西藏高原西部荒漠土壤分布与分类问题：兼与有关人士商榷

本文根据笔者1987年的实地调查及前人的有关资料,对西藏高原西部荒漠土壤的分类和分布问题进行讨论,着重阐明了寒漠土与冷漠土的形成过程及分布规律。此外,还提出了所论述地区的荒漠土类及亚类分类意见,以期有益于西藏高原西部荒漠土壤的深入研究。     

土地复垦研究与实践：以平顶山市郊区为例

针对我国国土资源和耕地资源人均数量少,被破坏的土地复垦率仅占2％左右的国情,文章以平顶山市郊区土地复垦为例,阐明了目前土地复垦研究概况及被破坏土地资源分类系统的编制方法及分类命名法;并以《河南省待复垦土地现状调查技术要点》为指导,进行了土地复垦的调查和现状图编绘研究。最后论述了平顶山市郊区土地复垦的研究方法及特点。     

自然保护区地理信息系统数据分类体系与编码结构研究：以西双版纳 …

区域管理信息系统的数据分类体系一般需要７－８级分类才能把有关专题图上最小图斑的内容或属性表示出来。７－８级分类体系中最高的３级分类为高位分类，是各级区域管理信息系统中必须具有的分类。低位分类是第３级高位分类的细化。由于它涉及的学科繁多，各专题分类形式各异。最后决定用１８位数字组成西双版纳板河自然保护区地理信息系统（ＮＢＨＧＩＳ）的数据分类编码，其含有高位分类码、低位分类码、区位码，分别占用４、８和     

新疆农业地貌分类：以编制新疆1：100万农业地貌图为例

针对新疆地域辽阔，地形起伏巨大，山地层状地貌显著，盆地封闭、干旱，风成和流水地貌发育等特点，着眼于地貌与农业的关系，采用形态与成因相结合的分类原则，以地貌与农业关系密切的海拔高程、物质组成、相对高差、坡度等要素为指标，制定新疆农业地貌分类系统，划分农业地貌类型。     

北方农牧林交错带土地利用区的分析与评价：以科尔沁右翼前旗为例

采用聚类分析法，对北方农牧林交错带上的科尔沁右翼前旗的土地利用类型进行了分类，在此基础上，对各土地利用区的土地利用类型及结构特点进行了分析与评价，并对今后合理利用土地资源提出了意见。     

利用TM数据提取干旱区土地覆被信息的方法比较

以柴达木盆地香日德绿洲作为研究实验区,对该区域ETM遥感数据经过空间分辨率融合、主成分分析等方法进行空间信息增强及专题信息增强处理,组合最佳视觉背景图像,分别在不同背景图像上选择训练样本,利用最大似然法监督分类方法(MLC)、多空间尺度分层聚类(SSHC)和基于知识的模糊聚类方法(KFC)等分类器,分别用各自训练样本初始化各类别信息特征值,形成类别特征值模式库,分别以此为基础对待分样本进行分类,对初分类的结果经过类别合并、碎斑滤除以及重新编码赋色等分类后处理,得到最终分类结果及分类精度评价结果。从所获数据可以得出如下结论：从总体精度和Kappa值可知,SSHC和．KFC分类方法所获结果精度较高,总体精度比MLC分类结果约高于3％,SSHC之结果精度略高于KFC之结果;SSHC、KFC和MLC三种分类方法对该区域地表覆被信息的提取分类中,SSHC分类方法对耕地、石砾地、河滩和荒漠分类结果较好,KFC分类方法对耕地、沙地、河滩和荒漠分类结果较好,MLC分类方法对耕地、河滩和荒漠分类结果较好,三种分类方法对耕地、河滩和荒漠等三种地类的分类精度较高,用户精度都在80％以上,而对沙地和石砾地的分类结果其用户精度大都低于80％。     

旅游资源分类方法及其应用研究

旅游资源分类是进行旅游资源普查、评价的前提,也是科学合理利用旅游资源的重要途径。分析了旅游资源特性,认为旅游资源具有相对性、广泛性、交叉性。对国内外旅游资源分类方法及方案进行简要分析和评述,认为中国现行分类方法和方案具有较强科学性、合理性和可操作性,但是也存在一些问题。从理论上探讨旅游资源分类方法,并论述如何将这些分类方法综合应用于分类实践,认为旅游资源可以采用多种分类方法,不同分类方法的适用范围各有不同,也可以综合应用。     

新疆库木塔格004号陨石球粒类型研究及其在球粒分类体系的应用

球粒是球粒陨石的主要组分,目前球粒分类体系主要有三种,即结构分类、FeO-SiO2分类和M-FeO-CaO分类。球粒结构分类过于依赖结构与形态,而与化学成分联系不紧密。FeO-SiO2分类体系和M-FeO-CaO分类体系在传统的结构分类体系基础上加入了矿物化学分类参数,这有利于进一步研究太阳星云演化的物理化学过程。但与结构分类相比,很少利用FeO-SiO2和M-FeO-CaO分类体系对陨石球粒进行分类。本次所研究陨石为我国新发现的沙漠陨石富集区——新疆库木塔格沙漠004号陨石（L4,S4,W3）,在对其中的球粒进行了详细普查和研究的基础上,分别利用三种分类体系对该陨石中的球粒进行分类,并进一步探讨了FeO-SiO2分类和M-FeO-CaO分类方法优缺点与应用范围。通过对比分析,提出了后两种分类方法的改进意见：针对FeO-SiO2分类体系,提出以硅酸盐中FeO=7.5%（wt%）为I型和II型球粒分界线,SiO2=47%及53%（wt%）为A型、AB型和B型球粒分界线。FeO-SiO2分类体系不仅能应用于斑状球粒,也适用非斑状球粒。对M-FeO-CaO分类体系依据辉石组分（FeO及CaO,单位wt%）对A1型（FeO＜1,CaO＞1）、A2型（FeO≈1—3,CaO＜0.5）、A5型（FeO≈11—14,CaO≈0.3—0.9）和B型（FeO＞3,CaO＜0.5）球粒的类型区间进行了初步划分。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的城市典型乔木树种分类研究

为探索高分辨率遥感影像对城市复杂环境优势乔木树种分类的有效性,采用面向对象分类方法,基于WorldView-2影像对首都师范大学及周边地区(CNU)、北京师范大学及周边地区(BNU)两个研究区进行优势乔木树种(泡桐、法国梧桐、杨树、国槐、银杏)分类。首先对WorldView-2影像进行分割,获得树冠区域及其49个属性特征,包括31个光谱属性和18个纹理属性;随后利用随机森林RF与支持向量机SVM两种分类算法对树冠区域进行分类。CNU研究区SVM与RF总体分类精度分别为86.5%、75.8%,Kappa系数为0.801、0.648;BNU研究区SVM与RF总体分类精度分别为66.9%、65.3%,Kappa系数为0.541、0.520。实验表明WorldView-2影像能有效实现城市非阴影区域优势乔木树种分类,但异质性较高、树种分布分散的区域分类精度低于异质性较小、树种分布密集的区域;WorldView-2影像的4个新增波段尤其是红边波段的派生属性在分类过程中所占权重值较高。     

信息重分类在土地覆盖动态监测中的应用——以澜沧江梯级电站库区为例

根据士地覆盖动态监测的需求,设计了重分类方法,对遥感土地覆盖分类图及坡度分类图进行了分类码的设计和GIS数据建库的讨论,通过信息叠加可以得到所需要的信息,进而可以分析不同土地类型及在不同坡度类型下地类之间的相互转化规律.方法应用于澜沧江梯级电站库区,对1988年、1996年和2000年的土地覆盖资料进行了分析,并通过野外实地调查资料进行验证,得出该区土地覆盖时空变化规律,进而可以为该区人类活动和环境之间相互关系与产沙机理提供分析依据,表明信息重分类方法在土地覆盖动态变化监测及其他相关领域具有十分重要的应用价值.     

中国近40年来地貌学研究的回顾与展望

地貌学是地理学的一门主要分支学科,其研究成就与发展一直倍受人们关注。本文对中国近60年来的研究状况,尤其近40年来研究历程进行了回顾,从总结经验与发展态势出发,对地貌学科未来发展方向提出了展望。分析认为,中国地貌学科在地貌基本类型、区划以及分支学科：包括动力地貌学（包括冰川地貌、冰缘地貌、风沙地貌、黄土地貌、喀斯特地貌、河流地貌、海岸地貌等）、构造地貌学、气候地貌学、古地貌、岩石地貌学（包括丹霞地貌、花岗岩与流纹岩地貌）、其他地貌类型（包括重力地貌,人工地貌）等方面取得重大进展,地貌学已逐渐发展成为一门拥有完整学科体系的科学。通过回顾认为,应坚持地貌成因、形态相统一的原则发展传统地貌与综合地貌。加强地貌基础理论与综合地貌研究、开展地貌结构及其功能研究、构建全方位资源环境地貌信息系统、加强海岸地貌与海洋地貌研究、加强人才培养和学术团队建设,将是中国实现地貌强国目标的主要途径。     

第四纪江汉-洞庭盆地东部中段构造-沉积地貌类型划分及特征

以第四纪构造活动、沉积作用以及现今地势高低和地貌形态特征为主要依据,对江汉-洞庭盆地东部中段及其东缘(1:25万岳阳市幅)进行构造-沉积地貌类型的划分与编图。研究区共厘定出9种构造-沉积地貌类型,各地貌类型的地表高程、第四纪地壳升降特征、风化剥蚀和沉积作用等各具特征。构造-沉积地貌类型的划分及其地貌图的编制,既反映出地表地理环境暨地貌特征,又提供直观表达不同地区第四纪地层、构造特征及其反映的地质与环境演化过程的有效途径,有助于促进和深化江汉-洞庭盆地第四纪地质与环境研究。     

横断山区地貌区划

本文概述了横断山区地貌区划的基本原则和划区依据。在分析本区地貌特征的基础上,将区内地貌划分为2个地貌区;Ⅰ.横断极大起伏大起伏高山山原地貌区;Ⅱ.云贵川高中山山原地貌区,13个地貌地区,并分别论述了各区主要地貌特征。     

A review on anthropogenic geomorphology

With the continuous development of man’s ability to reshape nature, human activities have become the third geomorphologic agent in the modern geomorphological process. Man-made landform is a landform unit characterized by human activities and is a result of synergizing human and nature geomorphologic agents under the physical geographical background. This article provides an overview on the major progresses in research on anthropogenic geomorphology from aspects like the origin of anthropogenic geomorphology, man-made landform agents and classification, man-made landform evolution and its influencing mechanism, map presentation of man-made landform, and environmental impact of man-made landforms. In addition, in the article, the future development of anthropogenic geomorphology is forecasted. It is pointed out that future studies on anthropogenic geomorphology should pay more attention to the following directions: construction of discipline system of anthropogenic geomorphology, material composition and morphological features of man-made landforms, spatial expansion process and development laws of man-made landforms, regional disparity and accumulative environmental effects of man-made landforms, and environmental management on man-made landforms and comparative analyses of relevant international management policies.     

中国地貌区划理论与分区体系

Geomorphological regionalization(geomor-region)and geomorphological type(geomor-type)classification are two core components in the geomorphologic research.Although remarkable achievements have been made in the study of geomor-region,many deficiencies still exist,such as the inconsistency of landform indicators,the small quantity of division orders,disparities of geomorphological characteristics,differences of mapping results,and the small scale of zoning maps.Requirements for improved national geomor-regions are therefore needed for the purpose of an enhanced national geo-information system.Based on theories of geomor-region in China including plate tectonics,crustal features,endogenic and exogenic forced geomorphological features,and regional differentiations of geomor-type,a three-order(major-region,sub-region,and small-region)research program on China’s geomor-regions is proposed on the basis of previous 2013 geomor-region system.The major contents of the new geomor-region scheme are:(1)principles of the national multi-order geomor-regions;(2)hierarchical indicator systems of geomor-regions including characteristics of the terrain ladder under the control of tectonic setting,combinations of regional macro-form types,combinations of endogenic and exogenic forces and basic types of morphology,combinations of regional morphological types,and combinations of regional micro-morphological types;(3)naming rules and coding methods of geomor-regions;and(4)precise positioning techniques and methods of multi-order geomor-region divisions based on multi-source data.Using the new geomor-region theory and division methodology,the partition of national three-order geomor-regions of China was successfully constructed.The geomor-region system divided China into six first-order major-regions,36 second-order sub-regions,and 136 third-order small-regions.In addition,a database and management information system of the national geomor-regions were established.This research has an important guiding significance for promoting the development of China’s regional geomorphology and for practical applications based on geomor-regions.     

地貌形态分类的数量化研究

用数量分析法进行地貌分类时会遇到数据怎么量取、样本的基本单位怎么选择、样本基本单位的界线怎么定、样本选择多少为宜等问题,文章就这些问题的解决做了探索。最后分析并讨论了用数量分析法得出的分类结果,得出用数量法进行地貌分类时以细致、定量、综合、三性优于传统分类法的结论。     

中国地貌区划理论与分区体系研究

区划和类型是地貌学研究的两大核心内容。中国地貌区划已有诸多划分方案,比较而言,各种方案存在遴选指标不一、确定等级较少、反映特征各异、划分结果不同、成图尺度较小等不足。应中国地理国情普查等国家专项任务的需求,对较大尺度、多级地貌区划研究提出了新的要求。在梳理中国地貌区划的理论,包括板块构造与地貌圈特征、地貌形态与内外营力体系、地貌形态的类型组合与区域分异的基础上,基于2013年提出的中国地貌二级区划的新方案,归纳了全国多级地貌区划分的原则,提出了基于“大区—地区—区—亚区—小区”的全国五级地貌等级分区方案,建立了“大地构造控制下的地势阶梯特征—>区域宏观形态类型组合—>内外营力及基本形态类型组合—>区域内形态类型组合—>区域微地貌形态组合”的五级地貌分区指标体系,提出了五级地貌区划体系的命名规则和编码方式,构建了基于多源数据进行多级地貌区划单元精确定位的技术与方法,完成了全国1:25万尺度五级地貌区的划分,包括6个一级大区、36个二级地区、136个三级区、331个四级亚区、1500多个五级小区,并建立了全国地貌区划数据库。该研究对于促进中国区域地貌学的发展、基于地貌区划的应用研究等具有重要的指导意义。     

陕北黄土高原正负地形研究(英文)

The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess landforms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods.     

Research and perspectives on geomorphology in China: Four decades in retrospect

Geomorphology is one of the main subdisciplines of geography. The research achievements and prospects in geomorphology have received considerable attention for a long time. In this paper, a general retrospect of geomorphologic research in China over the past 60 years was firstly addressed, especially the research progress during the last 40 years. Based on a summary of experience and a tendency of development, perspectives of geomorphologic research direction in the future were provided. It is concluded that the discipline of geomorphology has made great progress in the aspects of geomorphologic types, regionalization, as well as their subdisciplines such as dynamic geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, climatic geomorphology, lithological geomorphology, palaeogeomorphology. We believe that persisting in the unity principle between morphological and genetic types would be conductive for the development of traditional landforms and integrated landforms. In addition, five perspectives aim to enhance China’s geomorphologicl research capacity were proposed. They are: (1) strengthening the research of basic geomorphologic theory and the research of integrated geomorphology to expand the research space; (2) focusing more on the research of geomorphologic structure and geomorphologic function to improve the application ability of geomorphology; (3) constructing a comprehensive resource, environmental, and geomorphologic information system and building a sharing platform to upgrade the intelligent information industry of geomorphology; (4) putting more efforts on the research of coastal geomorphology and marine geomorphology to assist the transformation of China from a maritime country to an ocean power; and (5) cultivating talents and constructing research teams to maintain a sustainable development of China’s geomorphologic research.     

分形理论及其在地貌学中的应用──分形地貌学研究综述及展望

本文简介了分形的有关基本概念,回顾了分形理论在海岸、流水、喀斯特地貌等多种地貌类型和流域地貌发育的形态研究中,以及在地貌过程研究中的应用的新近成果,并提出了今后分形地貌学研究的五个主要方面.