对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的稳定性的初探

光纤光栅作为新型传感元件,因为其具有抗电磁干扰和分布式测量等电学传感器无法比拟的优点,正在被广泛的研究.为了实现替代现有的高精度电学温度传感器的目的,可以尝试利用光纤光栅对温度和应变共同敏感的特性,制作高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器.尽管已经出现了对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的报到,但是,很少有针对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器稳定性的研究.在实验室环境下,我们对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的稳定性进行了测试.我们制作了一款高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器,将其与普通光纤光栅温度传感器和电学石英温度传感器共同置于盛满水的不锈钢容器中,观测室温变化.通过对它们两周的观测结果进行对比,我们发现:尽管与普通光纤光栅温度传感器的结果相比,高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的观测结果与石英温度传感器的结果更一致;但是,高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器出现了微小漂移.因为该漂移出现在进一步拉伸光纤光栅的过程中,所以它很可能是由于光纤光栅的固定点出现了微小滑动造成的.这为光纤光栅在高精度温度测量领域的应用作了有益尝试.     

光纤传感技术未来地震监测的发展方向

利用光纤传感器进行地震前兆观测是一种独具优势的地震监测新手段。 光纤传感器具有高精度、 抗电磁干扰、 不存在零漂、 易于组网以及适于长距离传输等一系列独特优势, 可以解决地震前兆观测中电学测量仪器存在的固有问题。 介绍了几类常用光纤传感器的工作原理及特点, 综述了光纤传感器在地壳形变观测和地震波探测两个应用领域国内外的研究进展, 并指出了目前需要解决的问题。 研制了一套基于光纤传感器的钻孔应变、 地震波和地温同时测量的多参量钻孔综合地震观测设备, 现场实验表明, 该光纤综合钻孔地震观测设备适应地震前兆观测中对抗环境干扰能力、 测量精度、 稳定性等方面的性能要求, 具有较好的应用前景。     

光纤光栅传感器用于高精度应变测量研究

利用光纤光栅对温度和应力应变的敏感效应制成的传感器可以将温度、压力、应力、应变等物理量转换成光学量（波长）,由此所构成的测量系统具有极高的稳定性,不存在零点漂移,抗干扰能力强等一系列优点.不足的是光纤光栅传感器本身灵敏度不够高,在许多场合其测量分辨率不能满足要求,特别是作为地震前兆观测的主要测量手段——应力应变测量精度要求较高.本文提出一种技术思路,即通过增敏装置来提高系统测量分辨率,理论上可以将应力应变的测量分辨率提高到10-9至10-10量级,可以满足高精度应力应变测量的指标要求.     

光纤传感技术——独具优势的地震监测新手段

利用光纤传感器进行地震前兆观测是一种独具优势的地震监测新手段.光纤传感器具有高精度、抗电磁干扰、不存在零漂问题、易于组网以及适于长距离传输等一系列独特优势,可以解决地震前兆观测中电学测量仪器存在的固有问题.介绍了几类常用光纤传感器的工作原理及特点,综述了光纤传感器在地壳形变观测和地震波探测两个应用领域国内外的研究进展,并指出了目前需要解决的问题.     

一种光纤光栅倾角传感器的试验研究

设计了一种新型的光纤光栅倾角传感器。本设计将简单可靠的金属悬臂梁结构与高灵敏度的光纤布拉格光栅相结合,考虑了光纤布拉格光栅的温度补偿及灵敏度,从而保证其整体耐久性较好、测量精度较高。将该倾角传感器与光纤光栅解调仪组成监测系统,同时利用无线电容式倾角仪对其灵敏度进行标定,取得了良好的线性数据,证明该倾角传感器性能良好。     

SZW-1型数字式钻孔温度计

地震前,泉水、井水的温度变化已有较多报道。有人曾用热敏电阻或铂电阻温度传感器进行地热前兆观测,方法虽简便,但是灵敏度低,稳定性不够好。 我们于1982年研制成功了以石英晶体做测温传感器的SZW-1型数字式钻孔温度计,下面对该温度计的原理作一简单介绍。     

基于光纤激光地震计的钻孔地震监测

钻孔地震观测能够减少地面噪声的影响,是地震前兆观测的一种有效方法.然而,随着钻井深度的增加,温度、压力不断增高,现有电学传感器暴露出了一系列问题,主要包括:散热问题、防水密封问题、长距离信号传输问题、怕雷击问题等.光纤传感器是利用光纤进行传感和传输的新一代传感器,具有耐高温高压、信号可长距离传输、防雷击、抗电磁干扰等优点,近年来获得了广泛的研究和关注.     

光纤传感器在水文地球化学地震前兆观测中的应用及其前景

地震科学面临步入中年的考验，观测技术的革新和进步可能是地震科学焕发青春的途径之一。光纤传感器具有本质安全，电绝缘性好、便于连网、易于实现远程和在线测量等一系列优点。光纤传感器完全可以解决目前地震水文地球化学数字化观测和活断层监测中的诸多不足，它能够提供更加准确和可靠的数据。光纤的应用，使得远程和地下深部测量成为可能，并且多个测项可以复用同一条光纤。光纤传感器在地震前兆观测中具有广泛的应用前景。     

TDT-25型地温传感器的设计

介绍了专用于地震前兆观测的TDT—25型地温传感器的设计原理及其各个功能模块的工作原理。文章还给出了该地温传感器的测试结果和应用图例，证明该传感器完全满足地震前兆观测的需要。     

地电观测专用高精度数据采集器研制

针对地震地电前兆观测,研制基于ARM9平台和32位模数转换器ADS1281的地电观测高精度数据采集系统,实现了高精度和低噪声采样.本文给出地电观测高精度数据采集系统的硬件设计、软件实现和系统指标测试结果.该系统采样率可设置为1次/s至100次/s,1至6通道任意配置,通信协议符合中国地震局地震前兆台网专用设备网络通信规程,可以满足地震地电传感器信号采集和网络接入需求.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.