Preliminary study on different nutrient pools supplies for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay in China in the fall of 2004

The source and significance of two nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous, were investigated by a modified dilution method performed on seawater samples from the Jiaozhou Bay, in autumn 2004. This modified dilution method accounted for the phytoplankton growth rate, microzooplankton grazing mortality rate, the internal and external nutrient pools, as well as nutrient supplied through remineralization by microzooplankton. The results indicated that the phytoplankton net growth rate increased in turn from inside the bay, to outside the bay, to in the Xiaogang Harbor. The phytoplankton maximum growth rates and microzooplankton grazing mortality rates were 1.14 and 0.92 d-1 outside the bay, 0.42 and 0.32 d-1 inside the bay and 0.98 and 0.62 d-1 in the harbor respectively. Outside the bay, the remineralized nitrogen (Kr=24.49) had heavy influence on the growth of the phytoplankton. Inside the bay, the remineralized phosphorus(Kr=3.49) strongly affected the phytoplankton growth. In the harbor, the remineralized phosphorus (Kr=3.73) was in larger demand by phytoplankton growth. The results demonstrated that the different nutrients pools supplied for phytoplankton growth were greatly in accordance with the phytoplankton community structure, microzooplankton grazing mortality rates and environmental conditions. It is revealed that nutrient remineralization is much more important for the phytoplankton growth in the Jiaozhou Bay than previously believed.     

The Influence of Primary Production Rate on the Population Dynamics of Patella granulans, an Intertidal Limpet

Abstract. The production rates of intertidal algae at seven study sites in the Saklanha Bay area. South Africa, were measured monthly for 15 months. Algae grew rapidly and formed extensive, permanent mats on shores that were enriched with nutrients from the dissolved guano of seabirds. The most significant correlate of limpet (Patella granulans) growth was the rate of algal production; more rapid limpet growth on nutrient-rich shores, combined with the effects of predation by African Black Oystercatchers Haematopus moquini on limpets, led to differences in the size structures and life-history patterns of populations of limpets on enriched and unenricheci shores. The rate of primary production affected relationships between intertidal organisms at all trophic levels and influenced patterns of organization within the community.     

大洋铁锰结核的微生物成矿过程及其研究进展

深海铁锰结核作为世界上潜在的巨大金属宝库已成为当今开发海底矿藏的热点，因而深入了解铁锰结核成矿过程成为其开发利用的先决条件。研究发现多金属铁锰结核中的铁锰矿物不仅仅是由单纯的物理作用形成的，同时也包含了海洋生物驱动的生物矿化的过程。本文介绍了运用分子生物学、矿物学和地球化学等多学科的研究方法对大洋中铁锰的生物成矿过程和成矿特征的研究。深海铁锰结核的生长速率缓慢且其生长演化伴随着微生物群落的活动，因此结核的生长过程同时也记录着不同时期微生物群落结构的变化并生成了大量的微生物化石。在铁和锰的生物矿化过程中，细菌可以通过酶促反应氧化Fe（Ⅱ）和Mn（Ⅱ），同时可能伴随生物能量的生成，此外微生物还可以通过非酶促反应的方式促进Fe和Mn的富集沉淀。这些研究表明生物矿化作用在大洋铁锰结核成矿过程中有巨大贡献，对大洋铁锰结核的生物成因过程提供更加全面准确的理解，从而为今后进一步充实大洋铁锰结核的生物矿化理论及其开发利用提供依据。     

Effects of changing continuous iron input rates on a Southern Ocean algal assemblage

The upwelling of nutrients and iron (Fe) sustains biological production in much of the Southern Ocean. Using a shipboard natural community continuous culture system (Ecostat), we supplied a single added Fe concentration at two dilution rates chosen to examine the effects of variations in realistic growth and loss rates on an Fe-limited algal community in the Antarctic Zone south of Australia. A parallel growout experiment provided “no-dilution” +Fe and −Fe controls. In the continuous flow experiment, phytoplankton biomass was lower and more constant throughout the incubation and major nutrients were never depleted. Nanophytoplankton abundance remained similar in both growout treatments, and therefore, growth of this group did not appear to be Fe-limited. The addition of Fe in a continuous fashion resulted in a community co-dominated by both small diatoms and nanophytoplankton. Increases in dilution rate favored diatom species that were smaller and faster-growing, as well as non-silicified algal groups. Particulate carbon (PC) to particulate nitrogen (PN) ratios increased above the Redfield ratio when Fe was added in a continuous fashion, while biogenic silica (BSi) to PC and PN ratios decreased 2–3 fold in the continuous flow experiment compared to the initial conditions and the parallel growout control experiment. Photosynthetic efficiency increased in the continuous flow treatments above the control but remained significantly lower than in the 1.4 nM Fe addition. The results of our shipboard continuous flow experiments are compared and contrasted with those of the mesoscale Southern Ocean Iron RElease Experiment (SOIREE) carried out at the same site. Our results suggest that increases in natural dilution rates (i.e. vertical turbulent diffusion) in polar Antarctic waters could shift the algal community towards smaller, faster-growing algal species, thus having a major effect on nutrient cycling and carbon export in the Southern Ocean.     

外来与乡土红树种间竞争十五年的群落现状与发展趋势

为了探究经过15年种间竞争后的外来无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)与乡土红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)的群落现状与发展趋势,采用样方法对福建省厦门市同安湾典型红树林群落特征开展实地研究。结果表明:(1)无瓣海桑是无瓣海桑群落中的优势种,而秋茄仅在该群落北侧与无瓣海桑少量混交,秋茄+无瓣海桑群落为种植秋茄和无瓣海桑的茂密混交林;(2)调查幼苗天然更新情况中发现,在两个群落中秋茄均有幼苗自然生长,但均未发现无瓣海桑幼苗;(3)生长状况的调查发现,无瓣海桑长势较秋茄差,其倒伏数量和倒伏程度明显比秋茄严重;(4)无瓣海桑在秋茄+无瓣海桑群落中的生长状况优于在无瓣海桑群落,倒伏程度较轻。综上可见,无瓣海桑在福建省厦门市该研究样地及其周边更新成林和扩散困难,未有入侵秋茄群落的优势;无瓣海桑在风浪环境下,较秋茄更易出现倒伏和枯死等不可逆生长现象;红树林种植过程中采用"外来种+乡土种"的模式,可提高整个林分的抗风浪能力,但需注意种植布局规格的合理性,可避免外来速生快长种与乡土种紧邻混交产生较大的种间竞争,减小对乡土种生长的影响。     

胶体的来源和胶体有机碳浓度对其自身菌群生长的影响

利用错流超滤技术分离厦门湾东南部海域、九龙江河口及九龙江水体中的胶体，并利用实验室模拟培养实验研究了胶体的来源和胶体有机碳（COC）浓度对其自身茵群生长的影响．结果表明，不同来源的3种胶体对自身菌群均有不同程度的促进作用，而且其依序为海洋胶体〉河口胶体〉河流胶体．海洋胶体和河口胶体中自身菌群的相对增长率的平均值Y1、Y2与CCOC之间呈正相关关系；而河流胶体中自身茵群的平均相对增长率Y3与CCOC却呈负相关关系．     

贻贝附着基海带苗种运输技术探究

中介生物辅助大型海藻海底基质附着技术,是采用海面撒播苗种方法,进行大型海藻海底增殖的核心技术。研究发现,该贝、藻复合体苗种的运输比普通水产苗种运输难度显著增加。本文采取传统的干运、水运以及发明的淋水运输3种不同方式,进行了贻贝附着基海带苗种运输技术研究。结果表明:干运3h内苗种的存活率和生长速度与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);水运1h以上苗种的存活率与对照组差异显著(P0.05);淋水运输24 h内苗种的存活率和生长速度与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。实验说明:水运不适合该苗种运输;在露空时间3 h以内,干运是最经济、最便捷的苗种运输方法;在露空24 h以内,采取淋水运输能够保证苗种的成活率,可以作为该苗种常规的运输方法。     

天津近岸浮游植物群落对海洋酸化和硝酸盐加富的响应

为了评估海洋酸化和富营养化耦合作用对近海浮游生态环境的影响,本研究以天津市近岸海域浮游植物群落的生物地球化学指标为研究对象,分别采用一次性及连续培养的方式模拟自然水华及稳态条件,探究其对二氧化碳(CO₂)和硝酸盐浓度变化及二者耦合作用的响应。实验条件设置如下:1)对照:二氧化碳分压p(CO₂)40.53 Pa、无硝酸盐添加;2)酸化:p(CO₂)101.3 Pa、无硝酸盐添加;3)加N:p(CO₂)40.53 Pa、添加硝酸盐50 μmol·L^–1;4)酸化加N:p(CO₂)101.3 Pa、添加硝酸盐50 μmol·L^–1。实验结果表明,硝酸盐加富比酸化更加显著地促进浮游植物群落总叶绿素(Chl a)生物量及颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒有机氮(PON)积累,酸化和加N使浮游植物群落粒径大小升高。连续培养实验表明,酸化和N加富对Chl a、生物硅(BSi)、PON浓度、PON与颗粒有机磷(POP)比值(N/P)、POC与BSi比值(C/BSi)及沉降速率有协同交互作用,对POP和POC浓度及POC与PON比值(C/N)有拮抗性交互作用。在一次性培养后,酸化显著降低了浮游植物群落的沉降速率;而在连续培养后,酸化和N加富使浮游植物群落沉降速率显著升高。这些结果表明酸化和N加富对与近岸浮游植物相关的生物地球化学循环及在不同生长阶段的种群碳沉降存在不同的潜在影响及交互效应。     

Influence of the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus on the growth and interspecies competition of two red tide algae

The growth and interspecies competition of two red tide algal species Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle et Heimdal and Gymnodinium sp.were studied under different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus,and the algal batch culture experiments were conducted.The physiological and biochemical indexes were measured periodically,including the maximum comparing growth rate,relative growth rate,average double time and chlorophyll a concentration.The results showed that when the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was 16:1,the maximum comparing growth rate,relative growth rate and chlorophyll a concentration of Thalassiosira pseudonana all reached the highest,and average double time was the shortest.This implied that the optimal concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of Thalassiosira pseudonana is 16:1.When the concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was 6:1,the maximum comparing growth rate,relative growth rate and the chlorophyll a concentration of Gymnodinium sp.reached the highest,and average double time was the shortest,so the optimal concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of Gymnodinium sp.is 6:1.From the growth curves as indicated both in the cell density and the chlorophyll a concentration,it is suggested that the influence of concentration ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus on the chlorophyll a concentration and the cell density are almost the same.Different concentration ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus had weak influence on community succession and the competition between the two algae.Gymnodinium sp.may use the phosphorus in vivo for growth,so it is important to pay attention to the concealment of phosphorus,in order to avoid the outbreak of red tide.On the basis of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus and the ratio of their concentration,the possible outbreak mechanism of red tide of the two algae was also discussed.     

Competition within the marine microalgae over the polar dark period in the Greenland Sea of high Arctic

Abstract-With the onset of winter, polar marine microalgae would have faced total darkness for aperiod of up to 6 months. A natural autumn community of Arctic sea ice microalgae was collected fordark survival experiments from the Greenland Sea during the ARKTIS-XI/2 Expedition of RV Po-larstern in October 1995. After a dark period of 161 days, species dominance in the algal assemblagehave changed from initially pennate diatoms to small phytoflagellates (<20μm). Over the entire darkperiod, the mean algal growth rate was-0.01 d~(-1). Nearly all diatom species had negative growthrates, while phytoflagellate abundance increased. Resting spore formation during the dark period was ob-served in less than 4.5% of all cells and only for dinoflagellates and the diatom Chaetoceros spp. We as-sume that facultative heterotrophy and energy storage are the main processes enabling survival during thedark Arctic winter. After an increase in light intensity, microalgal cells reacted with fast growth withindays. Phytoffa     

循环水养殖黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)水体中循环率对水质因子和细菌群落多样性的影响

为探讨循环水养殖系统中循环率对水质因子和细菌群落多样性的影响,以黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)为研究对象,研究了4次/天(低循环率)、8次/天(中循环率)、12次/天(高循环率)三个流量下,养殖桶和生物过滤桶两部分细菌群落结构、多样性以及细菌群落与环境因子的相关性。高通量测序结果表明:黑鲷循环水养殖中优势细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。流量的升高可增加系统的细菌多样性,且高循环率过滤桶中具有净化水质降低营养盐功能的有益菌属更为多样化及丰度更高,同时,其系统去氨氮和总氮效果更好,去除率分别是49.5%和22.3%,氨氮去除率是低循环率组的2.9倍和中循环率的3.6倍,总氮去除率是低循环率组的8.2倍和中循环率组的20.5倍。PCoA分析和聚类分析结果表明,各实验组养殖桶与生物过滤桶中细菌群落组成有着明显的差异,中、高循环率组过滤桶菌落结构与低循环率的有明显的差异。环境因子与细菌群落结构相关性分析结果表明,总磷、活性磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和总氮等指标对细菌群落结构影响相对较大,但未发现两者间有很显著的相关性。     

富营养河口水体藻华粒级结构的调控机制研究

为探究富营养河口水体藻华粒级结构的调控机制,本研究利用枯水期珠江口上游河水、下游海水及其等比例混合水进行培养实验,跟踪监测水体中叶绿素a和营养盐的浓度变化,并利用稀释实验估算藻类生长速率（μ）和小型浮游动物的摄食速率（m）,以阐明上行控制（营养盐刺激）和下行控制（摄食影响）对藻类粒级结构的影响。结果显示:营养加富能增加藻类的生物量,藻类群落的优势粒级由超微型和微型转换为小型;加富河水中μ维持2～3 d高值后下降,速率为（1.13±0.37）d?1,加富海水中μ逐步增加,速率为（1.06±0.16）d?1,加富混合水中μ轻微波动,速率为（0.58±0.14）d?1,总体上小型藻类μ最大。3组加富水体中m总体均先增大后下降,粒级差异不明显。藻类被小型浮游动物摄食率（m/μ）随粒级增大而减小,说明富营养刺激大粒级的生长,大粒级面临的被摄食压力较小。m/μ随藻类每日的比生长速率（μ_{Chl a}）降低而增加,说明藻华前期由上行控制主导,后期下行控制作用相对加强。本研究表明,富营养化不仅能够改变藻华的生物量,而且能影响其粒级结构,初步阐明了富营养河口水体中藻华粒级结构的调控机制。     

Succession and seasonal onset of colonization in subtidal hard‐bottom communities off northern Chile

Although there is extensive information concerning the colonization sequences of benthic communities, little is known about the successional development of subtidal hard‐bottom habitats in highly productive coastal upwelling areas. In these systems, succession is predicted to be fast due to high growth rate of the later dominant colonizers. Using artificial hard substrata a field experiment was conducted in a rocky subtidal area off Northern Chile (Humboldt Current System) and monitored at 3‐month intervals to test the following hypotheses: (i) epibenthic succession may proceed through consecutive replacement of species, (ii) there is a fast convergence rate towards natural communities, and (iii) different seasonal starting points for the colonization will produce different community structure over a 1‐year period of exposure. Panels were installed on a vertical wall at 17 m water depth. Three replicate panels were sampled every 3 months over a period of 27 months. As a reference, six haphazardly selected plots from the surrounding natural community were surveyed at each sampling date. To evaluate how seasonally varying substratum availability affects community development, further panels were exposed for a 12‐month period, starting in four different seasons (n = 3 replicates per season). Community succession was slow and occurred through progressive changes, between early encrusting red corallines, middle Balanus flosculus and late Lagenicella variabilis. After 27 months, the community composition, but not its structure, was similar between experimental and reference communities on surrounding rocky bottoms. Seasonality had no effects and after 1 year of exposure the experimental communities converged towards a common structure. This study indicates that succession of subtidal epibenthic communities follows a slow and predictable pattern with a dominant late colonial species. In addition, aseasonal variability might be more relevant during colonization and succession in this upwelling ecosystem.     

The study of metabolic activities of marine zooplankton,with particular emphasis on the relationship to body size

This paper reviews the author's research on metabolic activities of marine zooplankton for which the Okada Prize of the Oceanographical Society of Japan was awarded in 1978. The term metabolic activities used here refers to various physiological rate processes of zooplankton, such as respiration, excretion, feeding and growth.On the basis of experimental data obtained by the author and other workers, it is emphasized that all these rates are power functions of the body weight of zooplankton. In other words, the weight specific rates (rates per unit body weight) increase with a decrease in body weight. The habitat temperature of zooplankton can also affect the level of these rates.The relationship between these rates and body weight established experimentally can be applied to the estimation of the total rates of a zooplankton community in the field, by knowing the size distribution of individual zooplankters. The feasibility of this method was tested with the zooplankton community in the Kuroshio region.Finally, the potential importance of microzooplankton in total zooplankton respiration was suggested, based on respiration rate data recently obtained in the author's laboratory.     

黄东海浮游生物群落呼吸率对碳平衡的重要性

黄东海接受长江冲淡水和黑潮带来的大量营养盐和有机物质,其碳循环对陆架海碳源汇格局至关重要.浮游生物群落呼吸是影响碳循环的重要过程.为揭示黄东海浮游生物群落呼吸率(PCR)对碳平衡的贡献,于2011年四季使用黑白瓶培养法测定黄海南部及东海北部浮游群落呼吸率和初级生产力,并同步测定温度、盐度、营养盐、叶绿素和细菌丰度等环境...     

Oysters thrive in the right environment: The social sustainability of oyster farming in the Eyre Peninsula,South Australia

This paper reports on a study of the oyster industry in the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, where oyster farming has become a significant component of the economy since the late 1980s. Whilst the environmental and economic impacts of this industry have been studied, there is a lack of research on the social impacts of oyster farming on the communities and the individuals who reside therein. The study extends a Five Capitals Framework (environmental, produced, social, institutional and human assets) for assessing rural sustainability by applying it to address the social impacts of the oyster industry in the Eyre Peninsula’s five principal oyster farming communities. The study combines quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, with triangulation of the data, to demonstrate that oyster farming has had a predominantly positive effect on the social fabric. More young people are staying in the communities because of the availability of oyster-related employment. This is generating more participation in local sporting teams alongside other benefits, including more government funding for infrastructure, better educational opportunities, increased community spirit, being ‘on the map’, global oyster sales and tourism, as well as economic growth. There are also more social network linkages, increased community pride, and strengthened social capital, though competition for employment from the state’s fast-growing mining sector may threaten the industry’s future. Success has been due to workers in the oyster industry as well as business owners and managers having long-term membership of the local community. The results have implications for future consideration of social factors as a key to success of this industry in small communities.     

Honey, I cooled the cods: Modelling the effect of temperature on the structure of Boreal/Arctic fish ecosystems

Historically colder regions of the North Atlantic had fisheries dominated by only a few fish species; principally cod and capelin. Possible population dynamic mechanisms that lead to such dominance are investigated by considering how a charmingly simple published multispecies model of the North Sea would react if the system operated at a lower temperature. The existing model equations were modified to describe temperature effects on growth, fecundity and recruitment and the model was rerun based on typical temperatures for the North Sea and a colder system. The results suggest that total fish biomass in the colder system increases but the community is more vulnerable to a given rate of fishing mortality. In the colder system, within species density dependence is reduced but relative predation rates are higher. Consequently, intermediate-sized species are vulnerable to relatively high levels of predation throughout their life history and tend to be excluded, leading to a system dominated by small and large species. The model helps to explain how temperature may govern coexistence and competitive exclusion in fish communities and accounts for the observed dominance of small and large species in Boreal/Arctic ecosystems.     

海南儋州海域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及动态变化研究

文章通过断面法调查分析了儋州海域海花岛沿岸、南华墟沿岸和磷枪石岛沿岸造礁石珊瑚的种类组成与群落分布，结果表明：儋州海域造礁石珊瑚共有12科25属55种，相较于此前的研究增加了10个种，优势种为斯氏角孔珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚、柱角孔珊瑚；活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率急剧下降，由2012年的42.92%下降至现在的22.24%，降幅高至48.18%；造礁石珊瑚死亡率高居不下，长期维持在35%左右；初级群落以团块状造礁石珊瑚为优势种的趋势愈发明显，且单一绝对优势种的情况频繁出现，说明该海域造礁石珊瑚群落受到了较为严重的破坏，导致群落退化演替，分析认为这种破坏是由自然因素和人为活动共同造成的。     

春季黄海微型浮游动物对不同粒径浮游植物的摄食速率研究

于2005年3月对黄海海域的7个站位应用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力。结果表明：实验期间,微型浮游动物生长速率范围在0．34～0．95d-1,浮游植物摄食速率范围在0．44～0．94d-1。微型浮游动物对浮游植物的现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力分别为47．76％～63．80％和61．50...