Long-term monitoring revealed fish assemblage zonation in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Reservoirs are important artificial ecosystems that modify the hydrological and ecological characteristics of a river.Knowledge of the basic characteristics of fish assemblages in reservoirs is a first step toward the development of effective conservation policies.We used the information collected over a10-year period(2006-2015)to assess the structure of the fish assemblages in the Three Gorge Reservoir(TGR)in a river-dam gradient.Three fish zones were detected in TGR.Species richness was the highest in the upper zone and lowest in the lower zone.The riverine zones were dominated by rheophilic species Coreius guichenoti and Pelteobagrus vachelli.The transitional zones were dominated by Coreius heterodon and Rhinogobio cylindricus.The lacustrine zones were dominated by eurytopic species Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Aristichthys nobilis,Hemiculter bleekeri and Cyprinus carpio.For the functional characteristics,fish assemblages in riverine and transitional zones were dominated by insectivorous species,equilibrium strategists and rheophilic species(e.g.,Coreius heterodon and Coreius guichenoti).In lacustrine zones,the fish assemblage was dominated by habitat generalists common to lakes and reservoirs(e.g.,Hemiculter bleekeri,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Aristichthys nobilis).Moreover,18 exotic species(e.g.,Protosalanx hyalocranius,Ictalurus punctatus,Megalobrama amblycephala,Tilapia)were collected in TGR,most of which only existed in the lacustrine zone.The results highlight the importance of freely flowing riverine reaches for conserving native fish in the upper Changjiang River and adaptive management strategies for fisheries in TGR.     

Landslide distribution and sliding mode control along the Anninghe fault zone at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world. Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, many active fault zones are present. These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China. In this paper, high-resolution topographic data, multitemporal remote sensing images, numerical calculations, seismic records, and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe. The influence of active faults on the lithology, rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied. The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass, reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes. The faults have also controlled the stress field, the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope, thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides. We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone, and more than 80% of these landslides are within 2-3 km of the fault rupture zone. Moreover, the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows. This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone, e.g., constituting the whole landslide body, controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide, controlling the crown of the landslide, and constituting the toe of the landslide. The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.     

Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods

Assessment of fractured rock aquifers in many parts of the world is complicated given their strong heterogeneity. Delineation of the subsurface geological formation in the weathered terrain is essential for groundwater exploration. To achieve this goal, 2D electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) and self-potential(SP) in combination with joint profile method(JPM) and boreholes have been carried out to delineate the subsurface geological units, detect the fracture/fault zones in hard rock, monitor the groundwater flow, and estimate the groundwater reserves contained within the weathered terrain at a complex heterogeneous site of Huangbu, South Guangdong of China. The integration of resistivity images with the borehole lithology along three profiles delineates three subsurface distinct layers namely topsoil cover, weathered and unweathered layers. The incorporation of ERT and SP with JPM reveal five fractures/faults, i.e., F_1, F_2, F_3, F_4 and F_5. 2D ERT models interpret the less resistive anomalies as the fractures/faults zones, and high resistive anomalies as the fresh bedrock. The inversion program based on the smoothness-constraint is used on the resistivity field data to get more realistic three layered model. SP measurements are obtained along the same electrical profiles which provide the negative anomalies clearly indicating the groundwater preferential flow pathways along the fracture/fault zones. Hydraulic parameters namely hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined to estimate the groundwater resources contained within the fractures/faults. The integrated results suggest that the fractures/faults zones are most appropriate places of drilling for groundwater exploration in the investigated area. Geophysical methods coupled with the upfront borehole data provides better understanding about the conceptual model of the subsurface geological formations. The current investigation demonstrates the importance of the integrated geophysical methods as a complementary approach for groundwater assessment in the hard rock weathered areas.     

Spatial differentiation of tourism impact based on the perception of residents in mountainous valley resorts

Valley economy is a type of economy that comprehensively utilizes the natural economic and social resources of the region based on environmental protection. This economy utilizes the basic role of the market in disposing resources and achieving regional development and social progress. In this paper we studied the town of Yanqi, a valley resort that has developed tourism-based valley economy for several years in the mountainous area of Beijing. This research identifies the spatial differentiation of tourism-related economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impact and level of support for tourism according to the perception and attitude of residents of Yanqi. The research area was divided into three zones （i.e., core, transition, and peripheral） according to the standard proposed by Jaakson. The residents in all three zones showed a positive attitude toward the tourism industry, and the residents in the core zone had a stronger perception toward the impact of tourism. However, several items indicated the converse. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used to explore the correlative factors associated with the attitudes of residents toward the tourism industry. Results indicated major differences among the three zones. Multiple factors, including natural conditions, policies, scenic spots, dependence on the tourism industry, and external investment in the three zones resulted in the spatial differentiationof the perception and attitude of residents toward the impact of tourism.     

Regional hard coral distribution within geomorphic and reef flat ecological zones determined by satellite imagery of the Xisha Islands,South China Sea

Coral reefs in the Xisha Islands(also known as the Paracel Islands in English), South China Sea, have experienced dramatic declines in coral cover. However, the current regional scale hard coral distribution of geomorphic and ecological zones, essential for reefs management in the context of global warming and ocean acidification, is not well documented. We analyzed data from field surveys, Landsat-8 and GF-1 images to map the distribution of hard coral within geomorphic zones and reef flat ecological zones. In situ surveys conducted in June 2014 on nine reefs provided a complete picture of reef status with regard to live coral diversity, evenness of coral cover and reef health(live versus dead cover) for the Xisha Islands. Mean coral cover was 12.5% in 2014 and damaged reefs seemed to show signs of recovery. Coral cover in sheltered habitats such as lagoon patch reefs and biotic dense zones of reef flats was higher, but there were large regional differences and low diversity. In contrast, the more exposed reef slopes had high coral diversity, along with high and more equal distributions of coral cover. Mean hard coral cover of other zones was 10%. The total Xisha reef system was estimated to cover 1 060 km~2, and the emergent reefs covered ~787 km~2. Hard corals of emergent reefs were considered to cover 97 km~2. The biotic dense zone of the reef flat was a very common zone on all simple atolls, especially the broader northern reef flats. The total cover of live and dead coral can reach above 70% in this zone, showing an equilibrium between live and dead coral as opposed to coral and algae. This information regarding the spatial distribution of hard coral can support and inform the management of Xisha reef ecosystems.     

一种用于突发性场地污染模拟的解析模型

为了及时有效地应对各种突发性环境污染事故,有必要开发一种简单实用、适于各类型污染物的场地污染数学模型。通过污染事故发生后污染物在包气带、饱和带迁移转化的概化,建立了污染物运移的自由入渗模型以及降雨入渗模型并给出各自相应的解析解。无降雨时,考虑污染物在重力作用下随包气带向下渗透的作用,建立一维垂直入渗模型。有降雨时,考虑污染场地(包气带)中污染物迁移和转化的对流作用、扩散作用及挥发、生物降解、吸附、根系吸收等作用,建立包气带剖面二维溶质运移模型和饱和带平面二维溶质运移数学模型。建模过程中,假定降雨量的平均分布及土壤质地、水力参数以及有机物成分、种类均相同,同时假定污染物与多孔介质间的作用为线性吸附,植物根系对污染物的吸附遵循一级动力学。基于模型的解析解,实现案例的模拟计算。模拟结果表明:该模型具有适用范围广、模拟高效快捷等优点,能够较准确预测污染发生后污染物在土壤中的动向、到达饱和带的时间以及饱和带中污染物的迁移情况。     

Analysis on velocity distribution and displacement along the profile of a slope using both empirical and analytical methods

Assessing the slope deformation is significant for landslide prediction. Many researchers have studied the slope displacement based on field data from the inclinometer in combination with complicated numerical analysis. They found that there was a shear zone above the slip surface, and they usually focused on the distribution of velocity and displacement within the shear zone. In this paper, two simple methods are proposed to analyze the distribution of displacement and velocity along the whole profile of a slope from the slip surface to the slope surface during slow movement. In the empirical method, the slope soil above the shear zone is assumed as a rigid body. Dual or triple piecewise fitting functions are empirically proposed for the distribution of velocity along the profile of a slope. In the analytical method, the slope soil is not assumed as a rigid body but as a deformable material. Continuous functions of the velocity and displacement along the profile of a slope are directly obtained by solving the Newton's equation of motion associated with the Bingham model. Using the two proposed methods respectively, the displacement and velocity along the slope profiles of three slopes are determined. A reasonable agreement between the measured data and the calculated results of the two proposed methods has been reached. In comparison with the empirical method, the analytical method would be more beneficial for slope deformation analysis in slope engineering, because the parameters are material constants in the analytical solution independent of time t, and the nonlinear viscosity of the soil can be considered.     

The appraisal of seven economic zones in China

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华夏植物地理区一个新的亚区——豫淮亚区

本文在自己工作的基础上,结合前人资料,提出了华夏植物地理区一个新的亚区——豫淮亚区,用以概括具有重要特色之位于两淮、徐州、豫西一带的二叠纪植物群区系特征.文中着力刻划了该区具有浓郁地方色彩,极高的属种分异度,保存甚佳之植物群轮廓;划分了三个植物组合,即P|Callipteridium koraiense-Cathaysiopteris whitei-Cordaites schenki组合,P_1~2 Fascipteris spp.-Lobatannularia ensifolia-Gigantonocleaspp.组合,P_1~2 Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia-Lobatannularia multifolia-Psygmorphyllummultipartitum组合.文章还结合二叠纪该区独特的区域构造、古地理、古气候等方面,从不同侧面详塑了豫淮亚区的整体格架.     

基于改进“移去-恢复”算法的海底地形构建方法研究

为解决源测量数据生成海底地形过程中,数据处理方法影响海底地形精度和分辨率的问题,提出了一种多源水深数据融合方案。在分析DEM、海图水深和多波束测深数据特点的基础上,兼顾不同数据源的优点,克服单一数据源的不足,基于“移去-恢复”算法进行改进,使算法更适用于融合高精度数据源,融合海图水深和多波束测深数据于DEM,构建新的海底地形数据集。选取试验区进行真实数据试验,试验结果表明,该方法既能提高海底地形整体的精度和分辨率,又能保留高密度区域的细节信息。在试验区内,原始DEM数据分辨率为15″,均方根误差为29.408 m,传统经典的“移去-恢复”算法构建的数据集分辨率为3″,均方根误差为28.563 m,本融合方案构建的数据集分辨率为3″,均方根误差为18.841 m。可见,与传统算法相比,本文算法对高精度数据源的融合效果更好,构建的数据集精度更高。     

中国建设用地空间格局分析

全面准确地分析中国建设用地空间格局,是衡量城市景观的生态环境效应和制定区域发展战略的重要依据。为此,本文基于空间分辨率为12 m的2012年的全球城市足迹数据,分别在国家、经济区和城市群量化了中国建设用地空间格局。结果表明,12 m分辨率的数据能更细致和准确地刻画中国建设用地的特征。2012年中国建设用地面积为1.73×10⁵ km²,占中国陆地总面积的1.81%。从建设用地的空间格局来看,城市群尺度的建设用地破碎度最高,其建设用地平均斑块密度分别是国家和经济区平均水平的3.66倍和1.62倍。进一步分析表明,社会经济和地形因素共同影响建设用地空间格局。今后,应针对建设用地空间格局破碎问题,因地制宜地制定合理的措施,推动中国建设用地的合理发展。     

国有商业银行与股份制商业银行的空间布局特征分析——以南京市江南8区为例

以南京市江南8区380家国有商业银行网点,211家股份制商业银行网点为研究样本数据,综合运用缓冲区分析、Ripley’s K函数和空间热点探测方法,分析了国有商业银行和股份制商业银行网点的空间布局特征。结果表明:两类商业银行均呈现出一定的中心集聚态势,但"向心"程度、集聚的广度与强度存在差异。缓冲区分析表明,股份制商业银行由市中心向外呈现明显递减的特点,但国有商业银行在前3个缓冲圈层内分布比较均匀;Ripley’s K函数方法表明,两类商业银行均呈现先增后减的倒"U"型空间集聚特征,但股份制商业银行集聚范围小于国有商业银行;空间热点探测方法表明,两类商业银行热点区域集聚强度相异,国有商业银行低于股份制商业银行。分析空间热点重叠部位,将国有商业银行与股份制商业银行空间布局导向分为商业中心导向、高新技术-商业中心导向和人力资本-政府机构-商业中心导向。     

Variations of suction and suction stress of unsaturated loess due to changes in lignin content and sample preparation method

Unsaturated loess in natural sites loses stability as the overburden load continuously increases. Traditional soil modifiers such as cement and fly ash affect the surrounding environment. A new type of material, i.e., lignin, is environmentally friendly and able to increase the strength of loess. However, the engineering characteristics of the improved loess under unsaturated conditions are not yet clear. In this study, the soil-water characteristic curves(SWCCs) of lignin-improved loess samples were determined from 0 k Pa to 700 k Pa using a pressure plate instrument, and then, they were fitted using the van Genuchten(VG) model and the Fredlund and Xing(FX) model. In addition, the effects of the lignin content and sample preparation methods on the SWCCs were investigated to determine the optimal lignin content and a suitable sample preparation method for loess foundations. As the lignin content increases, the matric suction and residual water content of the improved loess increase. The suction stress increases with the increasing lignin contents of 1%-2%. At lignin contents of 3%-4%, the suction stress begins to decrease and the samples prepared using the slurry method has a lower suction stress than that prepared using the wet mixing method. The air entry value(AEV) increases with increasing lignin content. In addition, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used to investigate the microstructural variations. It was found that after the addition of lignin, the entrapment of the loess particles by the lignin fibers created some larger particles and smaller pore diameters, which in turn led to poor connectivity of the loess pores. These changes cause the matric suction of the modified loess to increase.     

Thinning and shrinkage of Laohugou No. 12 glacier in the Western Qilian Mountains, China, from 1957 to 2007

Landsat images, real-time kinematic GPS measurements, and topographic maps were used to determine changes in ice elevation, volume, and areal extent of the Laohugou No. 12 glacier (Qilian Mountains, China) between 1957 and 2007. The glacier experienced significant thinning and areal shrinkage in the ablation zone, but slight thickening in part of the accumulation zone. Elevation decreased by 18.6±5.4 m between 1957 and 2007 in the regions covered by the GPS measurements. The total volume loss for the entire glacier was estimated to be 0.218 km3 using a third-order polynomial fit method. The area diminished by 0.28 km2 between 1957 and 1994, 0.26 km2 between 1994 and 2000, and 0.28 km2 between 2000 and 2007, suggesting that the rate of loss in glacial coverage has increased since the mid-1990s. Significant increases in annual mean air temperature may have contributed to shrinkage and thinning of the glacier.     

Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area： A Case Study in Puding County, Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China. The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention. We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification. The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantified with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method. Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively. As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area. However, more than half of the area (about 50.81%) was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification. Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area. Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.     

沂沭断裂带及邻区双差层析成像

利用双差层析成像方法,选取2008-10～2017-12山东及周边区域182个地震台站记录的1190个近震观测资料,对沂沭断裂带及邻区的震源位置和三维速度结构进行联合反演.结果表明,沂沭断裂带内部介质速度结构具有明显的不均匀性,并呈现分段特性;在郯城和莒县中上地壳内存在明显的低速结构;胶南地块总体速度低于鲁西地块;鲁西...     

低温对中国居民健康影响的空间差异性分析

全球变暖导致气象灾害频发,尤其是极端天气事件。极端温度对公共健康的影响已成为当今研究的热点问题之一。相比于发达国家,中国在该领域研究起步较晚。虽然已有出色的成果,但在以下3个方面还略显不足：① 大多数研究基于一个城市或几个城市,缺乏基于大量数据的区域尺度的研究;② 已有研究往往按地理因素或行政单位来划分区域,而忽视区域内部温度的异质性;③ 相比高温热浪,鲜少有研究关注低温冷害的影响。针对上述问题,本文收集了中国疾病预防控制中心2007-2012年全国127个站点的数据,利用分布式滞后非线性模型,探究了中国5个温度带温度与居民非意外死亡之间的暴露-反应曲线。在此基础上,定义当地温度分布1%处的温度为极端低温,根据温度-死亡风险曲线,计算了冷害造成的死亡风险。结果表明,不同温度带的温度-死亡关系曲线呈现U型或J型。极端低温对北亚热带影响最小,其相对风险为1.27（95%CI: 0.94-1.72）;对中亚热带影响最大,其相对风险为1.93（95%CI: 1.08-3.60）。随着温度带温度的升高,低温冷效应的影响呈现“M”型,这一特征与不同温度带经济发展有关。因此,不同地区的政府除了应着力提高地区经济发展外,还应根据地区特征,采取更积极有效的措施来应对低温冷害可能给当地公共健康造成的威胁。     

Characteristics of magnetic anomalies over transform faults and interpretation of magnetic anomalies in the Davis Strait

Transform fault delineation is important for determining the direction of plate motion during sea floor spreading. The analysis of marine magnetic anomalies is one of the most powerful geophysical methods for this purpose. In this paper the characteristics of the magnetic anomalies over some transform fault zones in the North Pacific and in the North Atlantic are discussed. Form comparison of the characteristics of these magnetic anomalies over transform fault zones with those of the NE-SW anomaly zone in the Davis Strait., the latter anomaly zone is interpreted not as the expression of a transform fault zone caused by horizontal movement during sea floor spreading but as an anomaly zone caused by basalt and therefore is inferred to be the expression of a fault zone produced by vertical crustal movement during volcanic activities. We discuss here the identification and correlation of linear anomalies in the Davis Strait region, and propose our hypothesis on the spreading history of the Davis Strait.     

Statistical landslide susceptibility assessment in a dynamic environment: A case study for Lanzhou City,Gansu Province,NW China

This study presents a statistical landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) in a dynamic environment. The study area is located in the eastern part of Lanzhou, NW China. The Lanzhou area has exhibited rapid urbanization rates over the past decade associated with greening, continuous land use change, and geomorphic reshaping activities. To consider the dynamics of the environment in the LSA, multitemporal data for landslide inventories and the corresponding causal factors were collected. The weights of evidence (WofE) method was used to perform the LSA. Three time stamps, i.e., 2000, 2012, and 2016, were selected to assess the state of landslide susceptibility over time. The results show a clear evolution of the landslide susceptibility patterns that was mainly governed by anthropogenic activities directed toward generating safer building grounds for civil infrastructure. The low and very low susceptibility areas increased by approximately 10% between 2000 and 2016. At the same time, areas of medium, high and very high susceptibility zones decreased proportionally. Based on the results, an approach to design the statistical LSA under dynamic conditions is proposed, the issues and limitations of this approach are also discussed. The study shows that under dynamic conditions, the requirements for data quantity and quality increase significantly. A dynamic environment requires greater effort to estimate the causal relations between the landslides and controlling factors as well as for model validation.     

河南西峡石界河群的变质作用特征及演化

从原二朗坪群中解体出来的石界河群主要为一套泥砂质沉积建造。根据矿物世代关系及矿物共生组合，可划分出绿泥石－黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石－红柱石带和红柱石－堇青石带四个变质带，其变质作用属低压相系，变质过程中温压演化趋势和变质作用ＰＴｔ轨迹综合研究表明石界河群因秦岭群向北逆冲而被掩埋，在深部发生热松弛而升温，之后又因构造隆起和侵蚀，压力明显下降，但温度则继续保持了一段时间。