黑龙江东部早白垩世生物地层学研究的主要进展

巴列姆期的菊石、巴列姆期—阿尔必期的海相双壳类、早白垩世的沟鞭藻、放射虫和有孔虫等的发现 ,均证实了黑龙江东部含煤地层龙爪沟群、鸡西群和大架山组的时代为早白垩世中、晚期。鸡西群中含有热河或威替姆动物化石群中常见的双壳类化石 ,这一事实似乎暗示着中国热河或俄罗斯威替姆动物化石群为早白垩世时代。早白垩世 ,特别是巴列姆期—阿尔必期 ,沿大架山—云山—虎林-裴德—鸡西一线北东东方向存在着一条向东 (古太平洋 )开口 ,但由东向西变浅的狭长海湾。多次海侵和海泛沿着这一海湾由东向西至鸡西后向南和向北 ,并可能向西扩散。正是这一海湾和海平面的升降控制着东北地区的早白垩世的气候、地理、生物群落的演变、甚至煤的聚集和油的形成     

A Different Opinion on the Geological Age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of Eastern Heilongjiang,China1

Abstract The age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of coal measures in eastern Heilongjiang were previously considered to be Jurassic or mainly Jurassic. But there occur Middle Barremian- Early Albian Aucellina ( bivalvia) fossils in the Upper Yunshan Formation of the Longzhaogou Group and the Lower Chengzihe Formation of the Jixi Group, and the Qihulin Formation of the Longzhaogou Group yields Early Cretaceous bivalve and ammonite fossils. Consequently, the geological ages of the two groups are mainly, or even all, Early Cretaceous.     

The Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of eastern Heilongjiang, northeast China: stratigraphy and regional basin history

In eastern Heilongjiang, the Upper Jurassic is marine and restricted to the Suibin and Dong’an areas, where it is characterized faunally by Callovian–Volgian (Tithonian) bivalves and florally by dinoflagellates. The Lower Cretaceous is widely distributed in eastern Heilongjiang, and characterized faunally by Berriasian–Valanginian bivalves, Barremian–Albian ammonites and Aucellina, and florally by dinoflagellates. To the west, the marine facies grade into non-marine beds. Thus, in the east, for example in the Dong’an and Dajiashan areas, near the northwestern Palaeo-Pacific, the Lower Cretaceous is marine; westward, in the Yunshan, Longzhaogou, Peide, and Zhushan areas, marine and non-marine deposits alternate, whereas further west still, e.g. in the Jixi Basin, non-marine facies are intercalated with marine beds. This regional distribution is indicative of a large, shallow embayment opening eastwards to the Palaeo-Pacific; during the Early Cretaceous successive transgressive-regressive events influenced the climate and biota of eastern Heilongjiang and northeastern China. Many of the Lower Cretaceous sections contain abundant coals, demonstrating that in this region the Early Cretaceous was an important coal-forming period. Some non-marine bivalve species are common to the Lower Cretaceous Jixi Group of eastern Heilongjiang, the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the Transbaikalian Group of Siberia, suggesting that these groups are of comparable Early Cretaceous age.     

中国东北中生代地层划分对比之新见

在总结近二十年来有关我国东北地区中生代地层研究诸多新发现与新进展的基础上 ,以生物化石为主要依据 ,以 "海相检验法”及国际性生物地层对比为标准 ,结合同位素年代地层学新资料 ,对东北地区中生代地层的划分及对比 ,提出了新的方案。文中还讨论了三叠系 -侏罗系界线、侏罗系 -白垩系界线及下白垩统 -上白垩统界线的划分以及辽西义县组的时代。同时 ,还首次报道了笔者等对黑龙江东部龙爪沟群研究的最新进展 ,并提出了对龙爪沟群时代及与鸡西群对比的新认识。     

Confirmation of an Early Cretaceous age for the Qihulin Formation in eastern Heilongjiang Province, China: constraints from a new discovery of radiolarians

The coal-bearing, alternating marine and non-marine Longzhaogou Group in eastern Heilongjiang, northeastern China, has long been considered as Jurassic, or mainly Jurassic, in age. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the ammonites and dinoflagellate cysts are of Early Cretaceous age. This has now been confirmed by new radiolarian evidence. The radiolarian fauna recovered from the upper Qihulin Formation of the Longzhaogou Group consists of nine poorly preserved species referable to nine genera. Novixitus is a Cretaceous genus, and the specimens of Archaeodictyomitra sp. and Xitus sp. recovered resemble A. vulgaris Pessagno and X. spicularius (Aliev), respectively.     

浙闽赣地区侏罗系——白垩系界线再认识

我国陆相侏罗系—白垩系界线长期存在争议。最近黑龙江东部海相化石的检验使这一问题有所突破;根据与海相层交互的陆相层中各门类化石的对比,又使其它地区(包括浙闽赣地区)的问题也开始解决。众所周知,浙闽赣地区侏罗系—白垩系界线就在建德群(或其相当地层)之中或其顶、底。本文依据与黑龙江东部的对比,并据本区近年来采用多种方法测得的,一批可靠性大的同位素年龄资料,提出了侏罗系—白垩系界线的新认识。     

黑龙江省东部Aucellina(双壳类)的发现

<正> 黑龙江省东部的龙爪沟群分布在虎林、密山、宝清和饶河县境内,鸡西群见于鸡西、穆 棱、勃利、双鸭山、绥滨和集贤等盆地 中。虎林地区的龙爪沟群从下自上分 为裴德组、七虎林组、下云山组、上云 山组(包括曙光组)和珠山组,鸡西盆 地的鸡西群分为滴道组、城子河组(包     

我国东北东部侏罗纪的龙爪沟群和鸡西群与其意义

我国东北区的龙瓜沟群和鸡西群中部,由含有侏罗纪化石的海相与非海相岩层组成.龙爪沟群属中,上侏罗统,鸡西群可能全属上侏罗统,其中部的城子河组产有启末利阶的带化石细线雏蛤Buchia tenuistviata（Lahusen）.非海相的热河动物化石群中的软体动物分子与上侏罗统启末利阶海相双壳类化石在城子河组中同组共存,进一步核实了热河动物化石群的侏罗纪年代.     

黑龙江鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世生物地层研究新进展

近年来鸡西含煤盆地早白垩世海相沟鞭藻及早期被子植物化石的不断发现,为确认了河组及其下伏滴组、上覆穆棱组的时代属早白垩世提供了重要的依据。通过海相及海陆交互相生物地层研究,恢复晚中生代黑龙江省东部古地理格局,为扩大找煤远景等提供了新的基础资料。     

黑龙江省东部白垩纪含煤地层简介

黑龙江省东部早白垩世含煤地层的分布特点是西部含煤层多、厚度大，向东含煤层数量减少、厚度减薄，大型矿区也主要分布在西部。该区的含煤盆地多为向斜盆地，含煤情况比较好的大型矿井都在向斜的北翼，而向斜南翼基本没有形成较好的煤层。在含煤盆地内，距断陷中心较远且沉降幅度不大的地区通常具有较好的聚煤条件，而在沉降幅度较大、沉积地层较厚的沉降中心地带反而没有形成良好的可采煤层。含煤地层的分布特点反映了本区成煤期构造、古地理和古气候的演化历史。根据生物地层学证据，可将鸡西群和龙爪沟群进行对比，它们的时代无疑应为早白垩世。     

黑龙江省东部裴德组砾石中放射虫的发现及其意义

裴德组原指分布在黑龙江省东部龙爪沟群下部、中生代海相化石层之下的一套含煤的陆相火山碎屑岩地层,所含植物化石一般认为属于ConiopterisPhoenicopsis植物群的中侏罗世组合。裴德组下部的砾石中发现了放射虫化石,鉴定和对比的结果表明这些砾石来自东部的那丹哈达地体。对佳木斯地体和那丹哈达地体拼贴时限和拼贴地点的进一步分析则建议将“龙爪沟群”解体、裴德组形成的时代修正到白垩纪。     

黑龙江东部的Buchia和Aucellina层

<正> Buchia和Aucellina广布于全球,两极地区最为丰富,它们分别是Oxfordian—Hauterivian阶和中Barremian—下Cenomanian阶的分层化石。晚侏罗世的Buchia早期种与中Barremian—早Albian期的Aucellina有些种的外表形态趋同,但两属在足丝耳、足丝凹口和弹体窝形态、铰合区和韧带分布范围、弹体窝的深浅、假丝梳的存在与否,甚至双壳不等程度及后耳和壳面装饰的性质等方面都存在差异。     

黑龙江省东部中侏罗世至早白垩世沟鞭藻组合序列

对近二十年来黑龙江省东部海相侏罗纪—白垩纪沟鞭藻地层资料进行了综合研究 ,首次为该地区建立起侏罗纪—白垩纪沟鞭藻地层序列 ,主要包含 7个组合带 (含 3个高峰带 ) ,其中绥滨地区 Callovian— Valanginian期有 4个带 ;鸡西盆地早白垩世也有 4个带 (其中包括与绥滨地区早白垩世早期同时异相的一个 )。它们自下而上为 :1)绥滨组的 Pareodinia ceratophora- N annoceratopsispellucida组合带 ;　 2 )东荣组下部的 Gonyaulacysta jurassica组合带 (高峰带 ) ;　 3)东荣组上部的 Amphorula delicata组合带 ;　 4 )东荣组最上部的海相 Oligosphaeridium pul-cherrimum组合带 (高峰带 )或鸡西盆地滴道组的微咸水—半咸水的 Vesperopsis didaoensis- L agenorhytis granoru-gosa组合带 ,两者为同时异相关系 ;　 5 )城子河组下部海相层的 Odontochitina operculata- Muderongia tetracantha组合带 (该带可进一步划分出 2个亚组合带 ) ;　 6 )城子河组上部海相层的 Canningia reticulata组合带 ;　 7)穆棱组下段的 Cribroperidinium ?parorthoceras组合带 (高峰带 )。     

鸡西、勃利盆地白垩纪砂岩的物源分析及构造意义

鸡西、勃利盆地白垩纪砂岩骨架矿物成分的模式分析显示：下白垩统城子河组和穆棱组砂岩的源区主要为切割型岛弧,结合古水流方向和砂岩地球化学特征研究,物源区主要为小兴安岭-张广才岭;上白垩统猴石沟组砂岩的源区主要为基底隆升和切割型岛弧。结合古水流方向和砾石的统计结果认为,鸡西、勃利盆地物源区主要为桦南隆起和密山隆起,以及小兴安岭-张广才岭。据白垩纪砂岩物源,晚白垩世砾岩成分,以及区域地质资料分析,下白垩统城子河组和穆棱组时期,鸡西盆地、勃利盆地和黑龙江东部各盆地为统一的原型盆地,早白垩世末期随着桦南隆起和密山隆起的隆升而破坏。并在晚白垩世早期已隆升,并为周缘盆地提供物源,形成现今黑龙江东北部地区的盆岭格局。     

中国东北、韩国东南和日本西南部早白垩世非海相与海相地层对比,非海相软体动物的生物年代学和古地理意义

根据非海相与海相,特别是共同的海相和非海相软体动物化石的对比,并结合放射性同位素测年,中国东北黑龙江东部和辽宁西部,韩国东南部庆尚盆地,日本西南部内带岐阜县北部牧户/庄川地区和外带四国德岛和物部地区早白垩世地层得到了对比,产自这些地层的非海相软体动物的时代也因此受到了约束。著名的中国东北含煤地层龙爪沟和鸡西群,盛产热河生物群/动物群的热河群的时代均为欧特里沃期/巴列姆期阿普特期,它们的上覆地层桦山群和孙家湾组为阿尔必期。韩国西南部新洞群和除金洞组以外的河阳群为阿普特期阿尔必期,不整合于新洞群之下的卯谷组主要为欧特里沃期。日本西南部内带的牧户/庄川地区的手取群和外带德岛和物部地区的物部川群均为欧特里沃期阿尔必期。Cuniopsis kihongi,Nakamuranaia leei,Koreanaia cheongi和Trigonioides(Wakinoa)tetoriensis的时代为欧特里沃期早巴列姆期。Viviparus onogoensis,Unio ogamigoensis,Myrene(Mesocorbicular)tetoriensis及Tetoria(Tetoria)yokoyami为欧特里沃期阿普特期。Arguniella cf.quadrata,A.cf.ventricosa,Sphaerium(Sphaerium)anderssoni,Probaicalia vitimensis和Pr.gerassimovi为欧特里沃期/巴列姆期阿普特期。Nakamuranaia chingshanensis,Plicatounio(Plicatounio)multiplicatus,Sphaerium(Sphaerium)coreanicum和Micromelania?katoensis为阿普特期阿尔必期。Nippononaia sinensis,Nip.tetoriensis,Nip.ryosekiana和Trigo-nioides(Wakinoa)wakinoensis是阿普特期的标志。Trigonioides(Trigonioides)quadratus,T.(T.)heilongjiangensis,Plicatounio(Plicatounio)naktongensis,Unio longus与Sphaerium(Sphaerium)chintaoense为晚阿普特期阿尔必期或阿尔必期的标志化石。我国东北、韩国东南和日本西南部非海相,特别是淡水软体动物接近的相似性表明这三地区在早白垩世时相连,并处于同一水系。但是,在欧特里沃期阿尔必期期间,这一陆块的东部,即频临古太平洋的日本西南部的外带因地势低而多被海水覆盖,在牧户/庄川和黑龙江东部存有遭受海侵的浅而窄的海湾,凡兰吟期,特别是欧特里沃期/巴列姆期之前,中国东北韩国东南部日本西南部陆块为受造山运动引起的隆起和沉降活动影响的高低不平的高原,经受了广泛而长期的剥蚀。多数含有包括熔岩和凝灰岩在内的火山岩,并与北东北北东方向的断裂带近于平行分布的非海相白垩纪盆地直至欧特里沃期/早巴列期(有些地区可能稍早(凡兰吟期))(134～126Ma),即华北克拉通破坏的高峰期(130～120Ma)才形成。这一现象表明,这些盆地受断裂,特别是伴随有强烈火山喷发和时而局部海侵的沿着古太平洋西北缘和郯庐断裂带的构造运动的控制。     

福建晚中生代兜岭群时代与区域地层对比

中国东部晚中生代广布的陆相火山盆地沉积,由于海相生物化石的匮乏造成与层型地区对比的困难,长期以来该地层时代仅笼统被认为属于晚侏罗世-早白垩世。通过岩石组合、构造层和沉积构造环境的综合对比,确立闽西地区的兜岭群与闽东地区南园群、浙西建德群可以对比,构造不整合面代表区域上由挤压向拉张构造背景转化的相对等时界面。兜岭群的植物群Cupressinocladus --Brachyphyllum 组合可能与北方的Ruffordia --Onychiopsis 植物组合大体相当,叶肢介、介形类、腹足类和双壳类等化石与浙江早白垩世建德生物群、北方的热河生物群均可以对比,时代应为早白垩世欧特里夫期-阿普特期。     

内蒙古平庄─元宝山盆地群晚中生代地层

平庄─元宝山盆地的晚中生代地层可划分为下白垩统黑水组、元宝山组和杏园组，上侏罗统上那不打组与那不打组。杏园组和元宝山组中含有丰富的植物化石，属于ＲｕｆｆｏｒｄｉａＯｎｙｃｈｉｏｐｓｉｓ植物群的中部组合，可与邻区的主要含煤沉积的植物组合进行对比，时代属早白垩世Ｂｅｒｒｉａｓｉａｎ期至早Ａｐｔｉａｎ期。     

内蒙古平庄─元宝山盆地群晚中生代地层

平庄─元宝山盆地的晚中生代地层可划分为下白垩统黑水组、元宝山组和杏园组，上侏罗统上那不打组与那不打组。杏园组和元宝山组中含有丰富的植物化石，属于ＲｕｆｆｏｒｄｉａＯｎｙｃｈｉｏｐｓｉｓ植物群的中部组合，可与邻区的主要含煤沉积的植物组合进行对比，时代属早白垩世Ｂｅｒｒｉａｓｉａｎ期至早Ａｐｔｉａｎ期。     

A new species of Platanus from the Cenomanian(Upper Cretaceous) in eastern Heilongjiang,China

The stratigraphic division and sequence of the Upper Cretaceous sediments in eastern Heilongjiang Province,China,have been ambiguous and controversial,mainly due to a lack of biostratigraphically useful fossils and related radiometric dating.A new species of angiospermous fossil plant.Platanus heilongjiangensis sp.nov.,from Qitaihe in eastern Heilongjiang has been found in sediments conformably above which zircons from a rhyolitic tuff has been dated by U-Pb radiometric methods as 96.2± 1.7 Ma.indicating that the Upper Houshigou Formation is of Cenomanian age.This discovery not only provides new data to improve our stratigraphic understanding of the Houshigou Formation,but also shows that Platanus flourished in the early Late Cretaceous floras of the region.This new study also indicates active volcanism taking place in the eastern Heilongjiang region during the Cenomanian of the Late Cretaceous.     

SHRIMP Geochronology of Volcanics of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, Northern Hebei Province, with a Discussion on the Age of the Xing＇anling Group of the Great Hinggan Mountains and Volcanic Strata of the Southeastern Coastal Area

A zircon U-Pb geochronological study on the volcanic rocks reveals that both of the Zhangjiakou and Yixian Formations, northern Hebei Province, are of the Early Cretaceous, with ages of 135-130 Ma and 129-120 Ma, respectively. It is pointed out that the ages of sedimentary basins and volcanism in the northern Hebei -western Liaoning area become younger from west to east, i. e. the volcanism of the Luanping Basin commenced at c. 135 Ma, the Luotuo Mount area of the Chengde Basin c. 130 Ma, and western Liaoning c. 128 Ma. With a correlation of geochronological stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, we deduce that the Xing‘anling Group, which comprises the Great Hinggan Mountains volcanic rock belt in eastern China, is predominantly of the early-middle Early Cretaceous, while the Jiande and Shimaoshan Groups and their equivalents, which form the volcanic rock belt in the southeastern coast area of China, are of the mid-late Early Cretaceous, and both the Jehol and Jiande Biotas are of the Early Cretaceous, not Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Combining the characteristics of the volcanic rocks and, in a large area, hiatus in the strata of the Late Jurassic or Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous between the formations mentioned above and the underlying sequences, we can make the conclusion that, in the Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous, the eastern China region was of high relief or plateau, where widespread post-orogenic volcanic series of the Early Cretaceous obviously became younger from inland in the west to continental margin in the east. This is not the result of an oceanward accretion of the subduction belt between the Paleo-Pacific ocean plate and the Asian continent, but rather reflects the extension feature, i.e. after the closure of the Paleo-Pacific ocean, the Paleo-Pacific ancient continent collided with the Asian continent and reached the peak of orogenesis, and then the compression waned and resulted in the retreating of the post-orogenic extension from outer orogenic zone to inner part (or collision zone). The determination of the eruption age of the volcanics of the Zhangjiakou Formation definitely constrains the switch period, which began in the Indosinian and finished in the Yanshanian, that is, 140-135 Ma. The switch is concretely the change from the approximate E-W Paleo-Asian tectonic system to the NE to NNE Pacific system, and the period is also the apex of a continent-continent collision and orogenesis of subduction, being consumed and eventually disappearing of the Paleo-Pacific ancient continent, and all the processes commenced in the Indosinian. While the following post-orogenic large-scale eruption in the Early Cretaceous marks the final completeness of the Paleo-Pacific structure dynamics system.