两种铜(Ⅱ)-司帕沙星配合物与DNA作用及生物毒性比较

选择铜(Ⅱ)-司帕沙星-邻菲啰啉Cu(sf)phenCl(sf代表司帕沙星负离子,phen代表邻菲啰啉)和铜(Ⅱ)-司帕沙星Cu(sf)22种配合物,通过电子吸收光谱法、荧光分析法及琼脂糖凝胶电泳法研究了其与DNA的作用,首次以斑马鱼胚胎为模式生物,研究了它们的生物毒性,并对2种配合物的研究结果进行了比较。光谱实验结果表明:Cu(sf)phenCl与DNA的作用强于Cu(sf)2;琼脂糖凝胶电泳实验结果显示:在抗坏血酸存在条件下,Cu(sf)phenCl对pBR322质粒DNA的切割作用更强;同时,斑马鱼胚胎毒性实验显示Cu(sf)phenCl对斑马鱼胚胎毒性也更大。     

两种铜(Ⅱ)-司帕沙星配合物与DNA作用及生物毒性比较

选择铜(Ⅱ)-司帕沙星-邻菲啰啉Cu(sf) phenCl(sf代表司帕沙星负离子,phen代表邻菲啰啉)和铜(Ⅱ)-司帕沙星Cu(sf)22种配合物,通过电子吸收光谱法、荧光分析法及琼脂糖凝胶电泳法研究了其与DNA的作用,首次以斑马鱼胚胎为模式生物,研究了它们的生物毒性,并对2种配合物的研究结果进行了比较.光谱实验结果表明:Cu(sf) phenCl与DNA的作用强于Cu(sf)2;琼脂糖凝胶电泳实验结果显示:在抗坏血酸存在条件下,Cu(sf) phenCl对pBR322质粒DNA的切割作用更强;同时,斑马鱼胚胎毒性实验显示Cu(sf) phenCl对斑马鱼胚胎毒性也更大.     

基于海洋硅藻的碳九芳烃9种组分急性毒性测定与评价

碳九(C9)芳烃主要包括正丙苯(n-PBZ)、异丙苯(i-PBZ)和2-乙基甲苯(2-ET)等9种芳香烃。为确定C9芳烃泄漏入海后对海洋生物产生较大毒性的种类,本研究以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)2种硅藻作为受试生物,通过生长抑制试验得到n-PBZ、i-PBZ和2-ET等对硅藻的96 h半效应浓度(96 h EC₅₀)。研究表明,9种芳香烃均能显著抑制硅藻生长,且抑制作用随暴露浓度的增加而增大。它们对三角褐指藻的96 h EC₅₀值介于2.51～6.11 mg/L之间,对中肋骨条藻的96 h EC₅₀值介于1.97～8.36 mg/L之间,均属于中等毒性。其中,茚(Ind)、邻三甲苯(1,2,3-TMB)、2-乙基甲苯(2-ET)和n-PBZ的毒性较大,而均三甲苯(1,3,5-TMB)的毒性较低。C9芳烃9种组分的毒性差异并不完全取决于其疏水性,还与其在暴露体系中的稳定性有关。研究结果表明,C9芳烃各组分对海洋微藻的毒性高于甲苯、...     

菲、芘、苯并(a)芘单一暴露及分别与α-萘黄酮(ANF)联合暴露对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)胚胎发育毒性效应的比较研究

为了解和探讨3~5环PAHs对海水鱼类胚胎发育的毒性及作用方式,比较研究了菲(phenanthrene,Phe)、芘(pyrene,Py)、苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)单一暴露和三者各自与α-萘黄酮(α-naphthoflavone,ANF)联合暴露对海水青鳉(marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma)胚胎发育的毒性效应。胚胎体内EROD活性、发育畸形、孵化率和心律等毒性指标被测定,结果显示:Phe,Py和BaP对海水青鳉胚胎体内EROD活性的诱导能力大小为BaP>Py>Phe,各化合物对EROD诱导与发育畸形之间的关系较为复杂,除Phe所引起的EROD诱导与畸形指数之间呈显著相关(r=0.95,p=0.015)外,Py和BaP均无相关性;在100 μg/dm3 ANF影响下,CYP1A活性诱导被抑制,但胚胎发育的畸形指数被显著提高,ANF分别与Phe,Py和BaP的联合暴露对胚胎发育呈潜在的协同作用。本文研究初步表明,3~5环PAHs化合物对海水青鳉胚胎发育的毒性作用方式可能不同;CYP1A活性抑制在PAHs混合物对海水青鳉胚胎发育的毒性作用过程中未起到缓解毒性的作用,CYP1A抑制剂与PAH型CYP1A诱导剂的混合物对鱼类胚胎发育具有潜在的协同毒性作用,现有的PAHs混合物毒性风险评价方法可能低估了实际环境中PAHs的风险;海水青鳉早期生活阶段的心脏发育对PAHs混合物暴露较为敏感,可推荐其作为生物标志物指示PAHs或溢油污染。     

久效磷对斑马鱼胚胎期心脏和骨骼发育的毒性效应研究

有机磷农药具有一定的胚胎发育毒性,以往有机磷农药胚胎发育毒性的研究主要集中于个体水平。本研究以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为受试生物,采用0.000 4、0.004、0.04和0.4mg/L的久效磷自受精卵暴露斑马鱼胚胎至受精后96h(96hpf)。研究结果表明,久效磷对胚胎的存活率、孵化率均无显著影响,但显著降低了36hpf胚胎的心率,96hpf仔鱼心包囊肿率和脊柱弯曲率显著升高;久效磷暴露胚胎至48hpf显著降低了心脏发育相关基因(Tbx2)的表达水平、显著升高了肌肉发育相关基因(Mef2c)的表达水平。可见,久效磷能够在个体和分子水平上影响斑马鱼胚胎心脏和骨骼的发育,对斑马鱼胚胎心脏和骨骼的发育具有毒性效应。     

菲对日本虎斑猛水蚤摄食、生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染对海洋桡足类的毒性效应,本研究以日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)为受试生物,选取菲(Phenanthrene,Phe)作为PAHs的代表开展暴露试验.急性毒性试验测得Phe对日本虎斑猛水蚤的96 h半...     

双酚S长期暴露对雌性斑马鱼视觉系统的影响

为探究双酚S(BPS)长期暴露对雌性斑马鱼的视觉毒性效应,本研究采用半静态暴露试验方法,以1、10、100和1 000μg/L BPS暴露斑马鱼胚胎至性成熟(120d),检测了BPS对雌性斑马鱼视觉行为——眼动反应和视动反应、视网膜结构及视蛋白基因(zfrho、zfblue、zfgr、zfred和zfuv)转录水平的影响。结果表明,BPS长期暴露降低了雌性斑马鱼视觉追踪能力;1 000μg/L BPS增加了视网膜及其各层厚度;BPS显著上调了眼中视蛋白基因zfuv、zfred、zfgr和zfblue的表达,增强了斑马鱼对紫外、红、绿和蓝光的光谱敏感性。本研究从分子、组织学和个体等不同水平,首次证实了BPS长期暴露能影响雌性斑马鱼的视蛋白基因表达,损伤视网膜结构,并导致其视觉行为异常,为进一步研究BPS的视觉毒性机制提供了理论基础。     

夏季珠江口水体中多环芳烃的分布、组成及来源

利用1999年7月对珠江口海域的调查资料,对该区表层海水中优控多环芳烃的分布、组成及来源进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:(1)夏季珠江口海域表层海水中14种溶解态多环芳烃[苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、艹屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)艹北、茚并(1,2,3-cd)艹比]的质量浓度为63.8~171.7 ng/L,且沿着冲淡水流向呈降低趋势;(2)颗粒态中15种多环芳烃[萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、艹屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)艹北、茚并(1,2,3-cd)艹比]的质量浓度为60.7~186.7 ng/L,其分布与水体载沙量及悬浮颗粒物的性质、粒径有关,具有从河口内向外海降低的分布特征;(3)多环芳烃组成和特征参数比值的分析表明,珠江口海域高温裂解来源的多环芳烃在伶仃洋海区输入最多,且主要为人类活动中煤燃烧排放的,而在香港岛周围海区的输入则相对较少,且主要为油燃烧排放的;(4)与法国塞纳河及长江口等河口相比,珠江三角洲海域水体中存在高菲含量排放源。     

多环芳烃在赤潮微藻光合作用中所起作用的研究

采用实验生态学的方法,研究了3种多环芳烃-菲、芘和蒽对3种赤潮微藻-赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻光合速率的影响。结果表明:较低浓度的菲、芘和蒽处理使3种赤潮微藻的光合速率有所提高,而较高浓度处理则降低了藻细胞的光合速率。3种多环芳烃-菲、芘和蒽胁迫对赤潮异弯藻光合速率的96h·EC50分别为0.089、0.110和0.124mg·L-1,对中肋骨条藻的96h半抑制剂量分别为0.103、0.127和0.138mg·L-1,对亚历山大藻的96h半抑制剂量分别为0.116、0.131和0.141mg·L-1,说明3种多环芳烃对赤潮微藻均表现出一定的毒性效应,其中菲的毒性作用最强。UV-B辐射(0.3J·m-2的辐射剂量)和多环芳烃的联合作用一方面增强了菲、芘和蒽对3种赤潮微藻光合效率的抑制作用,导致光合速率明显降低,另一方面在一定程度上改变了3种多环芳烃毒性作用的强弱,使芘的毒性作用变得最强。     

除草剂高效氟吡甲禾灵对4种海洋生物的急性毒性效应

高效氟吡甲禾灵（HPME）为禾本科植物选择性除草剂,对海岸带入侵生物互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）有针对性去除效果。为评估HPME在互花米草治理过程中对海洋生物的安全风险,文章采用静水生物试验法开展HPME对4种常见海洋生物的急性毒性试验。结果显示,当水温为18.0±1.0℃时,在HPME的胁迫下,4种受试生物均表现出肌肉松弛、运动能力下降、反应迟钝的现象,且随着胁迫时间的延长,受试生物的死亡率逐步上升,表明HPME对这些海洋生物具有神经毒性,且有累积毒性效应;HPME对四角蛤蜊（Mactra veneriformis）、刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）幼体、半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossus semilaevis）鱼苗、琵琶拟沼螺（Assiminea. lutea）的96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.888 mg/L、1.382 mg/L、0.656 mg/L、8.674 mg/L,安全浓度（SC）分别为0.088 8 mg/L、0.138 2 mg/L、0.065 6 mg/L、0.867 4 mg/L;根据化学农药环境安全评价试验准则,HPME对半滑舌鳎鱼苗和四角蛤蜊的毒性等级为高毒,对刺参幼体、琵琶拟沼螺的毒性等级为中毒。研究结果可为HPME在互花米草防治中的应用提供参考依据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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