地形对山东半岛冬季冷流暴雪影响的一次数值模拟研究

利用MM5数值模式对山东半岛北部2005年12月3～4日暴雪天气进行模拟试验,研究了山脉地形和渤海对半岛北部冷流暴雪的影响,实验表明半岛北部的山脉地形对冷流暴雪的落区和强度影响较大,有山脉地形时降雪强度增大,降雪中心略北移,无渤海时没有明显降雪;同时,保留地形时的上升运动、低层风场辐合和正涡度区都要比无地形和渤海时大得多.     

山东半岛冷流暴雪过程的个例分析

2008年12月4~5日,山东半岛出现了1次冷流暴雪过程,渤海上的辐合带对这次暴雪过程起到了重要的作用。本文利用观测资料和数值模式对这次过程进行了研究,探讨渤海辐合带的发展演变机制及对山东半岛冷流暴雪的影响,并分析了太行山脉对渤海辐合带的影响。结果表明,渤海上空生成的西北东南向的中尺度辐合带造成了以烟台-牟平-文登为中心的西北东南向的降雪带。太行山脉的阻挡作用使绕太行山的西北气流在太行山背风侧形成辐合,同时在低层大气存在1个暖脊,所以在渤海形成了1个西北东南向的辐合带。在西北风的水平平流和非地转风的作用下,渤海辐合带向东北移动,当渤海西北岸出现北风后,渤海辐合带西北部在北风的水平平流作用下向南移动,而渤海辐合带东南部在西北风水平平流和非地转风的作用下,继续向东北移动并与山东半岛北部的海岸锋辐合带合并增强,渤海辐合带西北和东南两部分移动方向的不同造成了辐合带的波动。渤海辐合带增强后登陆山东半岛,造成山东半岛西北东南向降雪带。对这次冷流暴雪个例的分析发现,太行山脉通过形成背风低压中尺度系统直接影响渤海上的中尺度辐合带的发展,而渤海辐合带与山东半岛北岸附近海岸锋的耦合使辐合加强,增强了降雪强度。     

2005年山东半岛特大暴风雪分析

利用常规资料及MM5模拟结果，对2005年12月3-22日山东半岛特大暴风雪过程进行分析，结果表明：此次过程发生在前期异常偏暖，而在强冷空气导致寒潮爆发的形势下，强海气温差、日本海后部横槽持续气旋性弯曲和强冷平流是大尺度环流背景，半岛北部一带850hPa气温下降到-12℃是出现大雪或暴雪的重要指标；中尺度分析的结果表明，冷流降雪的散度、垂直速度、涡度垂直结构不同于一般暴雨过程，其上升运动、高空辐散等局限在500hPa以下的对流层中低层，使冷流降雪由低云引起，为更深入了解冷流降雪的机制提供参考。     

鲁南初冬一次罕见特大暴雪的成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR逐6 h再分析资料,对2015年11月23—24日山东南部出现的一次罕见特大暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:1)这是一次典型的回流形势降雪,850 h Pa东南风急流影响的鲁南地区降雪强度较大,而东北风急流影响的区域降雪强度较弱。2)700 h Pa强西南低空急流、850 h Pa东南低空急流为鲁南地区降雪提供了充沛的水汽,水汽通量的强辐合区域即为大暴雪的发生区域。3)暴雪区上空散度呈现出弱辐散—强辐合—强辐散的垂直结构;暴雪落区与高空的强辐合中心以及强上升运动中心吻合度较高。4)暴雪期间,850~925 h Pa之间维持一个逆温层;强冷空气使得925 h Pa以下边界层温度锐降导致降雨迅速转雪,降雪持续时间长是鲁南地区产生异常强降雪的重要原因。     

不同中心位置的山东半岛冷流暴雪天气分析

利用天气图和环渤海地面自动站风场资料,统计分析了2005—2014年山东半岛的14个冷流暴雪过程,总结出暴雪落区的特征:当500hPa影响系统为冷涡时,可以预测烟台、威海可能出现强降雪,冷涡中心偏南时,威海更有可能出现暴雪。当500hPa影响系统为低槽,烟台发生暴雪时,北部有小槽摆下,槽位置偏西;威海发生暴雪时,东部有宽广的东北-西南向横槽南摆,槽位置偏东。低空700hPa荣成站风速小于青岛时,暴雪中心在威海;反之,暴雪中心在烟台。当暴雪中心位于烟台时,地面图上辽东半岛西海岸有一片较规则的东北风区域;当暴雪中心位于威海时,辽东半岛西海岸无东北风或东北风较为凌乱,不连续出现。     

台风“巴威”外围致山东半岛西部强降水过程的中尺度特征及环境条件

利用自动气象站观测资料、青岛雷达产品以及“天衍”雷达拼图产品和ERA5再分析资料,对台风“巴威”外围致山东半岛西部强降水过程的中尺度特征及环境条件进行分析。结果表明：1）“巴威”在黄海北上期间,其外围暖湿气流与冷空气在山东半岛西部到鲁东南交汇,对流层中低层形成东北—西南向深厚的切变线,高层处于高空急流入口区右侧,低层辐合、高层辐散有利于产生强降水,强降水位于850 hPa切变线及其右侧偏东风一侧。2）前期降水回波先后表现为两条有组织的线形回波带,其形成、发展和移动与850 hPa切变线密切相关;后期切变线右侧偏东风气流中γ中尺度辐合不断触发单体新生,青岛即墨境内组合反射率因子CR、差分反射率因子ZDR、差分相移率KDP均显著增大,导致即墨南泉连续两个小时雨强大于100 mm•h-1。3）切变线附近垂直上升运动深厚,850 hPa以下水汽通量辐合较强,为中尺度系统提供了触发条件和水汽条件;850 hPa,θse暖舌位置与切变线一致,暖舌中心达352 K,为中尺度系统发生、发展提供了能量条件;对流层中高层弱冷空气对触发强对流天气起到一定作用。4）850 hPa以下水汽通量辐合量值≤-8×10-7 g•cm-2•hPa-1•s-1的区域与暴雨区基本吻合,水汽通量辐合中心及垂直上升运动中心越低越有利于出现强降水。     

位涡在冷流暴雪短时预报中的应用

利用NCAR/NCEP逐日6 h间隔的再分析资料,对2005 年冬季发生在山东半岛的冷流暴雪过程中的位涡演变特征及其对降雪的作用机制进行了分析.结果表明:(1) 中高纬度阻塞环流形势经历了转型,其发展演变过程有利于冷空气频繁南下从不同的路径入侵渤海和山东半岛地区,造成持续性冷流暴雪;(2) 高位涡从高层下传,降雪强度与下伸高度有关;(3) 高位涡的移动可以很好地示踪冷空气的源地和路径,此次持续性强降雪过程的冷空气来源于4种路径;(4) 对流层中层的高位涡区的强度和影响时间可作为冷流暴雪预报的有益指标,500 hPa等压面的高位涡信号明显,与强降雪的出现有很好的同位相对应关系,700 hPa的位涡场有时候也表现出强劣信号,业务应用中可同时比较分析二者的高位涡区;(5) 高层的高位涡冷空气下沉时产生位势不稳定和对称不稳定层结,对降雪起到增强作用,500 hPa出现明显槽时可形成"不稳定-稳定-不稳定"的大气层结稳定垂直结构,在短时间内产生强降雪.     

山东半岛冷流暴雪的WRF数值模拟方案研究

采用WRF数值模式,选择2005年12月6—7日和21日两次冷流暴雪天气过程进行模拟,通过有Kessler微物理方案和无微物理方案进行了敏感性试验对比分析。结果表明,有Kessler微物理方案对冷流降雪过程模拟效果好,模拟的降雪量和降雪落区更接近于实况,对流层低层温度平流和风场辐合能够揭示冷流暴雪产生的原因。而无微物理方案模拟的山东半岛降雪量较实况明显偏少,850h Pa温度冷平流的绝对值偏小,且风向辐合的交角偏小,辐合强度偏小。     

山东半岛一次强冷流降雪过程的中尺度特征分析

利用高空和地面的常规观测和天气加密观测资料,以及MM5V3.6中尺度数值模式系统的模拟结果,对2003年1月3~5日山东半岛北部地区发生的暴雪过程进行了中尺度特征研究。实况资料表明:在高空有利的大尺度环流形势控制下,不断入侵的冷空气作用下,受渤海暖海面的热力作用和山东半岛地形作用,产生了中尺度的海岸锋。在强冷平流、海岸锋锋生及半岛地形的摩擦抬升共同作用下,产生了这次强冷流降雪。海岸锋环流形成的对流云能引起降水量的局部增强。数值模拟结果表明:海岸锋生过程及其产生的沿岸辐合带是形成山东半岛冷流暴雪的主要原因,同时海岸锋同低层大气重力波耦合形成了海岸锋陷波。本文给出了山东半岛北岸海岸锋的概念模型。     

辽宁东南部一次强降雪天气的成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、多普勒雷达资料等对2015年2月25日辽宁东南部一次强降雪过程进行分析。结果表明:此次强降雪过程发生在低空切变线东侧暖湿区对应高空急流出口区左侧的辐散区内,有强的水汽辐合中心;地面偏南气流受山前地形抬升作用在强降水区形成风向辐合和850 hPa以下急流中心,是造成强降雪的主要原因之一;暴雪过程开始前6 h出现温度平流随高度减小的配置,假相当位温空间分布上锋区的形成,有利于不稳定层结的建立; 8～12 h前正涡度平流、中低层风向辐合带、近地面冷空气层的建立以及次级环流的形成加强了上升运动,对强降雪预报具有很好的指示作用;在降水相态是雨或雨夹雪时,雷达回波最大强度达到40～45 dBZ,而强降雪时回波强度为20～25 dBZ;当大连本站850 h Pa温度以及1 000 hPa与850 h Pa两层等压面之间的厚度处于雨雪转换临界值时,大连南部为雨或雨夹雪,北部为雪,此时出现强降雪,回波高度基本在6 km以下,最强回波25～35 dBZ维持在1 km以下,近地层为弱偏北风,与其上的西南风在边界层形成切变层,将暖湿气流抬升,为强降水提供动力条件。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.