗闪长斑岩锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为(144±3)Ma,而辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为(146±2)Ma,成岩与成矿作用均形成于晚侏罗世-早白垩世。付家山(Cu-)W矿床形成时代与长江中下游地区大规模岩浆成矿事件时间一致,包括鄂东南地区在内的长江中下游地区的构造演化历史及最新的年代学数据表明,付家山(Cu-)W矿床极有可能形成于岩石圈伸展减薄构造背景。付家山等晚侏罗世-早白垩世矽卡岩型(Cu-)W矿床的发现及厘定指示了鄂东南矿集区具有良好的钨矿找矿前景。     

尼雄地区早白垩世磁铁矿伸展成矿地质背景及成矿模型

尼雄地区早白垩世磁铁矿以成矿岩体及矿床研究偏多,忽略围岩时代及其成矿地质背景分析。尼雄早白垩世磁铁矿可分为矽卡岩型和热液脉型,而达及藏布地区热液脉型磁铁矿与基性岩脉密切相关,通过共生辉长岩岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄(120.1±1.7 Ma)限定热液脉型磁铁矿成矿时代约120 Ma,与已经确定成矿时代的矽卡岩型铁矿成矿时代一致,指示尼雄矿田两种类型磁铁矿受控于相同的地质背景。通过尼雄岩体碎屑岩围岩(原上二叠统敌布错组)碎屑锆石测年,获得其沉积时代介于130～120 Ma之间,故将上二叠统敌布错组重新厘定为下白垩统则弄群。结合区域地层及岩浆岩新资料,认为冈底斯中部则弄群火山岩与侵位于其中的岩体构成一个早白垩世火山-侵入杂岩体系,其与尼雄矿田早白垩世磁铁矿密切相关。该早白垩世火山-侵入杂岩地球化学特征及尼雄附近浅表层次构造共同指示冈底斯中部在早白垩世处于伸展构造背景。最后,依据伸展构造背景新认识建立了尼雄地区早白垩世磁铁矿成矿地质模型。     

老挝-越南长山成矿带古特提斯构造岩浆演化与成矿作用

老挝-越南长山成矿带位于特提斯构造成矿域东南段,发育大量古特提斯旋回岩浆岩和铜-金-铁-锡等多金属矿床,是研究东特提斯构造岩浆演化与成矿作用的天然实验室。本文系统梳理了长山成矿带的成岩成矿时代、矿床组合和岩石地球化学研究成果,揭示了长山成矿带古特提斯时期的岩浆岩时空格架,构建了晚石炭—中二叠世(317~264 Ma)哀牢山-马江洋的俯冲、中二叠—晚三叠世(263~235 Ma)华南地体与印支地体的碰撞以及晚三叠世(234~202 Ma)碰撞后伸展等构造演化过程。初步建立了长山成矿带各阶段的成矿模式,包括俯冲期斑岩-矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Au和浅成低温热液型Cu-Au-Ag成矿(305~279 Ma)、碰撞期斑岩-矽卡岩型Sn和矽卡岩型Fe-Au成矿(249~236 Ma)、伸展期热液脉型Au矿化(212~204 Ma)。受限于晚三叠世晚期岩浆活动和成矿作用研究资料的缺乏,碰撞后伸展阶段的成矿作用仍有待进一步研究。     

滇东南官房钨矿床石榴子石原位LA-SF-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及地质意义

官房矽卡岩型钨矿床位于滇东南薄竹山W多金属矿集区,大地构造上处于扬子地块、华夏地块、印支地块三大构造单元的接合部位。白钨矿呈浸染状赋存于石榴子石-辉石矽卡岩中。矽卡岩一般不直接与岩体接触,呈脉状或透镜状产于围岩中。精确的成岩成矿年龄的测定对于研究滇东南W-Sn矿床成岩成矿地质背景、矿床成因、成矿预测均具有重要意义。根据电子探针分析结果,石榴子石属钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固溶体系列。石榴子石原位LA-SF-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究获得T-W图下交点年龄分别为101.3±5.4Ma(MSWD=2.0)、87.6±2.3Ma(MSWD=1.5),暗示该区可能存在早白垩世和晚白垩世两期矽卡岩成岩事件。综合研究表明,石榴子石原位U-Pb定年对于限定矽卡岩型W矿床的成矿时代是可行的。结合区域燕山晚期成岩成矿事件,认为～88Ma为该区W-Sn多金属矿主要成矿期,成矿作用与同期花岗岩密切相关;～101Ma可能为另外一期矽卡岩成岩事件,这一认识和发现对于区域找矿部署有很强的实践意义。     

皖南宁国竹溪岭钨银矿床及相关岩体的同位素地质年龄

皖南宁国竹溪岭钨银矿床是近年来发现的一个与花岗岩类有关的矽卡岩型矿床,准确厘定其成矿年龄及相关侵入岩体的年龄有利于深入认识区域岩浆作用与成矿作用的规律。本文在矿床地质调查的基础上,应用现代同位素定年技术开展地质年代学研究,获得矿床矿石中的辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为142.7±2.1 Ma和142.9±2.1 Ma,相关侵入岩体花岗闪长岩、花岗斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为139.8±1.8 Ma、143.3±1.9 Ma、140.2±1.7 Ma,显示矿床的成矿年龄与侵入岩体的成岩年龄基本一致,为燕山晚期早白垩世。矿床矿石中的辉钼矿的Re含量指示成矿物质来源于地壳和地幔的混合;与成矿相关侵入岩的稀土元素和Hf同位素组成特征指示成岩物质也具有壳幔混源特征,显示成矿物质来源与成岩物质来源具有一致性。区域岩浆岩和矿床的对比表明,与之相邻的长江中下游地区、浙西地区和赣东北地区乃至整个华南地区这一时期发生了大规模的岩浆作用和钨锡多金属成矿作用,显示扬子板块在此阶段处于岩浆–成矿大爆发时期,皖南地区的成矿时代对应于华南中生代三次大规模岩浆作用和成矿作用的第二阶段。     

墨西哥中新生代岩浆活动规律及成矿研究

墨西哥中新生代岩浆作用与太平洋板块向东俯冲消减作用及晚白垩-始新世的拉腊米期造山运动有关,岩浆作用控制了矿床的分布规律。文章通过综合分析大量墨西哥中新生代岩浆岩和矿床资料,讨论了岩浆活动规律及构造活动和成矿作用的关系。墨西哥主要有5个岩浆活动时期,分别为晚古生代岩浆作用、早-中侏罗世岩浆作用、白垩世岩浆作用、古近纪岩浆作用、中新世岩浆作用。墨西哥的成矿作用主要与拉腊米期岩浆活动有关(约80 Ma—40 Ma),中新生代的矿床明显分成晚侏罗世(J3)、早白垩世(K1)、晚白垩世(K2)、古新世(E1)、始新世(E2)、渐新世(E3)、中新世(N1)等地质时期。古太平洋板块、法拉隆板块和科科斯板块等三大板块俯冲消减形成3个俯冲成矿系列,即从沿海到内陆依次发育有IOCG型铁铜金成矿带→斑岩型铜钼金成矿带→浅成低温热液型银金多金属成矿带,分别代表太平洋古板块、法拉隆板块和科科斯板块向北美板块从俯冲挤压到碰撞后伸展的岩浆成矿环境。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).