广角反射/折射地震探测揭示的冲绳海槽地壳结构

广角反射/折射地震探测是研究冲绳海槽地壳结构与性质的有效方法。通过收集整理冲绳海槽及邻区广角反射/折射地震研究成果,对冲绳海槽地壳结构性质进行了探讨。结果表明,冲绳海槽地壳厚度较薄,绝大部分地区属于减薄的陆壳,但局部已出现洋壳;海槽北、中、南三段处于不同的构造演化阶段,地壳厚度、结构、减薄方式等存在较大差异;琉球俯冲带不同分段活动特征及构造应力场的不同是造成冲绳海槽地壳结构性质和构造演化南北差异的主要原因;冲绳海槽内洋壳局限于海槽中、南段轴部,在轴部地堑沿走向方向布设OBS测线将有助于进一步确定洋壳的存在。     

冲绳海槽地壳结构的研究

根据1990年以来对冲绳海槽地质地球物理调查的最新实测资料,包括多道和单道反射地震、海底地震仪折射地震、重磁测量、水深测量、海底岩石拖网,结合国内外学者对冲绳海槽的调查研究成果,对冲绳海槽地壳结构进行了探讨,得出如下初步结论：（1）冲绳海槽是一个典型的发育在大陆地壳边缘、由陆壳张裂而成、处于裂谷作用最高演化阶段、洋壳即将产生、海底扩张即将出现的弧后活动裂谷。（2）根据火成岩发育、沉积层分布和地壳结构分析,冲绳海槽尚缺少已经开始“扩张”的证据,还不能确定海槽中央已经发育了大洋地壳。冲绳海槽目前仍属于拉薄的大陆地壳。（3）冲绳海槽作为一个浅海槽状地貌单元,形成于距今6Ma。作为一个弧后裂谷,自距今2Ma以来开始强烈的张裂活动。海槽中央张裂地堑（槽中槽）距今2Ma以来开始形成并逐渐发展。中央张裂地堑内的火成岩年龄不大于1Ma。因此,冲绳海槽是一个年青的、正在活动的弧后裂谷盆地。     

冲绳海槽北段的重磁场特征及地质意义

１９９２年之前,国内对冲绳海槽的调查研究主要集中在海槽的中部和南部,而对其北段的调查研究工作却很少。根据实测的重磁异常,较深入地分析了海槽北段的地球物理场特征,构造活动地壳结构及应力状态,结果表明冲绳海槽北段同样具有强烈的地壳构造活动。     

冲绳海槽中段线性磁条带异常及其构造发育

通过对磁场分析发现,冲绳海槽中段存在线性磁异常,说明海槽轴部地壳已经发生破裂,新鲜洋壳已经生成,目前已进入扩张阶段.通过对磁条带和地震地层的研究得出如下结论:冲绳海槽的张裂具有Ⅲ幕模式,即中到晚中新世的开裂幕(Ⅰ幕)、上新世—早更新世的拉张幕(Ⅱ幕)以及近代的扩张幕(Ⅲ幕).冲绳海槽中段的地磁场特征和已发生扩张的红海中段的磁场非常相似,说明冲绳海槽可能正向着“红海阶段”过渡发展.     

东海的地壳结构特征

介绍了国内外有关东海地壳结构特征的调查研究状况,并利用前人大量的调查研究成果,根据自西向东地壳速度结构的差异,将东海海区划分为东海陆架区、冲绳海槽区、琉球岛弧-海沟区三部分。东海陆架区主要由沉积盖层(速度为5.8～5.9km/s)、基底层(速度为6.0～6.3km/s)和下地壳层(速度为6.8～7.6km/s)三个速度层组成,属于典型的大陆型地壳。冲绳海槽则位于大陆地壳和大洋地壳的过渡地带,它仍然具有大陆地壳的结构特征,并无洋壳的形成,但在海槽的轴部地壳已经减薄。琉球岛弧-海沟区的地壳结构总的来说属于过渡型地壳,但在海沟靠洋一侧已属于大洋型地壳,而从琉球海沟往东的西北菲律宾海盆,就完全属于典型的大洋地壳。     

冲绳海槽异常地幔与地壳性质的初步分析

东海冲绳海槽,位于琉球岛弧-海沟系的陆侧,为半深海弧后边缘地.近年来,国内外学者作了一系列实际调查和专门研究,极大地促进了对海槽地壳演化的认识.但在探讨海槽深部构造时,均未论证异常地幔的存在;在剖析槽底地壳性质时,认为已出现新生洋壳或认为属过渡型地壳,分歧存疑之处颇多.在板块大地构造框架中,普遍认为边缘盆地是弧后扩张(形成新洋壳)的产物,但在冲绳海槽,地壳厚度明显大于正常洋壳,拖网取样采获大量中酸性岩石,从而对海槽的扩张成因产生了种种疑问.本文将在前人工作基础上,试就上述问题展开讨论,进而确定冲绳海槽在洋盆演化阶段中的特殊位置.     

东海莫霍面起伏与地壳减薄特征初步分析

收集、整理大量由地震剖面提供的沉积层厚度资料,得到东海沉积层等厚图。对完全布格重力异常进行沉积层重力效应改正后,得到剩余重力异常,利用地震资料揭示的莫霍面深度值来约束界面反演得到东海莫霍面埋深。结果表明,东海陆架盆地莫霍面深度在25～28 km之间平缓变化,地壳厚度为14～26 km,西厚东薄;冲绳海槽盆地莫霍面深度为16～26 km,地壳厚度为12～22 km,北厚南薄。东海陆架盆地东部与冲绳海槽盆地南部地壳减薄明显,拉张因子分别达到2.6和3。初步分析认为冲绳海槽地壳以过渡壳为主,并未形成洋壳。     

冲绳海槽及邻区重力异常特征及其地质意义

通过分析冲绳海槽及邻区自由空间重力异常和布格重力异常的分布特征,对其构造地质学意义进行了定性研究。冲绳海槽空间重力异常和布格重力异常较高,与其下地幔物质上涌引起的质量盈余有关;海底正向地形单元、基底隆起等具有较高的空间重力异常,而地壳浅部低密度岩浆房表现为较低的空间重力异常;布格重力异常及其上延结果反映了地壳厚度的变化,冲绳海槽地壳显著减薄,台湾地区地壳显著增厚;琉球岛弧及弧前布格重力异常受菲律宾海板片俯冲和岛弧地壳结构的共同影响,俯冲洋壳与琉球岛弧地壳的接触带位于琉球海沟以西,大致与120mGal布格重力异常等值线相对应。     

冲绳海槽断裂、岩浆构造活动和洋壳化进程

讨论了冲绳海槽断裂、岩浆构造活动特征和它们之间的关系,认为雁行排列的地堑斜交于陆架外缘隆起带,海槽北段断块隆脊、龙王构造带和海槽南段"棉花构造带"可能保留了海槽各幕断陷前的火山岩浆活动特征,而现在活动的吐噶喇火山岛弧可沿海槽南段岛坡追踪到台湾。吕宋岛向台湾的碰撞挤压引起的旋张活动加强了海槽南段的地壳拉张,诱发了地堑内火山岩浆活动,在洋壳化进程中起关键作用,其中最典型的八重山地堑已经形成洋壳。断裂和岩浆活动主要是单向地向岛弧侧迁移,由洋中脊扩张产生的对称条带状磁异常模式难以解释冲绳海槽的洋壳化进程。     

冲绳海槽地热研究中若干问题的探讨

根据冲绳海槽地区实测海底热流资料,结合该地区最新的地质地球物理调查研究成果,分析了冲绳海槽地热研究中的几个问题,认为(1)相对于其它边缘海盆地,冲绳海槽是一个高热流异常区,同时具有热流值极不均匀的特点;(2)冲绳海槽的壳幔热流比值介于大陆地壳与大洋地壳之间,具有过渡性地壳的性质;(3)冲绳海槽强烈的岩浆作用是造成局部高热流的重要原因;(4)广泛分布的海底热液活动造成了局部热流值强烈的高低变化。     

Three-dimensional inversion of marine magnetic anomalies: Implications for crustal accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (28°–31°30′ N)

We present magnetic field data collected over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the vicinity of the Atlantis Fracture Zone and extending out to 10 Ma-old lithosphere. We calculated a magnetization distribution which accounts for the observed magnetic field by performing a three-dimensional inversion in the presence of bathymetry. Our results show the well-developed pattern of magnetic reversals over our study area. We observe a sharp decay in magnetization from the axis out to older lithosphere and we attribute this decay to progressive low temperature oxidation of basalt. In crust which is 10 Ma, we observe an abrupt increase in magnetic field intensity which could be due to an increase in the intensity of magnetization or thickness of the magnetic source layer. We demonstrate that because the reversal epoch was of unusually long duration, a two-layer model comprised of a shallow extrusive layer and a deeper intrusive layer with sloping polarity boundaries can account for the increase in the amplitude of anomaly 5. South of the Atlantis Fracture Zone, high magnetization is correlated with bathymethic troughts at segment end points and lower magnetization is associated with bathymetric highs at segment midpoints. This pattern can be explained by a relative thinning of the magnetic source layer toward the midpoint of the segment. Thickening of the source layer at segment endpoints due to alteration of lower oceanic crust could also cause this pattern. Because we do not observe this pattern north of the fracture zone, we suggest it is a result of the nature of crustal formation process where mantle upwelling is focused. South of the fracture zone, reversals along discontinuity traces only continue to crust 2 Ma old. In crust >2 Ma, we observe bands of high, positive magnetization along discontinuity traces. We suggest that within the discontinuity traces, a high, induced component of magnetization is produced by serpentinized lower crust/upper mantle and this masks the contribution of basalts to the magnetic anomaly signal.     

Crustal Thinning of the Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Magnetic data suggest that the distribution of the oceanic crust in the northern South China Sea (SCS) may extend to about 21 °N and 118.5 °E. To examine the crustal features of the corresponding continent–ocean transition zone, we have studied the crustal structures of the northern continental margin of the SCS. We have also performed gravity modeling by using a simple four-layer crustal model to understand the geometry of the Moho surface and the crustal thicknesses beneath this transition zone. In general, we can distinguish the crustal structures of the study area into the continental crust, the thinned continental crust, and the oceanic crust. However, some volcanic intrusions or extrusions exist. Our results indicate the existence of oceanic crust in the northernmost SCS as observed by magnetic data. Accordingly, we have moved the continent–ocean boundary (COB) in the northeastern SCS from about 19 °N and 119.5 °E to 21 °N and 118.5 °E. Morphologically, the new COB is located along the base of the continental slope. The southeastward thinning of the continental crust in the study area is prominent. The average value of crustal thinning factor of the thinned continental crust zone is about 1.3–1.5. In the study region, the Moho depths generally vary from ca. 28 km to ca. 12 km and the crustal thicknesses vary from ca. 24 km to ca. 6 km; a regional maximum exists around the Dongsha Island. Our gravity modeling has shown that the oceanic crust in the northern SCS is slightly thicker than normal oceanic crust. This situation could be ascribed to the post-spreading volcanism or underplating in this region.     

南海西沙海槽,一条古缝合线

西沙海槽是一条水深１５００－３４００ｍ，长４２０ｋｍ的水槽，新生代沉积厚２－６ｋｍ。槽内发现北倾的地壳断裂。海槽的南北两侧之地壳结构差异很大。从区域地质资料看，我们认为西沙海槽一条印支时期的古缝合线。     

东沙群岛海域的折射地震探测

综合近十多年以来在东沙群岛海域进行的反射地震资料，声纳浮标资料，双船扩长排列剖面地震测量资料及海底地震仪的折射地震资料，绘制了东沙群岛海域关于沉积层基底与地壳结构的地震地质剖面，揭示了陆架，陆坡至中央海盆之间的地壳从陆壳向洋壳的变化中，过渡睦壳具有断块构造及被拉薄的特点。     

用不同层次方法分析南海及其北部沿岸的地壳稳定性

论述了地壳稳定性的层次,一般从高到低,从大到小可分为3个层次。高层次着重从岩石圈块体运动和大区域的大地构造因素分析岩石圈块体的活动性;中层次着重从地壳块体运动和区域构造因素分析地壳块体的稳定性;低层次着重从地壳浅层的新构造运动和地震活动对工程建设的影响程度进行分析。从这个意义来说,地壳稳定性分析从大到小可分大区域、中区域和小区域3个层次,大区域地壳稳定性评价是概略评价,而小区域地壳稳定性评价则是详细评价,在此基础上对南海及北部沿岸不同层次的地壳稳定性进行了分析。     

Segmentation and disruption of the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the Gulf of California

Analysis of new multibeam bathymetry and all available magnetic data shows that the 340 km-long crest of the East Pacific Rise between Rivera and Tamayo transforms contains segments of both the Pacific-Rivera and the Pacific-North America plate boundaries. Another Pacific-North America spreading segment (Alarcon Rise) extends 60 km further north to the Mexican continental margin. The Pacific-North America-Rivera triple junction is now of the RRR type, located on the risecrest 60 km south of Tamayo transform. Slow North America-Rivera rifting has ruptured the young lithosphere accreted to the east flank of the rise, and extends across the adjacent turbidite plain to the vicinity of the North America-Rivera Euler pole, which is located on the plate boundary. The present absolute motion of the Rivera microplate is an anticlockwise spin at 4° m.y.^–1 around a pole located near its southeast corner; its motion has recently changed as the driving forces applied to its margins have changed, especially with the evolution of the southern margin from a broad shear zone between Rivera and Mathematician microplates to a long Pacific-Rivera transform. Pleistocene rotations in spreading direction, by as much as 15° on the Pacific-Rivera boundary, have segmented the East Pacific Rise into a staircase of en echelon spreading axes, which overlap at lengthening and migrating nontransform offsets. The spreading segments vary greatly in risecrest geomorphology, including the full range of structural types found on other rises with intermediate spreading rates: axial rift valleys, split shield volcanoes, and axial ridges. Most offsets between the segments have migrated southward, but within the past 1 m.y. the largest of them (with 14–27 km of lateral displacement) have shown dueling behavior, with short-lived reversals in migration direction. Migration involves propagation of a spreading axis into abyssal hill terrain, which is deformed and uplifted while it occupies the broad shear zones between overlapping spreading axes. Tectonic rotation of the deformed crust occurs by bookshelf faulting, which generates teleseismically recorded strike-slip earthquakes. When reversals of migration direction occur, plateaus of rotated crust are shed onto the rise flanks.     

Accurate Modelling of Sonobuoy Refraction Data to Determine Velocity Variations in Oceanic Crust

Modern disposable sonobuoys can provide a simple and cost-effective alternative to ocean bottom seismometers for marine refraction experiments over oceanic crust. Unfortunately, the fact that they are free to drift with the prevailing ocean currents can introduce significant travel-time errors into the modelling process if the seafloor topography is large. For sonobuoys recorded during and after turns the drift rate and direction can be uniquely determined by inversion of the shot-receiver ranges derived from the water-wave arrival. The same method can be used to determine a best fitting average drift vector for the whole dataset. A modification to conventional two-dimensional travel-time modelling techniques has been developed to account for this drift. Each sonobuoy profile is divided into several subsets, typically of 100 shots each, and each subset is then modelled as a separate common receiver gather, significantly reducing the errors in the calculated travel-times. For re alistic bathymetry, the magnitude of these travel-time errors is up to 200 ms, significantly larger than the estimated picking uncertainty. Real data from a typical sonobuoy refraction experiment on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were modelled with and without the drift correction applied. Much of the lateral variation in the velocity structure was removed when the drift correction was applied, indicating that this structure was due to variations in the travel-times caused by sonobuoy drift.     

Relation between Gravity Field Feature and Tectonics and Earthquakes in Taiwan and Its Adjacent Seas

Short wave gravity anomaly is correlated to sea floor topography in the gravity field of Taiwan and its adjacent seas. Gravity values of 200 × 10-5ms-2 at Yushang and -160 × 10-5ms-2 at Liuqiu sea trench are respectively the maximum and minimum gravity values in this area.Bouguer gravity anomaly reflects not only Moho interface undulation, but also fault distribution.The inflexion of gradient belt of Bouguer gravity anomaly is a spot liable to earthquakes. Middlelong wave geoid is the best data to invert crustal thickness. We calculate crustal thickness by using geoid data, and the maximum value is 38km; the minimum value is 12km in Taiwan and its adjacent seas.     

南海北部地壳的深地震地质结构探测

１９９３年５月，中国科学院南海海洋研究与日本东京大学地震研究所等单位合作南海北部共同开展了综合地球物理测量实验，本文介绍了其中的海底地震仪海上资料采用，室内资料处理，根据资料的初步处理解释结果，文中分析了测区的地壳地质结构。     

南海西北海盆的构造特征及南海新生代的海底扩张

分析了南海西北海盆及其邻区的地形地貌、重磁场异常和地壳结构特征,并对穿过西北海盆和中央海盆的地震剖面进行精细解释。结果发现,西北海盆的地球物理场异常、地质构造和地壳厚度均呈ＮＥ走向展布,而中央海盆则表现为ＥＷ向特征;西北海盆中的新生代沉积比中央海盆多一套地层（Ｔ４－Ｔｇ）,说明西北海盆的年龄比中央海盆老。联系到南海西南海盆和西北海盆在区域构造、地球物理场异常和地形地貌特征等方面的相似,以及西南海盆和中央海盆由磁异常条带对比得出的年龄差异,我们认为,西北海盆和西南海盆是在第一次海底扩张时（４２－３５ＭａＢ．Ｐ．）形成的,中央海盆是在第二次海底扩张时形成的。