森林凋落物-土壤动物-土壤系统中营养元素含量关系及分异

根据对吉林省左家自然保护区同一坡面上不同地形部位的凋落物、土壤动物及土壤中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe 6种营养元素含量实测数据,研究了凋落物、土壤动物体内和土壤中的营养元素差异以及坡面上营养元素的纵向分异。结果表明,在较缓的丘陵坡面上,6种营养元素的纵向分异并不十分显著。土壤动物体内N、P、Ca含量明显高于凋落物和土壤,土壤中K、Mg、Fe元素含量则高于土壤动物和凋落物。坡面中部凋落物、土壤动物及土壤中N元素含量高于坡面两端,土壤中的P、K元素含量在坡体上部出现最大值,Mg、P元素纵向分布呈线性分布规律,Ca元素分布波动幅度较大,且呈非线性规律。凋落物、土壤动物和土壤中元素含量线性关系较强。凋落物和土壤动物体内元素的变异对土壤中元素含量变化的贡献率较大。     

古尔班通古特沙漠5种植物凋落物分解特征

为明确养分受限环境中凋落物的分解特征及调控因素,以古尔班通古特沙漠5种不同生活型植物粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、花花柴(Karelinia caspia)和小果白刺(Nitraria sibirica)为对象,利用分解网袋法,研究了典型植物各器官(叶、茎、根)凋落物的分解过程。结果表明:(1)不同生活型植物各器官凋落物的质量损失过程可以用负指数衰减模型较好地拟合(R²>0.70),经过629 d的分解,物种间及同一植物各器官间凋落物的分解速率存在显著差异,粗柄独尾草和尖喙牻牛儿苗的分解快于芦苇、花花柴和小果白刺,5种植物叶、根凋落物的分解快于茎,而叶和根分解的快慢具有明显的种间差异;(2)凋落物分解过程中N、P养分动态因物种、器官类型而异,5种植物茎凋落物呈现不同程度的养分固持,而粗柄独尾草和尖喙牻牛儿苗的叶、根表现为N、P养分的净释放;(3)初始化学组成对根、茎凋落物分解的影响比叶重要,其中,初始养分含量和难降解成分是限制根分解的主要因子。凋落物初始化学组成是预测温带荒漠凋落物分解的重要因素,而其重要性受植物生活型和器官类型的影响,因此,未来气候变化下,植物物种或植物生物量分配的变化所引起的凋落物质量改变,可能会对荒漠生态系统碳和养分循环产生较大影响。     

科尔沁沙地优势植物叶凋落物分解及碳矿化——凋落物质量的影响

凋落物矿化分解是维持生态系统养分循环的关键过程,也是陆地生态系统C向大气释放的主要动力,因此影响和控制生态系统凋落物矿化分解的主要因素一直备受关注。土地沙漠化是科尔沁沙地最严重的环境问题,并且导致土壤粗质化和贫瘠化,凋落物输入和矿化分解对于改善该地区土壤质地和养分状况至关重要。通过室内培养的方法,对科尔沁沙质草地27种主要植物叶凋落物矿化分解及其与凋落物C含量、N含量、木质素含量、C/N、木质素/N、极易分解有机物含量(LOMⅠ)、中易分解有机物含量(LOMⅡ)及难分解有机物含量(RP)等指标关系进行研究。结果表明:科尔沁沙地27种植物叶凋落物质量存在较大差异(P<0.001),相应的27种植物叶凋落物培养样品矿化有机碳总量和干物质损失量存在显著差异(P<0.001),分别在9.0 mg C·g^-1干土至12.7 mg C·g^-1干土和14.7%至40.4%之间变化。添加凋落物后培养样品的CO₂释放总量显著大于对照(不添加凋落物),说明土壤中添加凋落物后,培养样品的有机碳矿化速率明显增大。27种植物叶凋落物矿化有机碳总量以及损失干物质总量与凋落物的N含量、C/N、木质素/N、LOMⅠ、LOMⅡ和RP等指标存在显著的相关性,叶凋落物的矿化分解主要受LOMⅠ和木质素/N的影响。     

科尔沁沙地优势植物叶凋落物分解及碳矿化——凋落物质量的影响北大核心CSCD

凋落物矿化分解是维持生态系统养分循环的关键过程,也是陆地生态系统C向大气释放的主要动力,因此影响和控制生态系统凋落物矿化分解的主要因素一直备受关注。土地沙漠化是科尔沁沙地最严重的环境问题,并且导致土壤粗质化和贫瘠化,凋落物输入和矿化分解对于改善该地区土壤质地和养分状况至关重要。通过室内培养的方法,对科尔沁沙质草地27种主要植物叶凋落物矿化分解及其与凋落物C含量、N含量、木质素含量、C/N、木质素/N、极易分解有机物含量(LOMⅠ)、中易分解有机物含量(LOMⅡ)及难分解有机物含量(RP)等指标关系进行研究。结果表明:科尔沁沙地27种植物叶凋落物质量存在较大差异(P<0.001),相应的27种植物叶凋落物培养样品矿化有机碳总量和干物质损失量存在显著差异(P<0.001),分别在9.0mg C·g^(-1)干土至12.7mg C·g^(-1)干土和14.7%至40.4%之间变化。添加凋落物后培养样品的CO2释放总量显著大于对照(不添加凋落物),说明土壤中添加凋落物后,培养样品的有机碳矿化速率明显增大。27种植物叶凋落物矿化有机碳总量以及损失干物质总量与凋落物的N含量、C/N、木质素/N、LOMⅠ、LOMⅡ和RP等指标存在显著的相关性,叶凋落物的矿化分解主要受LOMⅠ和木质素/N的影响。     

Fe、Mn、Cu在锡林河流域温带草原植被中的含量特征

本文研究了Fe、Mn、Cu三个同周期的植物营养元素在内蒙古锡林河流域三个主要草原群落植被中的含量特征,研究表明:三个元素在凋落物及根系中的含量较高,在立枯中较低,在活体中最低;沿降水、气温和海拔梯度,活体、凋落物中的含量按贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原、大针茅草原递减,Cu例外,在植物生长末期是递增的;立枯中的元素含量在生长初期递增,在后期递减,Cu也例外,初期和后期都是递增的;在植物系统各组成部分中,生长初期三个元素的含量要高于生长后期;地上部植物体分解程度越高,三个元素的含量也越高;Cu强烈富集于根系中;土壤及降水分别是影响植物元素含量及植物分解的重要因子;三个元素在各草原群落地上部活体中的含量都能够满足牲畜的需要。     

杉木与楠木凋落叶混合分解及其P、K动态

将杉木、楠木凋落叶及以二者不同比例混合的凋落叶置于果园林内进行分解和P、K动态的研究,结果表明：杉木和楠木凋落叶混合处理的分解速率均大于单独分解的纯杉木和纯楠木凋落叶.各凋落叶分解过程中,P浓度略有增加,而K浓度基本呈下降趋势.纯杉木凋落叶分解过程中P、K残留率均比纯楠木叶的低.杉楠混合分解的P、K释放率基本上大于单独的纯楠木叶.杉木与楠木凋落叶混合分解对其P和K的释放有一定的促进作用.     

川西亚高山生态系统三种典型植物凋落物分解动态特征

植物凋落物是高山生态系统重要的养分存储库,凋落物的分解在高山生态系统生物地球化学循环中具有重要作用。本研究采用凋落物分解袋法,分析了贡嘎山亚高山暗针叶林和高山灌丛中赤茎藓(Pleurozium schreberi)、峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)和杜鹃(Rhododendron williamsianum)三种植物凋落物的分解速率和养分释放动态及差异。结果表明:1)经三年分解后,无论是暗针叶林还是高山灌丛,杜鹃凋落物分解率均最高;峨眉冷杉凋落物分解率在暗针叶林略高于赤茎藓凋落物,但在高山灌丛和赤茎藓无显著差异;2)三种植物凋落物的分解动态均能用Olson经典指数模型拟合;3)分解三年后,三种凋落物碳(C)含量下降了5.66%~14.58%;氮(N)含量增加了6.46%~42.10%;峨眉冷杉和杜鹃凋落物磷(P)含量增高,赤茎藓凋落物中P含量降低。     

科尔沁沙地30种植物叶凋落物CO2释放量及释放速率的研究

 采用可以有效控制环境因子的室内土壤培养试验，初步研究了科尔沁沙地30种植物叶凋落物的CO₂释放量及释放速率。结果表明：①在28 d培养期内，不同植物叶凋落物释放的CO₂量差异很大，其中，多年生植物叶凋落物CO₂释放量平均值大于一年生植物，但二者之间的差异不显著；禾本科植物叶凋落物CO₂释放量平均值明显小于其他植物，二者之间呈显著差异。②在28 d培养期内，不同植物叶凋落物每四天CO₂释放速率差异很大。一年生与多年生植物叶凋落物28 d内每四天释放CO₂的速率无显著差异；禾本科与其他植物叶凋落物每四天释放CO₂的速率在培养的前16 d差异呈显著，而后差异消失。③植物叶凋落物的全碳含量，氮含量，C／N，灰分/N及灰分含量不同造成CO₂释放量及释放速率的差异。叶凋落物28 d释放CO₂的量与叶凋落物初始碳含量及灰分含量均无相关关系，与叶凋落物初始氮含量呈显著正相关，与叶凋落物C／N及灰分／N呈显著负相关。叶凋落物培养期内每四天释放CO₂的速率与叶凋落物初始碳含量无相关关系；叶凋落物0\_20天释放CO₂的速率与叶凋落物初始氮含量呈显著正相关，与叶凋落物C／N呈显著负相关；叶凋落物9\_28天CO₂释放速率与灰分／N呈显著负相关；培养后期（17\_28天）的CO₂释放速率与灰分含量呈显著负相关。     

塔里木盆地盐生和干旱生境柽柳(Tamarix)凋落物分解特征

以塔里木盆地柽柳（Tamarix）凋落物为研究对象，应用凋落袋法，揭示其在盐生（H₁）和干旱（H₂）生境中分解差异性及主要制约因子。结果表明：（1）经720 d分解，H₁、H₂生境中柽柳凋落物残留率分别为83.50%、53.73%，两种生境下凋落物残留率差异极显著（P < 0.01）。（2）在H₁、H₂生境中，柽柳凋落物分解系数分别为0.082、0.320，分解50%所需时间分别为9.40、2.17 a，分解95%所需时间分别为40.62、9.36 a。（3） C元素在H₁中富集-释放交替进行，在H₂中为单一的富集-释放；N元素在H₁中表现出累积-释放交替模式，在H₂中表现出相反的变化趋势；P元素在0~360 d分解时间段均呈逐渐释放过程，而在第360~720 d，H₁呈逐渐累积过程，H₂呈累积-释放模式。木质素呈现逐渐释放模式，纤维素释放模式富集-释放交替进行。经720 d分解，C、N、P、木质素、纤维素残留率在两种生境中均存在极显著差异（P < 0.01）。（4）微生境变化对凋落物分解制约因素并不相同，盐生生境下土壤Na⁺含量是制约凋落物分解的主要因子，而干旱生境下残留量、土壤Mg²⁺、凋落物全磷含量起主导作用。     

物种和低剂量氮添加对呼伦贝尔草甸草原三种主要优势种凋落物分解的影响

人类活动导致的大气氮沉降也许已经改变了凋落物分解速率和物种组成,从而影响生态系统氮循环和碳储量。本文在呼伦贝尔草甸草原,采用凋落物袋的方法,结合低剂量氮添加处理实验（对照：无氮添加;低氮处理：1gNm^-2y^-1;高氮处理：2gNm^-2Y^-1）,研究了在28个月的分解实验期间,氮沉降对三种优势种地上部凋落物分解剩余重量变化的影响。结果表明：在我们的研究中,无论高氮还是低氮添加均对单物种凋落物分解没有影响,但是低氮添加轻微地抑制了混合凋落物分解。凋落物分解明显地受到物种类型的影响。我们的结果说明,初始凋落物质量可能是凋落物分解的主要决定因素,自然生态系统中低剂量的氮沉降并不会影响单物种凋落物的分解。     

Impact of litter quality and soil nutrient availability on leaf decomposition rate in a semi-arid grassland of Northeast China

It was hypothesized that litter with higher N concentration would decompose faster than that with lower N concentration and that increased soil nutrient availability would stimulate litter decomposition. To examine the interspecific differences in decomposition rate of leaf litter in relation with differences in litter chemistry and soil nutrient availability, senescent leaves of four species Pennisetum flaccidum, Artemisia scoparia, Chenopodium acuminatum and Cannabis sativa, and soil samples with different fertilization treatments (no fertilization, N, P, and N + P fertilizations, respectively) were collected from a sandy grassland in Northeast China and incubated under laboratory conditions. The decomposition rate of leaf litter was determined by measuring the CO₂ emission during decomposition of litter. We found remarkable interspecific differences in leaf decomposition rates. Moreover, rates of litter decomposition at different incubation stages were correlated with different litter quality indices. The rate of litter decomposition was positively correlated with initial litter N concentration in the initial stage of the incubation, whereas it was negatively correlated with litter N and P concentrations in the late stage. Responses of litter decomposition to soil nutrient availability differed among species. Our results suggest that both indirect changes in litter quality through shifts of species composition/dominance and direct changes in soil nutrient availability under nutrient addition conditions could affect litter decomposition and consequently C and nutrient cycling of grassland ecosystems.     

草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响--以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

Both land use/land cover change (LUCC) and the effects of nutrients cycles on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity are key environmental problems in the 21st century (Yang etal., 2002; Li, 1996; Bai and Bai, 1998). Land cover change is the accumulated result of land use, which includes three types, i.e., deterioration, transition and amelioration of land cover (Cai, 2001). The nutrient cycle is the main functional process to maintain stability and production of an ecosystem. Land cover …     

Effects of grassland amelioration on terrestrial ecosystem nutrients:a case study in Jianou Niukenglong Grassland Ecosystem Experimental Station, Fujian Province

This paper studies the effects of land cover changes on distributions and circulations of nutrients in a terrestrial ecosystem, taking Jianou Niukenglong Grassland Ecosystem Experimental Station as a case study. During a two year experiment from 1994 to 1996, the land cover types were changed from desert slopeland to grasslands, in particular, Chamaecrista rotundifolia(pers) green + Pasalum thunbergii and Glycine max var. + Pasalum thunbergii. In order to study land cover change effects on nutrients in the terrestrial ecosystem, we selected organic materials (OMs), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and aluminum (Al) to study their changes in total soil nutrient concentrations, nutrient reserves in soil, distributions and reservations of nutrients in distinct grassland communities and overall nutrient contents reserved in terrestrial ecosystem, and their circulation with land cover change. The experimental results indicate that with the increase of vegetation coverage, the total concentrations of N, P and K grow rapidly in the soil, but that of Al decreases markedly. The increases of the total concentrations of N, P and K were mainly the consequences of changes of the factors that affect soil evolution, e.g., soil moisture, and changes of soil evolution processes, e.g., weathering rate and the decrease of soil erosion. These changes were caused by land coverage growth from desert slopeland to grassland. With the change of the land cover types and the increase of land coverage, the activity of Al accelerated as well, and the vertical penetration and lateral penetration of Al have been increased. Therefore, the loss of Al within the experimental terrestrial ecosystem was inevitable, and the total concentration and reserve of Al in soil have become smaller and smaller, in spite of the growth of grass absorbing some amounts of Al. The Al reserve has increased in vegetation, but it has declined in total terrestrial ecosystem. Land cover change also affects the circulations of nutrients in the terrestrial ecosystem and for the purpose of study on nutrient circulations, we choose to study plant absorption, litter and reservation of nutrients to establish an index to indicate the situations of nutrient circulations within terrestrial ecosystems. The results indicate that in the two land cover types (two grassland ecosystems), the sequence of nutrient circulation indices are N > K > P > Al in Chamaecrista rotundifolia(pers) green + Pasalum thunbergii and P > N > K > Al in Glycine max var. + Pasalum thunbergii. On the basis of the study, we can conclude that land cover change affects both distributions and circulations in the terrestrial ecosystem, and that different changes have distinct influences on distributions and circulations. Some nutrients were affected differently in some contents.     

沉积强度及氮养分改变对闽江河口短叶茳芏残体短期分解与养分释放的影响

互花米草入侵过程中较强的促淤作用可导致湿地沉积环境和养分状况发生明显变化。2017年4月,选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩西北部受互花米草入侵影响的短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位沉积及养分改变模拟试验,设置无沉积强度（S₀,0 cm·a^-1）、当前沉积强度（S₅,5 cm·a^-1,氮养分水平为沉积物自然氮背景值）以及当前沉积强度+氮养分倍增（S_5N,5 cm·a^-1,氮养分水平为沉积物氮背景值的两倍）三种处理,探讨沉积强度及氮养分改变对短叶茳芏残体短期分解（30 d）与养分释放的影响。结果表明,不同处理下残体的分解速率表现为S₀（0.017207 d^-1）> S_5N（0.012166 d^-1）>S₅（0.011478 d^-1）。与S₀相比,S₅和S_5N的分解速率分别降低了33.29%和29.30%,说明沉积作用抑制了残体分解,但氮养分倍增又使得抑制程度得到一定缓解。沉积增强导致残体的TC含量增加,而TN、TP和TS含量降低;相同沉积强度下,氮养分倍增对TN、TS含量变化的影响最为明显。不同处理下残体的C、N、P和S在分解初期均表现为不同程度地净释放,沉积作用降低了残体的C释放,但增加了N、P养分释放;相同沉积强度下,氮养分倍增对残体C释放的影响不大,但降低了N、P养分释放。尽管残体质量损失均是影响不同处理下残体分解初期养分变化的共性因素,但沉积及氮养分变化对残体基质质量的改变是导致残体中养分含量及释放强度存在差异的重要原因。研究发现,互花米草促淤导致的沉积增强使得短叶茳芏残体在分解初期释放的较多N、P养分在很大程度上可能被互花米草所利用,进而在一定程度上可增强其入侵能力;但在氮养分增加条件下,互花米草可能优先利用分解环境中的氮养分来增强其入侵优势。     

黄土丘陵区典型退耕恢复植被土壤生态化学计量特征

为探究不同植被土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征及其影响因素,以黄土丘陵区油松、刺槐、沙棘和草地4种典型退耕恢复植被0~100 cm土壤为研究对象,分析不同植被土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、全磷（STP）含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明：（1） 不同恢复植被对土壤养分含量有显著影响,刺槐的SOC、STN最高,油松的SOC、STN最低,STP表现为草地>刺槐>油松>沙棘。（2） 不同恢复植被土壤养分具有“表聚性”,随土层深度增加,SOC和STN含量呈下降趋势,而STP的变异性较弱。特别是刺槐的SOC和STN在60~100 cm呈增加趋势。（3） 不同恢复植被土壤SOC:STN（C:N）、SOC:STP（C:P）差异不显著（P>0.05）,刺槐的土壤STN:STP（N:P）显著高于其他植被类型（P<0.05）,土壤C:N、C:P、N:P均低于全球及全国平均水平,研究区有机质的分解速率较快,P的有效性高,植被生长主要受N元素限制。（4） 研究区土壤C:N、C:P和N:P主要受SOC和STN影响;土壤养分与土壤含水量（SWC）和土壤容重（BD）呈负相关,与土壤粉粒（slit）和黏粒（clay）含量呈正相关,STP对土壤细颗粒的响应强度大于SOC和STN。研究区土壤化学计量在不同退耕恢复植被间差异显著,其中刺槐的土壤养分含量较其他植被类型更好,可为该地区植被恢复工作进一步开展提供参考。     

土地利用方式对西藏东部河谷山地土壤肥力性质的影响

通过现场调查取样和室内理化分析,研究了西藏东部主要河谷地区不同土地利用方式下土壤肥力性质及其随土地利用方式变化的机制。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质有明显的差异,耕地和裸地土壤砂粒含量高于其他利用方式,本区域土壤砂质特征明显;受有机质积累影响,乔木林地、灌丛地土壤具有相对较高N素养分;受施肥等因素影响,农耕地土壤具有相对较高P、K养分;在所有利用方式中,裸地土壤尽管具有相对较高的粉粒含量,但所有养分指标均最低,显著低于林地土壤。总之,对于西藏脆弱生境而言,耕作使得有机质更易于消耗。由于有机质与植被之间存在明显互相促进的作用,因此维持土壤有机质平衡对于恢复植被、保护青藏高原东缘生态屏障具有重要的意义。     

吉林省西部草地土壤的化学元素含量及其特征研究

对吉林省西部草地土壤化学元素含量研究表明，吉林省西部草地土壤中富钾少磷；钙、镁含量丰富；硼、铜、铁、锰含量在剖面上表现为向下增加；土壤中氮、磷、钾、钙、铜含量随草地退化程度的加深而减少；土壤中硅、钠含量丰富，显示出较强的沙化、盐碱化趋势，其含量随草地退化程度的加深而增加，钴含量随草地退化程度加深而降低；钡含量随草地退化程度的加深有增加的趋势；而稀土元素总量低于土壤背景值，并随着草地退化程度的加深其含量有减少的趋势。     

Effects of Enclosure on Plant and Soil Nutrients in Different Types of Alpine Grassland

Enclosure is one of the most widely used management tools for degraded alpine grassland on the northern Tibetan Plateau, but the responses of different types of grassland to enclosure may vary, and research on these responses can provide a scientific basis for improving ecological conservation. This study took one site for each of three grassland types (alpine meadow, alpine steppe and alpine desert) on the northern Tibetan Plateau as examples, and explored the effects of enclosure on plant and soil nutrients by comparing differences in plant community biomass, leaf-soil nutrient content and their stoichiometry between samples from inside and outside the fence. The results showed that enclosure can significantly increase all aboveground biomass in these three grassland types, but it only increased the 10-20 cm underground biomass in the alpine desert. Enclosure also significantly increased the leaf nutrient content of the dominant plants and contents of total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K), and organic carbon (C) in 10-20 cm soil in alpine desert, thus changing the stoichiometry between C, N and P (phosphorus). However, enclosure significantly increased only the N content of dominant plant leaves in alpine steppe, while other nutrients and stoichiometries of both plant leaves and soil did not show significant differences in alpine meadow and alpine steppe. These results suggested that enclosure has differential effects on these three types of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau, and the alpine desert showed the most active ecological conservation in the responses of its soil and plant nutrients.