中纬度平均经圈和纬圈环流维持的物理过程(二)

大尺度扰动的感热和动量输送是紧密联系的.在准地转运动中,大尺度涡动输送可分解为平衡输送和不平衡输送.在北半球冬季纬向风系和副热带高压带维持的过程中,中纬度不平衡涡动输送,以及与之相联系的平均经圈环流所造成的垂直输送,起着十分重要的作用.这时水平输送和垂直输送本身就处在内在联系之中.并且这种输送过程是和温度槽落后于流场槽的斜压扰动相联系的. 当把大气运动分解成垂直平均的正压动能和垂直切变的斜压动能时,可以更细致地了解中纬度大气环流能量转化的规律.我们进一步讨论和计算了中纬度北半球冬季能量转换的过程.     

北半球冬季副热带高压带维持的涡度机制

本文利用涡度平衡方程讨论北半球冬季副热带高压的维持,计算发现,30°N副热带高压带地区,大型扰动所造成的涡度输送的辐散是维持这地区反气旋涡度的主要因子,这种辐散作用所造成的反气旋涡度主要发生在对流层上层,平均经圈环流对地转祸度的输送可以把它引导到对流层下层来。此外,我们还根据涡度输送的计算,讨论了西风急流的维持。向北的扰动涡度输送在45°N上空达极大值,因此它对中纬度西风和纬向平均急流的维持起着重要作用。但30°N上空,扰动的涡度输送为零,而平均经圈环流对地转涡度和相对涡度的输送都比较大,因此,可以认为副热带急流是在平均经圈环流作用下维持的。     

轴对称加热条件下圆盘实验中波的转变过程的初步分析

对于一控制在中心降冷、边缘加热的旋转圆盘内的流体,增加或减少其温差,可引起流体中波数的转变。本文对四波向三波及三波向四波的转变过程作了较详细的分析,发现在四波向三波转变时,平均经圈环流和西风强度均发生迅速的变化。维持四波时,平均经圈环流为靠近热源处下沉和靠近冷源处上升的反环流。当转变过程发生时,经圈环流转变成正环流,转换完成后则恢复成反环流。在经圈环流变化的同时,西风强度也发生由弱变强而后再由强变弱的转变。三波向四波转变时,经圈环流及西风强度没有上述变化,只有强度的不同。 根据热量输送的计算结果,波数不同,它所产生的热量的涡动输送也不一样,三波时热量的涡动输送较强,四波时热量的涡动输送较弱。最后,我们联系热量输送的特点对上述结果进行了初步的讨论。     

北极涛动的纬向对称结构

运用NCEP／NCAR再分析月资料,分季节研究了北极涛动的纬向结构,以及与之相对应的纬向平均纬向风和经圈环流异常的空间结构特征,并初步探讨了北极涛动的维持机制。结果表明,北极涛动在水平方向上主要呈纬向对称的环形模态,且这种结构在冬季北极涛动的活跃期表现更为显著;而夏季纬向对称型随季节风带的北移和极涡的减弱,其节点也相应向极地移动。与北极涛动纬向对称型相联系的纬向平均纬向风在冬季表现为明显的偶极型,向上延伸到平流层;而夏季这种形态明显减弱,并只限于对流层中。与冬、夏季北极涛动纬向对称型相对应的平均经圈环流异常均表现为增强的费雷尔环流和哈得来环流,这种形势有利于北极涛动形成正反馈机制,使之得以长期维持。     

低纬平均经圈环流异常与海表温度异常关系的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR的40年大气再分析资料中的月平均经向风速及垂直速度，计算了纬向平均经圈环流的质量流函数，分析了纬向平均的海表温度和纬向平均的经圈环流的气候态及异常态特征，结果表明，（1）南、北半球Hadley环流圈的共同上升支偏于赤道附近的夏半球一侧，与[SST↑-]极大值位置相对应；强下沉支位于冬半球一侧；（2）El Nino事件中低纬[SST]′是异常经圈环流产生的重要外强迫源，但其影响程度受基本气流和[SST↑-]及[SST]′的季节变化和年际差异的影响甚大。     

2008年初瞬变涡在中高纬阻高异常中的作用分析

2008年1月中旬到2月上旬,我国南方地区发生了历史罕见的、大范围的严重冰冻雨雪天气,中高纬大气环流异常尤其是乌拉尔阻塞高压(下称乌阻)异常发展、维持是非常重要的原因之一。为了探究中高纬阻塞高压(阻高)稳定维持的内在物理机制,以2008年初中高纬的一次阻塞过程为例,利用NCEP逐日再分析资料,从瞬变涡对平均经向、纬向气流的强迫作用、瞬变涡的动量输送以及瞬变涡的热量输送等方面分析和讨论了瞬变涡在中高纬阻高发展维持过程中所起的作用。结果表明,瞬变涡通过对平均流的强迫作用来加强阻高周围的反气旋气流。阻高区域内纬向气流的平均动能不断地转化成瞬变涡动能,而阻高北侧西风气流区域内瞬变涡动能则不断地向纬向气流的平均动能转化,这使得西风急流得以维持,有利于阻高的维持和发展。阻高区域内具有较强的瞬变涡热量输送,使得该区域内的温度梯度强度减弱,这在一定程度上又导致了平均西风气流的减弱,有利于阻高的发展和维持。     

西风角动量输送的气候特征及其与急流关系研究

利用1958～1997年NCEP/NCAR一日四次的风场再分析资料,系统地分析了季节平均西风角动量（即u角动量）经向、垂直输送通量及其三个分量（平均经圈环流、定常波、瞬变涡输送通量）的气候特征,特别是讨论了12～2月、6～8月它们与东、西风带、副热带西风急流、极夜急流之间的联系。结果表明:（1）包含纬度因子的角动量通量与动量通量在高纬地区存在显著差别,高纬对流层上部的强动量输送中心在角动量通量中不明显。而u角动量强经向输送主要在中低纬对流层顶附近和冬半球高纬平流层顶附近,副热带西风急流和极夜西风急流均位于u角动量强向极输送中心及其高纬一侧的辐合区中。（2）发现三个输送分量对急流维持的作用随纬度、季节不同。北半球冬季（夏季）的副热带西风急流主要由平均经圈环流（强度相当的定常波和瞬变涡）强经向输送及辐合维持;南半球西风急流全年均由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋输送及辐合维持;冬半球中平流层极夜急流主要由定常波、瞬变涡旋输送及其辐合共同维持。（3）热带东风区是牵连角动量（即Ω角动量）的高值区,它主要由平均经圈环流向对流层上部输送;冬半球副热带及中纬西风区存在u角动量垂直输送的切变区,它主要由平均经圈环流和瞬变涡旋完成;热带对流层顶附近有u角动量的定常波弱向下输送。     

定常波和瞬变波在亚洲季风区大气水分循环中的作用

利用欧洲中心ＥＣＭＷＦ１０ａ逐日资料，对定常波和瞬变波在亚洲季风区大气水分循环中的作用进行了计算分析。结果表明，瞬变涡动总把水汽从高水汽含量区送到低水汽含量区，实现与平均环流相反的输送，维持了热带地区和中高纬地区水汽的平衡。夏季定常涡动输送的经向分量是将水汽从热带向副热带输送的主要机制，而瞬变涡动输送的经向分量则是把水汽从副热带输送到中高纬的主要机制。由于季风经圈环流的存在，使得亚洲季风区的热带地区为重要的水汽源区，而其副热带和中纬度地区是水汽汇区，这与同纬度其它地区相反。     

低平流层准两年变率研究

分析NCAR/NCEP40年再分析资料得出,赤道低平流层纬向风年际变率的平均周期约28.2个月,最大振幅在20hPa,西(东)风距平垂直下传平均速度1.21(1.04)km/月。用10hPa和70hPa月平均纬向风标准化距平之差可反映整层准两年变率的相位,低平流层两半球中纬气温有与之配合的振荡,西(东)风切变时,中纬气温偏低(高)。赤道纬向风准两年变率引起的经圈环流异常是联系低纬纬向风与中纬气温准两年变率的纽带。     

原始方程系统中的无加速定理——Ⅱ:纬向平均温度的变化

利用作者在本文第Ⅰ部分提出的原始方程系统中的无加速定理,这部分讨论大气动量、热量的内外源强迫对纬向平均温度场的作用。数值计算结果表明:外源热力强迫引起的温度场的变化主要在对流层下层;而热力内强迫的作用在中高纬对流层中分布较均匀,两者在维持纬向平均温度场的变化中十分重要。机械外强迫和机械内强迫各自的贡献次之。平均经圈环流的贡献则主要在对流层顶附近及平流层中,由于热力内强迫产生的位温变化在一定程度上大致被热力外强迫所平衡,而机械内、外强迫则具有相似的空间分布,从而,总的热力强迫所引起的位温变化的分布基本上为总的机械强迫作用所平衡,纬向平均位温的准定常状态由此得以维持。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...