3C390.3的弱秒差距尺度喷流及其变化

通过对射电星系３Ｃ３９０．３在历元１９８９．２９及６ｃｍ波长的ＶＬＢＩ观测数据的多软件包成象，辨认出其弱秒差距尺度喷流中几个分离的节，将它们和以前发表及未发表的同一波长的成象结果比较，显示了该源弱秒差距尺度喷流的弯曲和反喷流，并重新证认了喷流中节的视超光速运动。     

类星体4C39.25的MERLIN图象:角秒尺度上的单边喷流

长时间以来被看作是典型致密双源之一的类星体４Ｃ３９．２５,其主要成分显示坦谱,且具有特殊的视超光速结构变化。根据在１８厘米波长新的ＶＬＢＩ及ＭＥＲＬＩＮ观测,可以认为该源是一个核－喷流类星体．喷流在毫角秒尺度上旋转了大约９０度,并是终向７９度的方向角延伸,喷流中包含了几个“节”及在其终点的一个热斑。预期在更高频率的亚毫角秒观测可以证实这样的结构,并对其核本身在１８厘米,甚至６厘米波长都几乎是不可见的作出解释．     

类星体4C39.25的MERLIN图象：角秒尺度上的单边喷流

长时间以来被看作是典型致密双源之一的类星体４Ｃ ３９．２５,其主要成分显示坦谱,且具有特殊的视超光速结构变化,根据在１８厘米波长新的ＶＬＢＩ及ＭＥＲＬＩＮ观测,可以认为该源是一个核－喷流类星体。喷流在毫角秒尺度上旋转了大约９０度,并最终向７９度的方向角延伸,喷流中包含了几个“节”及在其终点的一个热斑。预期在更高频率的亚毫角秒观测可以证实这样的结构,并对其核本身在１８厘米,甚至６厘米波长都几乎是不可     

百秒差距尺度上的4C39.25

通过主要在短厘米波长的全球ＶＬＢＩ观测，已经现强射电类星体４Ｃ３９．２５在十秒差距尺度结构中的视超光速运动，其运动学图景表明该源是一个很特殊的视超光速源，近几年已提出了若干模型，试图解释这特殊的运动图景，报道不多的百秒差距尺度的ＶＬＢＩ观测，很可能有助于检验提出的模型，本文介绍用欧洲网及上海２５ｍ天线，在１８ｃｍ波长对４Ｃ３９．２５所作的ＶＬＢＩ成象观测的初步结果，显示秒差距尺度复杂结构及可能存在     

百秒差距尺度上的4C39.25

通过主要在短厘米波长的全球VLBI观测,已经发现强射电类星体4C39.25在十秒差距尺度结构中的视超光速运动,其运动学图景表明该源是一个很特殊的视超光速源.近几年已提出了若干模型,试图解释这特殊的运动图景.报道不多的百秒差距尺度的VLBI观测,很可能有助于检验提出的模型.本文介绍用欧洲网及上海25m天线,在18cm波长对4C39.25所作的VLBI 成象观测的初步结果,显示百秒差距尺度复杂结构及可能存在的视超光速运动.     

类星体3C286结构中的谱指数分布

由５ＧＨｚ和１．６６ＧＨｚ的ＶＬＢＩ全球阵观测，我们获得类星体３Ｃ２８６在该两频率上的高动态范围的毫角秒尺度的图像和谱指数在结构中的分布状况。从谱指数，我们无法判断该源中央两个子源中哪一个真正的核。我们排队３Ｃ２８６的结构是由引力透镜所形成的像的可能性。也许在该源的中央存在两个黑洞，即两个中央“引擎”，每一个有它自己的、向不同方向延伸的喷流。     

在6厘米波长对类星体3C454.3的九站VLBI观测

3C454.3是近几年引起广泛注意的一个强活动射电类星体,它有毫角秒尺度的核——喷流结构,其核在1981年的一次流量密度大爆发之后,显示出“超光速增亮”现象,在6厘米波长,用包括欧洲、美国及南非的9个射电望远镜,于1983年10月对3C454.3进行了甚长基线干涉网观测。观测结果除了证实其核——喷流结构,显示了从毫角秒到角秒尺度上该类星体结构的系统弯曲外,还清楚地揭示了“超光速增亮”所预期的,在1981年8月到1983年1月期间,核的超光速膨胀现象。     

具有哈勃流的相对论抛射运动学.(Ⅲ)求出超光速源反喷流可观测波长和寻找类星体的蓝移谱线(英文)

在求解类星体的喷流和反喷流的问题时,必须考虑哈勃流所起的作用．超光速反喷流的观测波长应是λｃｊ＝（δ／δ′）λｏｂ,这里δ和δ′分别是正喷流和反喷流的多普勒因子,λｏｂ是正喷流的观测波长．由于多普勒因子的作用,（δ／δ′）值是较大的,对于大多数超光速源可大到两个数量级,远远超出一般ＶＬＢＩ的观测波长范围．不过,也有些超光速的（δ／δ′）值小于１０,足以观测它们的反喷流．因为反喷流的波长值主要由哈勃流常数Ｈ０所决定,一旦测定反喷流观测波长,即可反过来估计Ｈ０的值．本文提出寻找类星体蓝移谱线的方法,这些类星体以高速向视线方向抛射物质而形成吸收线．我们在文献中找到１８条可能的蓝移谱线．     

由对FRⅡ射电星系的X射线观测试预言射电噪活动星系核的X射线喷流

在早期的文章中，基于耀变体（Blazar)的知识，我们预言了在射电噪活动星系核（AGN）中心10kpc范围内X射线喷流的存在。钱得拉（Chandra)卫星最近对低功率射电星系的X射线观测与我们的预言相一致。在本文中我们研究了kpc尺度喷流中的电子加速，并建议通过对强的FRⅡ射电星系中所预言的X射线喷流的钱得拉卫星的X射线的观测，来研究红的耀变体中的康普顿冷却以及在内部致密喷流和大尺度延伸喷流间环境的不同。以上的研究可以进一步检验我们的关于射电噪活动星系核中kpc尺度X射线喷流的模型。     

由束流不稳定性直接放大电磁波的弱磁化修正

本文在文［３］的基础上，考虑背景电磁波色散方程的弱磁化修正，在１＜ωｐｅ／Ωｅ＜１０的范围内（主委适用于太阳高日冕、行星际空间及星系射电喷流等），计算了由束流不稳定性直接放大正常模和反常模的增长率。增长率随着频率、ωｐｅ／Ωｅ、电磁波传播角以及非热电子入射角等参数的变化规律，和忽略磁场时的结果与文［３］大体相同，但是反常模的增长，则随着ωｐｅ／Ωｅ的增大而受到明显的抑制，因而在本文参数范围内，束流不稳定性所放大的电磁波以正常模为主，可以解释太阳ＩＩＩ型爆发和星系射电喷流的偏振性质。     

3D numerical simulations of a radiative Herbig–Haro jet in a supersonic side wind

We have performed 3D numerical simulations of an over-pressurized Herbig–Haro-type jet which propagates into a sidestreaming environment. The interaction between the jet and the sidewind results in a perpendicular acceleration of the jet material, and a consequent curvature of the jet as it moves into the anisotropic medium. We find that an approximately steady configuration is achieved both for a sidewind that is perpendicular to the jet and for a sidewind inclined at 45° towards the jet source. The curvature obtained in both these models is consistent with analytic models of the jet/sidewind problem.   We have also calculated Hα maps, which show an emitting sheath around the upwind (with respect to the sidewind) side of the jet beam. This emitting sheath may explain part of the observed emission from curved stellar jets.     

First observations with the 64-m Kalyazin telescope included in a ground-based—space interferometer: The quasar 3C 147

The 64-m radio telescope equipped with an S-2 recording system in the town of Kalyazin was involved in an international fine-structure survey of quasars and active galactic nuclei carried out with a ground-based—space radio interferometer. The HALCA Japanese satellite in an orbit with an altitude of up to 24 000 km with an 8-m antenna was used as a space element of the interferometer. A radio image of the inner region of the CSS-type quasar 3C 147 was obtained with an angular resolution of ～0.3 mas at 6 cm. The image exhibits a core and several jet components mostly arranged in the main jet direction, but one of the components moves across the jet. No evidence was found for the superluminal separation of jet components. The estimated brightness temperature,～10¹¹ K, is consistent with the theoretical limit imposed by synchro-Compton radiation.     

Hydromagnetic stability of a plasma jet

The hydromagnetic stability of a planar jet moving in an external magnetized plasma is investigated assuming the fluids to be infinitely conducting, compressible plasmas and allowing for different magnetic field strengths and their different relative orientation within and outside the jet. Numerical results on growth rates of unstable modes are obtained both for kink and sausage perturbations for an incompressible jet, as also for a compressible jet in the limit of the wide and slender jet approximations.     

VSOP polarization observations of the BL Lacertae object OJ 287

VLBI total intensity and linear polarization images of the BL Lacertae object OJ 287 have been obtained at     using a global ground array and the HALCA orbiting antenna, and at     two weeks earlier using the VLBA. In the ground-based 6-cm images, the source is dominated by a core–jet double structure the components of which are essentially unresolved. The baselines to the orbiting antenna resolve both of these compact components. In the VSOP images, the ground-based 'core' breaks up into several distinct components, demonstrating that this region is dominated by the contribution of bright, optically thin knots of jet emission. A very similar structure is observed in the 1.3-cm image. The magnetic field in the core is transverse, becomes longitudinal in the inner jet, then makes a sharp transition to a region of transverse field further from the core. This suggests that the field in the outer jet has become highly ordered in the transverse direction owing to the action of a shock; the physical nature of the extended region of longitudinal field closer to the core is not clear. The availability of nearly simultaneous observations with comparable resolution at widely spaced frequencies enabled detection of a ≃90° rotation in polarization position angle for the core, owing to the transition from the optically thick (6 cm) to the optically thin (1.3 cm) regime.     

The λ=6 cm VLBI polarization structure of nine BL Lacertae objects

VLBI total intensity ( I ) and linear polarization ( P ) images at λ =6 cm have been obtained for nine radio-bright BL Lacertae objects. These are the first VLBI P images for these sources, and, in a number of cases, the first I images as well. They confirm the previously noted tendency for the jet magnetic fields of BL Lacertae objects to be transverse to the local jet direction, but also provide new evidence that a sizeable minority of BL Lacertae objects have VLBI jet components with longitudinal magnetic fields. In addition, two sources have VLBI jet components in which the direction of the electric vector χ bears no obvious relation to the apparent local jet direction; the origin of these arbitrary χ offsets is unclear. A new tentative superluminal speed of β =6.3  h ⁻¹ has been determined for 0828+493; tentative speeds for two knots in 1418+546 are β =4.3 and 2.5  h ⁻¹. This work is part of an ongoing programme to determine the VLBI I and P structure of all 34 sources in the 1-Jy sample of northern BL Lacertae objects defined by Kühr & Schmidt.     

Stability of an anisotropic plasma jet

The instability arising in a slab model of a jet moving in an external plasma is investigated, assuming the plasmas to be governed by the Chew, Goldberger, and Low (CGL) equations. Numerical results on the growth rates of unstable modes are obtained both for symmetric and asymmetric perturbations for equal aligned and transverse fields in wide and slender jet approximations. Special cases of an incompressible jet moving in a static CGL plasma and of a CGL plasma jet moving in an incompressible environment are also considered and conditions of instability derived.     

The infrared jet in 3C 66B

We present images of infrared (IR) emission from the radio jet in 3C 66B. Data at three wavelengths (4.5, 6.75 and 14.5 μm) were obtained using the Infrared Space Observatory . The 6.75-μm image clearly shows an extension aligned with the radio structure. The jet was also detected in the 14.5-μm image, but not at 4.5 μm. The radio–infrared–optical spectrum of the jet can be interpreted as synchrotron emission from a population of electrons with a high-energy break of 4×10¹¹ eV. We place upper limits on the IR flux from the radio counter-jet. A symmetrical, relativistically beamed twin-jet structure is consistent with our results if the jets consist of multiple components.     

Evidence for parsec-scale absorption from VSOP observations of the BL Lacertae object 0735+178

VLBI total intensity and linear polarization images of the BL Lacertae object 0735+178 have been obtained at     using the     VLA as a ground array together with the HALCA orbiting antenna, and at     about a month later using the VLBA. The most surprising result to come from a comparison of these two images, which have nearly equivalent resolution, is that the path of the jet appears to be appreciably different at the two wavelengths. We have interpreted this as evidence for free–free absorption to the east of the core, near a bend of about 90° in the 2-cm image where the emission is very weak in the 6-cm image. Overall, the polarization structures seen in corresponding regions at the two wavelengths are in good agreement. We find tentative evidence for enhanced rotation measures near two sharp bends in the VLBI jet.     

Infrared emission from P/Halley's dust coma during March 1986

2 to 20 micrometers photometry of the inner dust coma of comet Halley was obtained at the NASA IRTF on Mar 6.85, 12.8, 13.75, 17.7, and 24.8. Positions offset 10" were measured as well as the central brightness. The strength of the 10 micrometers emission feature was observed to vary with location in the coma. The infrared emission is in general agreement with the dust size distribution measured from the Vega and Giotto spacecraft. Mar 6.8, 17.7, and 24.8 corresponded to strong dust jet activity. The strength of the 10 micrometers silicate emission is shown to be a sensitive indicator of grain size and thus of jet activity. Dust production rate on March 13.75, 6 h before Giotto encounter, was approximately 10(7) gm s-1.     

Hydrodynamics of hypersonic jets: experiments and numerical simulations

Stars form in regions of the galaxy that are denser and cooler than the mean interstellar medium. These regions are called Giant Molecular Clouds. At the beginning of their life, up to 10⁵–10⁶ years, stars accrete matter from their rich surrounding environment and are origin of a peculiar phenomenon that is the jet emission. Jets from Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) are intensively studied by the astrophysical community by observations at different wavelengths, analytical and numerical modeling and laboratory experiments. Indications about the jet propagation and its resulting morphologies are here obtained by means of a combined study of hypersonic jets carried out both in the laboratory and by numerical simulations.