Transition from I‐type to A‐type magmatism in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone,NW Iran: an extensional intra‐continental arc

The South Dehgolan pluton, in NW Iran was emplaced into the Sanandaj–Sirjan magmatic–metamorphic zone. This composite intrusion comprises three main groups: (1) monzogabbro–monzodiorite rocks, (2) quartz monzonite–syenite rocks, and (3) a granite suite which crops out in most of the area. The granites generally show high SiO₂ content from 72.1%–77.6 wt.% with diagnostic mineralogy consisting of biotite and amphibole along the boundaries of feldspar–quartz crystals which implies anhydrous primary magma compositions. The granite suite is metaluminous and distinguished by high FeOt/MgO ratios (av. 9.6 wt.%), typical of ferroan compositions with a pronounced A‐type affinity with high Na₂O + K₂O contents, high Ga/Al ratios, enrichment in Zr, Nb, REE, and depletion in Eu. The quartz monzonite–syenites show intermediate SiO₂ levels (59.8%–64.5 wt.%) with metaluminous, magnesian to ferroan characteristics, intermediate Na₂O + K₂O contents, enrichment in Zr, Nb, REE, Ga/Al, and depletion in Eu. The monzogabbro–monzodiorites show overall lower SiO₂ content (48.5%–55.9 wt.%) with metaluminous and calc‐alkaline compositions, relatively lower Na₂O + K₂O contents, low Ga/Al ratios, and FeOt/MgO (av. 1.6 wt.%) ratios, low abundances of Zr, Nb, and lower REE element concentrations relative to the granites and quartz monzonite–syenites. These geochemical differences among the three different rocks suites are likely to indicate different melt origins. We suggest that the South Dehgolan pluton resulted from a change in the geodynamic regime, from compression to extension in the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone during Mesozoic subduction of the Neo‐Tethys oceanic crust beneath the Central Iranian microcontinent. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrography and major elements geochemistry of microgranular enclaves and neoproterozoic granitoids of south Khasi,Meghalaya: Evidence of magma mixing and alkali diffusion

Neoproterozoic (690±19 Ma) felsic magmatism in the south Khasi region of Precambrian northeast Indian shield, referred to as south Khasi granitoids (SKG), contains country-rock xenoliths and microgranular enclaves (ME). The mineral assemblages (pl-hbl-bt-kf-qtz-mag) of the ME and SKG are the same but differ in proportions and grain size. Modal composition of ME corresponds to quartz monzodiorite whereas SKG are quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite and monzogranite. The presence of acicular apatite, fine grains of mafic-felsic minerals, resorbed maficfelsic xenocrysts and ocellar quartz in ME strongly suggest magma-mixed and undercooled origin for ME. Molar Al₂O₃/CaO+Na₂O+K₂O (A/CNK) ratio of ME (0.68–0.94) and SKG (0.81–1.00) suggests their metaluminous (I-type) character. Linear to sub-linear variations of major elements (MgO, Fe₂O₃ ^t, P₂O₅, TiO₂, MnO and CaO against SiO₂) of ME and SKG and two-component mixing model constrain the origin of ME by mixing of mafic and felsic magmas in various proportions, which later mingled and undercooled as hybrid globules into cooler felsic (SKG) magma. However, rapid diffusion of mobile elements from felsic to mafic melt during mixing and mingling events has elevated the alkali contents of some ME.     

Hydrothermal origin of mafic layers in alpine-type peridotites: Evidence from the seiad ultramafic complex,California, USA

Cretaceous alkaline intrusive rocks present in the Bitterfontein area comprise a suite having compositions ranging from olivine melilitite to syenite. These rocks which include some of lamprophyric affinity form part of the widespread dominantly alkaline suite of intrusives occurring in a broad zone parallel to the south western African coastal regions. This paper presents the petrology of the Bitterfontein alkaline rocks together with mineral and rock analyses. The chemistry of the rocks shows the suite to define a SiO₂ enrichment trend linking the compositions of olivine melilitite to oversaturated basic rocks. This trend is compared with trends defined by essentially tholeiitic volcanics and kimberlite-olivine melilitite compositions and a genetic relationship with the latter is apparent. Polybaric crystallisation of a larnite normative liquid in a crustal environment coupled with fractionation especially of phlogopite is important in the generation of members of the Bitterfontein suite. Phlogopite fractionation represents a deviation by the Bitterfontein suite from the evolutionary trend predicted by experimental work for low pressure anhydrous compositions in the Fo-La-Ne-SiO₂ system.     

Collision‐related granite magma genesis,potential sources and tectono‐magmatic evolution: comparison between central,northwestern and western Anatolia (Turkey)

The central, northwestern and western Anatolian magmatic provinces are defined by a large number of late Mesozoic to late Cenozoic collision‐related granitoids. Calc‐alkaline, subalkaline and alkaline intrusive rocks in central Anatolia are mainly metaluminous, shoshonitic, I‐ to A‐types. They cover a petrological range from monzodiorite through quartz monzonite to granite/syenite, and are all enriched in LILE. Their geochemical characteristics are consistent with formation from a subduction‐modified mantle source. Calc‐alkaline plutonic rocks in northwestern Anatolia are mainly metaluminous, medium‐ to high‐K and I‐types. They are monzonite to granite, and all are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE, showing features of arc‐related intrusive rocks. Geochemical data reveal that these plutons were derived from partial melting of mafic lower crustal sources. Calc‐alkaline intrusive rocks in western Anatolia are metaluminous, high‐K and I‐types. They have a compositional range from granodiorite to granite, and are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE. Geochemical characteristics of these intrusive rocks indicate that they could have originated by the partial melting of mafic lower crustal source rocks.     

Geochemistry of the Rio Espinharas hybrid complex, northeastern Brazil

The Rio Espinharas pluton, northeastern Brazil, belongs to the shoshonitic series and consists mainly of syenogranite, quartz–monzonite and porphyritic quartz–monzonite, but diorite, quartz–monzodiorite, quartz–syenite and microsyenogranite also occur containing microgranular enclaves, except for the diorite. Most variation diagrams of rocks, amphiboles, biotites and allanites show linear trends, but K, Zr, Sr and Ba of rocks display curved scattered trends. The rocks ranging from diorite to syenogranite define a pseudo-errorchron and have similar REE patterns. Syenogranite and microsyenogranite are derived from two distinct pulses of granite magma with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.7083±0.0003 and 0.7104±0.0007, respectively. Modelling of major and trace elements shows that the syenogranite evolved by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, microcline, edenite, biotite and titanite, whereas quartz–monzonite, porphyritic quartz–monzonite, quartz–monzodiorite and quartz–syenite resulted from simple mixing between an upper mantle-derived dioritic magma and the upper crust-derived syenogranite magma. Dioritic enclaves are globules of a mafic magma from the upper mantle.     

Post-collisional magmatism in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: The geotectonic evolution of the alkaline suite at Gebel Tarbush area, south Sinai, Egypt

Post-collisional alkaline magmatism (∼610–580 Ma) is widely distributed in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS), i.e. the northern part of the Egyptian Eastern Desert and Sinai. Alkaline rocks of G. Tarbush constitute the western limb of the Katharina ring complex (∼593 ± 16 Ma) in southern Sinai. This suite commenced with the extrusion of peralkaline volcanics and quartz syenite subvolcanics intruded by syenogranite and alkali feldspar granite. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these rocks indicate an alkaline/peralkaline within-plate affinity. Quartz syenite is relatively enriched in TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, MgO, CaO, Sr, Ba and depleted in SiO₂, Nb, Y, and Rb. The G. Tarbush alkaline suite most likely evolved via fractionation of mainly feldspar and minor mafic phases (hornblende, aegirine) from a common quartz syenite parental magma, which formed via partial melting of middle crustal rocks of ANS juvenile crust. Mantle melts could have provided the heat required for the middle crustal melting. The upper mantle melting was likely promoted by erosional decompression subsequent to lithospheric delamination and crustal uplift during the late-collisional stage of the ANS. Such an explanation could explain the absence or scarce occurrence of mafic and intermediate lithologies in the abundant late- to post-collisional calc-alkaline and alkaline suites in the northern ANS. Moreover, erosion related to crustal uplift during the late-collision stage could account for the lack or infrequent occurrence of older lithologies, i.e. island arc metavolcanics and marginal basin ophiolites, from the northern part of the ANS.     

Evidence for Post-Metamorphic Metasomatism of High-Grade Orthogneisses from Sri Lanka

Here we discuss the post-metamorphic metasomatism of high-grade orthogneisses by studying granite-looking, pink-coloured microcline-bearing rocks exposed around Ambagaspitiya, Sri Lanka. These rocks are medium- to coarse-grained, and are more or less homogeneous, and isotropic. Textural, and petrographic analyses clearly show that these special rocks are neither deformed nor metamorphosed, and that they are not any kind of intrusive rocks. The present study shows that these rocks have formed through K-metasomatism of once intensely deformed, and metamorphosed granodiorite, tonalite, monzodiorite, and quartz monzodiorite. The modal compositions of most of these metasomatic rocks of Ambagaspitiya are very similar to those of syenite, quartz syenite, monzonite, quartz monzonite, and quartz monzodiorite.All the original metamorphic rocks — namely granitic gneiss, metagranite, metagranodiorite, metatonalite, metamonzodiorite, metaquartz monzodiorite, metadiorite, basic dikes, and metapelites — had undergone at least five ductile deformations, D₁ to D₅, and had been metamorphosed under upper amphibolite to granulite facies conditions prior to the metasomatism. Almost all the parent metamorphic rocks had acquired a well-developed gneissic foliation (S2), and had suffered at least two intense folding events (F₃, and F₅) before the metasomatism occurred. All the metamorphic, and deformational fabrics of affected metamorphic rocks have been completely or partially obliterated by the metasomatism. This indicates that the metasomatic process post-dates all ductile deformations (D₁ — D₅), and the regional metamorphism. Of the parent metamorphic rocks, metagranodiorite, metatonalite, metamonzodiorite, and metaquartz monzodiorite have undergone intense metasomatism. It is shown that the metasomatism has nucleated along late-stage, post-D₅ shear zones, which may form an interconnected network. Potassium-bearing metasomatic fluids, derived from a deep-seated K-rich source, may have migrated along these shear zones. The fluids which entered the shear zones have pervaded the orthogneisses through foliation planes, and along grain boundaries, and microcracks in minerals, transforming the host gneisses to metasomatic rocks. The main metasomatic transformation has taken place through the replacement of metamorphic plagioclase, and plagioclase-quartz by microcline, and through formation of myrmekite. Further studies are necessary to unravel the nature, composition, and the source of these late-stage K-rich fluids in the lower crust.     

Geochemistry and Intrusive History of the Ashland Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon

The Ashland pluton is a calc-alkaline plutonic complex thatintruded the western Paleozoic and Triassic belt of the KlamathMountains in late Middle Jurassic time. The pluton comprisesa series of compositionally distinct magma pulses. The oldestrocks are hornblende gabbro and two-pyroxene quartz gabbro withinitial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0{dot}7044, ¹⁸O = 8{dot}7%, and REE patternswith chondrite normalized La/Lu = 7. These units were followedby a suite of tonalitic rocks (La_N/Lu_N = 7) and then by a suiteof K₂O- and P₂O₅ rocks of quartz monzodioritic affinity (La_N/Lu_N= 13–21; La_N/Sm_N = 2{dot}4–3{dot}) The quartz monzodioriticrocks were then intruded by biotite granodiorite and granitewith lower REE abundances but more fractionated LREE(La_N/Lu_N= 13–19; La_N/Sm_N = 4{dot}3–6 and they, in turn,were host to dikes and bosses of hornblende diorite. The latestintrusive activity consisted of aplitic and granitic dikes.Combined phase equilibria and mineral composition data, indicateemplacement conditions of approximately P_total = 2{dot}3kb,P_H2O between 1{dot}5 and 2{dot}2 kb, and f_O2 between the nickel-nickeloxide and hematite-magnetite buffers. Successive pulses of magma display increasing SiO₂ togetherwith increasing ¹⁸O and decreasing initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. The isotopicdata are consistent with either (1) combined fractional crystallizationof andesitic magma and concurrent assimilation of crustal materialcharacterized by low Sr₁ and high (¹⁸O or, more probably, (2)a series of partial melting events in which sources were successivelyless radiogenic but richer in ¹⁸O Each intrusive stage displaysevidence for some degree of crystal accumulation and/or fractionalcrystallization but neither process adequately accounts fortheir compositional differences. Consequently, each stage appearsto represent a distinct partial melting or assimilation event. The P₂O₅-rich nature of the quartz monzodiorite suite suggestsaccumulation of apatite. However, the suite contains abundantmafic microgranitoid enclaves and most apatite in the suiteis acicular. These observations suggest that magma mixing affectedthe compositional variation of the quartz monzodiorite suite.Mass balance calculations are consistent with a simple mixingprocess in which P₂O₅-rich alkalic basalt magma (representedby the mafic microgranitoid enclaves) was combined with a crystal-poorfelsic magma (represented by the tonalite suite), yielding aquartz monzodioritic magma that then underwent differentiationby crystal fractionation and accumulation.     

Mixed Caledonian appinite magmas: implications for lamprophyre fractionation and high Ba-Sr granite genesis

Ach'Uaine Hybrid appinites represent a rare example of lamprophyric magmas that were demonstrably exactly contemporaneous with felsic differentiates, preserved within a suite of minor, hypabyssal intrusions emplaced at the end of the Caledonian orogeny in northern Scotland. Numerous small stocks, bosses and dykes show outcrop-scale relationships characteristic of mingling between lamprophyric and syenitic magmas, and are commonly cut by sharp-sided granite veins. The mafic rocks are characterised by Ni and Cr abundances and MgO sufficiently high to signal derivation from a mantle source within which radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and nonradiogenic ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios require significant time-integrated incompatible element enrichment. This is manifest in high Ba, Sr and light REE abundances and incompatible element ratios in the derived magmas directly comparable with those of high Ba-Sr granitoids and related rocks. Quantitative major element, trace element, radiogenic and stable isotope modelling is consistent with early fractionation of clinopyroxene and biotite, accompanied by minor crustal assimilation, having driven the evolving lamprophyric magma to cogenetic syenite. Subsequent derivation of granite required a major change to feldspar-dominated crystal fractionation with continued, still minor contamination. The elemental and isotopic characteristics of the granitic terminus are so similar to high Ba-Sr granitoids both locally and worldwide, that these too may have had large mantle components and represent significant juvenile additions to the crust. Received: 26 September 1995 / Accepted: 5 June 1996     

Minor-element and Sr-isotope geochemistry of tertiary stocks,Colorado mineral belt

Rocks of the northeast portion of the Colorado mineral belt form two petrographically, chemically and geographically distinct rock suites: (1) a silica oversaturated granodiorite suite; and (2) a silica saturated, high alkali monzonite suite. Rocks of the granodiorite suite generally have Sr contents less than 1000 ppm, subparallel REE patterns and initial ⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr ratios greater than 0.707. Rocks of the monzonite suite are restricted to the northeast part of the mineral belt, where few rocks of the granodiorite suite occur, and generally have Sr contents greater than 1000 ppm, highly variable REE patterns and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratios less than 0.706.Despite forming simple, smooth trends on major element variation diagrams, trace element data for rocks of the granodiorite suite indicate that they were not derived from a single magma. These rocks were derived from magmas having similar REE patterns, but variable Rb and Sr contents, and Rb/Sr ratios. The preferred explanation for these rocks is that they were derived by partial melting of a mixed source, which yielded pyroxene granulite or pyroxenite residues.The monzonite suite is chemically and petrographically more complex than the granodiorite suite. It is subdivided here into alkalic and mafic monzonites, and quartz syenites, based on the textural relations of their ferromagnesian phases and quartz. The geochemistry of these three rock types require derivation from separate and chemically distinct magma types. The preferred explanation for the alkalic monzonites is derivation from a heterogeneous mafic source, leaving a residue dominated by garnet and clinopyroxene. Early crystallization of sphene from these magmas was responsible for the severe depletion of the REE observed in the residual magmas. The lower Sr content and higher Rb/Sr ratios of the mafic monzonites requires a plagioclase-bearing source.The Sr-isotope systematics of the majority of these rocks are interpreted to be largely primary, and not the result of crustal contamination. The positive correlation of Rb/Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios for the least fractionated samples indicate that the sources from which parent magmas of both the granodiorite and monzonite suites were derived are Precambrian in age.     

Highly potassic mafic dykes from Antarctica

Two exceptionally potassium‐rich alkali mela‐syenite dykes from widely separated localities in Antarctica consist of microcline, phlogopite, alkali amphibole (K‐richterite and K‐arfvedsonite), apatite, and minor quartz, anatase, rutile, sphene, barite, zircon, and opaque minerals; they represent the more deep‐seated equivalents of the potassium‐rich mafic volcanic and subvolcanic rock suite. Both are characterised by extremely high TiO₂, K₂O, P₂O₅, F, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, Th, and U, but relatively low Al₂O₃, CaO, and Na₂O. The dyke from Priestley Peak, Enderby Land is relatively magnesian (mg 0.67–0.71) and probably represents a near‐primary magma; its compositional variation may be mainly explained in terms of phlogopite fractionation. The dyke from Mount Bayliss, MacRobertson Land is more evolved (mg 0.54–0.58), and a similar, more rapidly cooled specimen from nearby moraine shows textural evidence that early leucite reacted with liquid to give K‐feldspar. It also shows evidence, in the form of felsic ocelli, for liquid immisci‐bility, although it is not clear whether this was petrogenetically important or merely a late‐magmatic feature.     

西秦岭德乌鲁岩体成因及地质意义——来自岩石地球化学的证据

西秦岭德乌鲁岩体位于夏河-合作断裂和力士山-围当山断裂之间,寄主岩石以花岗闪长岩为主,石英闪长岩和石英二长闪长岩次之,并含有大量暗色微粒包体(MMEs)。对德乌鲁岩体开展了年代学研究,获得的花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为225.9±1.3 Ma,表明该岩体形成于晚三叠世早期,可能与扬子板块与华北板块陆陆碰撞有关。岩石地球化学研究表明,寄主岩石具有高K2O,低Y、MgO的特点,而暗色微细粒包体(MMEs)具低K2O,高Y、MgO的特点,在微量元素蛛网图解和稀土元素配分模式上它们具有类似的曲线,在Al_2O_3/MgOSiO_2/MgO图上呈现明显的线性关系,表明这些岩石之间发生了明显的物质交换,说明德乌鲁岩体中的石英闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩是由镁铁质岩浆和长英质岩浆混合产生的,可能与扬子板块和华北板块陆陆碰撞后伸展环境下发生的强烈壳-幔相互作用有关。MMEs可能是镁铁质岩浆的残余物,地球化学特征显示可能有幔源物质的加入,并带来了Au、Cu等成矿元素,在岩体形成演化过程中生成富含Cu和Au的含矿热液,从而在德乌鲁岩体中形成了热液型铜金矿床。     

The Mlindi ring structure. An example of an ultrapotassic pyroxenite to syenite differentiated complex

The Mlindi ring complex in southern Malawi, dated at 495 Ma, is intrusive in the Proterozoic migmatite basement composed mainly of hornblende- and biotite-bearing paragneiss and dolomitic marble. Three main lithologic facies have been distinguished: (1) syenite, which crops out in the outer part of the complex as an oval-shaped ring dike (7 km×9 km) and as a rim of massive bodies cutting the mafic rocks of the central part, (2) two types of diopside-biotite gabbro (syenogabbro and gabbronorite), and (3) a banded phlogopite pyroxenite cumulate intruded by the diopside-biotite gabbro. Major- and trace-element geochemistry shows these rocks to form a continuous suite from pyroxenite to syenite with two potassium trends: a highpotassium trend comprising pyroxenite and syenogabbro in which ultrapotassic rocks (K₂O/Na₂O > 3) are developed, and a low-potassium trend with gabbronorite and sodic syenite. The major-element geochemistry of the phlogopite pyroxenite is similar to that of the kamafugitic series volcanic rocks containing micaceous pyroxenite inclusions. The pyroxenite is poorer in compatible elements (e.g. Ni=100–200 ppm, Cr=40–1200 ppm, Cu=5–200 ppm and Co=50 ppm) than other mafic cumulates or lamproite and lamprophyre, which suggests that the Mlindi rocks crystallized from an already differentiated magma. On the other hand, the pyroxenite has a very high content of incompatible elements (e.g. Th or REE) due to abundant apatite; consequently their REE patterns are commonly similar to that of apatite. The A1₂O₃ (2%) and TiO₂ (<0.4%) contents of diopside are very low, whereas the biotite (or phlogopite) is rich in TiO2 (3–4%). Compositional changes, especially Fe-Mg substitution, in these minerals were small during differentiation.     

Mantle derivation of Archean amphibole-bearing granitoid and associated mafic rocks: evidence from the southern Superior Province,Canada

Amphibole-bearing, Late Archean (2.73–2.68 Ga) granitoids of the southern Superior Province are examined to constrain processes of crustal development. The investigated plutons, which range from tonalite and diorite to monzodiorite, monzonite, and syenite, share textural, mineralogical and geochemical attributes suggesting a common origin as juvenile magmas. Despite variation in modal mineralogy, the plutons are geochemically characterized by normative quartz, high Al₂O₃ (> 15 wt%), Na-rich fractionation trends (mol Na₂O/K₂O >2), low to moderate Rb (generally<100 ppm), moderate to high Sr (200–1500 ppm), enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) (Ce_N generally 10–150), fractionated REE (Ce_N/Yb_N 8–30), Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu^*) 1, and decreasing REE with increasing SiO₂. The plutons all contain amphibole-rich, mafic-ultramafic rocks which occur as enclaves and igneous layers and as intrusive units which exhibit textures indicative of contemporaneous mafic and felsic magmatism. Mafic mineral assemblages include: hornblende + biotite in tonalites; augite + biotite ± orthopyroxene ± pargasitic hornblende or hornblende+biotite in dioritic to monzodioritic rocks; and aegirine-augite ± silicic edenite ± biotite in syenite to alkali granite. Discrete plagioclase and microcline grains are present in most of the suites, however, some of the syenitic rocks are hypersolvus granitoids and contain only perthite. Mafic-ultramafic rocks have REE and Y contents indicative of their formation as amphibole-rich cumulates from the associated granitoids. Some cumulate rocks have skeletal amphibole with X_Mg(Mg/(Mg+ Fe²⁺)) indicative of crystallization from more primitive liquids than the host granitoids. Geochemical variation in the granitoid suites is compatible with fractionation of amphibole together with subordinate plagioclase and, in some cases, mixing of fractionated and primitive magmas. Mafic to ultramafic units with magnesium-rich cumulus phases and primitive granitoids (mol MgO/ (MgO+0.9 FeO^TOTAL) from 0.60 to 0.70 and C_T >150 ppm) are comagmatic with the evolved granitoids and indicate that the suites are mantle-derived. Isotopic studies of Archean monzodioritic rocks have shown LREE enrichment and initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios indicating derivation from mantle sources enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) shortly before melting. Mineral assemblages record lower P_H2O with increased alkali contents of the suites. This evidence, in conjunction with experimental studies, suggests that increased alkali contents may reflect decreased P_H2O during mantle melting. These features indicate that 2.73 Ga tonalitic rocks are derived from more hydrous mantle sources than 2.68 Ga syenitic rocks, and that the spectrum of late Archean juvenile granitoid rocks is broader than previously recognized. Comparison with Phanerozoic and recent plutonic suites suggests that these Archean suites are subduction related.     

冀北水泉沟-后沟偏碱性侵入杂岩体的成矿特征

水泉沟-后沟偏碱性侵入杂岩体地处河北省崇礼-赤城地区,是我国唯一在碱性-偏碱性侵入杂岩体内发现许多具有工业意义金矿床的地区.偏碱性侵入杂岩体的展布受尚义-崇礼-赤城东西向深断裂控制,杂岩体主要由正长岩类、碱性正长岩类、二长岩类以及石英二长岩等岩石组成.综合岩石和矿床的常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及铅同位素等特征,表明偏碱性侵入杂岩体是深部壳幔混合作用形成的;且金矿床的形成与偏碱性侵入杂岩体是密切相关的.成矿作用在偏碱性侵入杂岩体的东部与西部有所不同,西部多以石英脉、石英细脉、网脉型为主,围岩以正长岩、石英二长岩为主;东部则多为石英细网脉和破碎蚀变岩型,围岩主要是碱长正长岩、正长岩.金矿床受控于尚义-崇礼-赤城东西向深断裂的次一级东西向构造和南北向构造,赋矿部位主要在两组构造的交汇部位.     

Petrogenesis of Mesoproterozoic K‐rich granitoids,southern Mt Angelay igneous complex,Cloncurry district,northwest Queensland

The K‐rich granitoids of the southern Mt Angelay igneous complex belong to the younger phases of the Williams and Naraku Batholiths (<1540 Ma) in the Cloncurry district. Granitoids of the complex form a series of I‐type, K‐rich, metaluminous monzodiorite to subaluminous syenogranite. These intrusions have geochemical affinities akin to ‘A‐type’ granites and contain plagioclase, alkali feldspar, quartz, biotite, hornblende and typically accessory magnetite, titanite, apatite and zircon. With increasing SiO₂ the granitoids vary from alkaline to subalkaline, and exhibit a decrease in TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃*, MnO, MgO, CaO, P₂O₅, Cu, Sr, Zr, LREE and Eu, with an increase in Na₂O, K₂O, Rb, Pb, Th, U, Y and HREE. This suite of relatively oxidised granitoids (<1.0 log units above NNO) were emplaced after the peak of metamorphism and pre‐ to post‐D₃, a major east‐west horizontal‐shortening event. The synchronous emplacement of high‐temperature mafic (>960°C) and foliated felsic (>900°C) granitoids formed zones of mingled and mixed monzonite and quartz monzonite to monzogranite containing abundant rapakivi K‐feldspar. These intrusions are interpreted to have been derived from source rocks of different compositions, and probably by different degrees of partial melting. The unfoliated felsic granitoids are considered to represent the fractionated equivalents of older foliated felsic granitoids. All granitoids possess a Sr‐depleted and Y‐undepleted signature, which suggests that the source material probably contained plagioclase and no garnet, restricting magma production to <800–1000 MPa (～24–30 km). Underplating of mantle‐derived mafic material into mid‐crustal levels is considered the most viable mechanism to produce these high‐temperature K‐rich granitoids at these pressures. The composition of the felsic granitoids is consistent with derivation from a crustal source with a tonalitic to granodioritic composition. However, the mafic granitoids require a more mafic, possibly gabbroic source, which may have been supplemented with minor mantle‐derived material. These granitoids are also enriched in Th, U, LREE and depleted in Ba, Ti, Nb and Sr and compare closely to the Mesoproterozoic granitoids of the Gawler Craton. The economic significance of these styles of granitoids may also be highlighted by the close spatial relationship of hematitic K‐feldspar, magnetite, fluorite and pyrite‐rich veins, alteration and filled miarolitic cavities with the least‐evolved felsic intrusions. This style of veining has a probable magmatic origin and is similar to the gangue assemblage associated with Ernest Henry‐style Fe‐oxide‐(Cu–Au) mineralisation, which suggests that these granitoids represent prospective sources of fluids associated with Cu–Au mineralisation in the district.     

Sequence of magmatic events in the Late Paleozoic of Transbaikalia,Russia (U-Pb isotope data)

The Late Paleozoic intrusive rocks, mostly granitoids, totally occupy more than 200,000 km² on the territory of Transbaikalia. Isotopic U-Pb zircon dating (about 30 samples from the most typical plutons) shows that the Late Paleozoic magmatic cycle lasted for 55–60 m.y., from ~330 Ma to ~275 Ma. During this time span, five intrusive suites were emplaced throughout the region. The earliest are high-K calc-alkaline granites (330–310 Ma) making up the Angara–Vitim batholith of 150,000 km² in area. At later stages, formation of geochemically distinct intrusive suites occurred with total or partial overlap in time. In the interval of 305–285 Ma two suites were emplaced: calc-alkaline granitoids with decreased SiO₂ content (the Chivyrkui suite of quartz monzonite and granodiorite) and the Zaza suite comprising transitional from calc-alkaline to alkaline granite and quartz syenite. At the next stage, in the interval of 285–278 Ma the shoshonitic Low Selenga suite made up of monzonite, syenite and alkali rich microgabbro was formed; this suite was followed, with significant overlap in time (281–276 Ma), by emplacement of Early Kunalei suite of alkaline (alkali feldspar) and peralkaline syenite and granite. Concurrent emplacement of distinct plutonic suites suggests simultaneous magma generation at different depth and, possibly, from different sources. Despite complex sequence of formation of Late Paleozoic intrusive suites, a general trend from high-K calc-alkaline to alkaline and peralkaline granitoids, is clearly recognized. New data on the isotopic U-Pb zircon age support the Rb-Sr isotope data suggesting that emplacement of large volumes of peralkaline and alkaline (alkali feldspar) syenites and granites occurred in two separate stages: Early Permian (281–278 Ma) and Late Triassic (230–210 Ma). Large volumes and specific compositions of granitoids suggest that the Late Paleozoic magmatism in Transbaikalia occurred successively in the post-collisional (330–310 Ma), transitional (305–285 Ma) and intraplate (285–275 Ma) setting.     

Petrography and mineral chemistry of Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex in Singhbhum Crustal Province,Purulia region,Eastern India

The variant rock types of an Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex (ACC) comprising alkali pyroxenite, nepheline syenite, phoscorite, carbonatite, syenitic fenite and glimmerite along with REE and Nb-mineralization are found at different centres along WNW-ESE trending South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) in parts of Singhbhum Crustal Province. The ACC occurs as intrusions within the Mesoproterozoic Singhbhum Group of rocks. Alkali pyroxenite comprises of aegirine augite, magnesiotaramite, magnesiokatophorite as major constituents. Pyrochlore and eucolite are ubiquitous in nepheline syenite. Phoscorite contains fluorapatite, dahllite, collophane, magnetite, hematite, goethite, phlogopite, calcite, sphene, monazite, pyrochlore, chlorite and quartz. Coarse fluorapatite shows overgrowth of secondary apatite (dahllite). Secondary apatite is derived from primary fluorapatite by solution and reprecipitation. The primary fluorapatite released REE to crystallize monazite grains girdling around primary apatite. Carbonatite is composed dominantly of Srcalcite along with dolomite, tetraferriphlogopite, phlogopitic biotite, aegirine augite, richterite, fluorapatite, altered magnetite, sphene and monazite. The minerals comprising of the carbonatite indicate middle stage of carbonatite development. Fenite is mineralogically syenite. Glimmerite contains 50–60% tetraferriphlogopite. An alkali trend in the evolution of amphiboles (magnesiotaramite-magnesiokatophorite-richterite) and chinopyroxenes (aegirine augite, aegirine) during the crystallization of the suite of rocks is noted. Monazite is the source of REE in phoscorite and carbonatite. Fluorapatite has low contents of REE, PbO, ThO₂ and UO₂. Pyrochlore reflects Nb-mineralization in nepheline syenite and it is enriched in Na₂O, CaO, TiO₂, PbO and UO₂. Pyrochlore containing UO₂ (6.605%) and PbO (0.914%) in nepheline syenite has been chemically dated at 948 ± 24 Ma by EPMA.     

The Pikes Peak batholith,Colorado front range,and a model for the origin of the gabbro—anorthosite—syenite—potassic granite suite

This study of the Pikes Peak batholith includes the mineralogy and petrology of quartz syenite at West Creek and of fayalite-bearing and fayalite-free biotite granite near Mount Rosa; major element chemistry of the batholith; comparisons with similar postorogenic, intracratonic, sodic to potassic intrusives; and genesis of the batholith.The batholith is elongate in plan, 50 by 100 km, composite, and generally subalkalic. It was emplaced at shallow depth 1,040 m. y. ago, sharply transects its walls and may have breached its roof. Biotite granite and biotite—hornblende granite are predominant; quartz syenite, fayalite granite and riebeckite granite are present in minor amounts.Fayalite-bearing and fayalite-free quartz syenite, fayalite-biotite granite and riebeckite granite show a well-defined sodic differentiation trend; the less sodic fayalite-free granites exhibit a broader compositional range and no sharp trends.Crystallization was largely at P_H2O < P_total; P_H2O approached P_total only at late stages. Aplite residual to fayalite-free biotite granite in the north formed at about 1,500 bars, or 5 km depth. Feldspar assemblages indicate late stages of crystallization at about 720°C. In the south ilmenite and manganian fayalite indicate f_O2 of 10^?17 or 10^?18 bars. Biotite and fayalite compositions and the ‘granite minimum’ imply completion of crystallization at about 700°C and 1,500 bars. Nearby fayalite-free biotite granite crystallized at higher water fugacity.All types of syenite and granite contain 5–6% K₂O through a range of SiO₂ of 63–76%. Average Na₂O percentages in quartz syenite are 6.2, fayalite granite 4.2, and fayalite-free granite 3.3 MgO contents are low, 0.03–0.4%; FeO averages 1.9–2.5%. FeO/Fe₂O₃ ratios are high. Fluorine ranges from 0.3 to 0.6%.The Pikes Peak intrusives are similar in mode of emplacement, composition, and probably genesis to rapakivi intrusives of Finland, the Younger Granites of Nigeria, Cape Ann Granite and Beverly Syenite, Mass., and syenite of Kungnat, Greenland, among others — allowing for different levels of erosion. A suite that includes gabbro or basalt, anorthosite, quartz syenite, fayalite granite, riebeckite granite, and biotite and/or hornblende granites is of worldwide occurrence.A model is proposed in which mantle-derived, convecting alkali olivine basaltic magma first reacts with K₂O-poor lower crust of granulite facies to produce magma of quartz syenitic composition. The syenitic liquid in turn reacts with granodioritic to granitic intermediate crust of amphibolite facies to produce the predominant fayalite-free biotite and biotite-hornblende granites of the batholith. This reaction of magma and roof involves both partial melting and the reconstitution and precipitation of refractory phases, as Bowen proposed. Intermediate liquids include MgO-depleted and Na₂O-enriched gabbro, which precipitated anorthosite, and alkali diorite. The heat source is the basaltic magma; the heat required for partial melting of the roof is supplied largely by heats of crystallization of phases that settle out of the liquid — mostly olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase.     

华南花岗岩暗色微粒包体的岩石化学组成特征及其意义

对华南诸多花岗岩体暗色微粒包体的野外调查表明, 非均一包体是包体中最普遍的类型,常具有暗色基性边.岩石化学分析结果表明,包体边缘的岩性为二长岩-石英二长岩-二长闪长岩,中心则为石英二长闪长岩-英云闪长岩.从包体中心到边缘,具有Si、Ca含量和Na/K比值降低,K、Al、Ti、P和Fe+Mg含量升高的变化趋势,揭示包体应...