冰芯记录的过去1000年青藏高原温度变化

根据青藏高原4支记录超过1000 a的冰芯（普若岗日冰芯、古里雅冰芯、达索普冰芯和敦德冰芯）中氧同位素（d18O）10 a平均值变化，研究了青藏高原最近1000 a来的气温变化。4支冰芯记录的过去1000 a气温均是在冷暖波动中逐渐上升，但在变化幅度上存在区域性差异。利用4支冰芯记录恢复的青藏高原千年气温曲线表明，青藏高原中世纪暖期持续到13世纪，期间经历了3个暖期和冷期；14世纪和16世纪是相对冷期，15世纪和17世纪是相对暖期，17世纪末至1920 AD气候冷暖波动频繁；以后快速升温至今,目前为过去1000 a来最暖期。青藏高原过去1000 a气温的总体变化趋势与北半球气温的变化趋势基本相一致。     

近千年青藏高原的温度变化

通过对昌都树轮d13C、达索普冰芯d18O和先前重建的整个高原温度序列的分析,以及与其他气候代用记录的比较,揭示了青藏高原近1000 a来的温度变化特征。依据昌都树轮d13C年表,指出青藏高原的中世纪暖期发生于1200-1400 AD,该时期的夏季温度比长期平均值或现代（20世纪,下同）约高1.2℃,小冰期（1400-1700 AD）的夏季温度比长期平均值或现代约低0.5℃。近1000 a最暖的时期是13世纪,而最冷的时期是1000-1200 AD,温度比现代约低0.9℃。20世纪的气候变暖主要表现在冬季温度的升高,同期的夏季温度呈微弱的下降趋势。     

近50年来海南岛西部气候变化初步研究

根据海南岛西部1951～2000年气温及降水资料,运用一元线性回归、相关分析等数理统计学方法,对海南岛西部近50年来气候变化做了分析。分析表明：近50年来海南岛西部年均气温呈上升趋势,增温率为0．24℃／10a,90年代增温尤其明显。不同季节气温的变化趋势不同,冬季变暖趋势最明显。根据近50年冷暖波动情况,可将海南岛西部气候划分成两个冷期和两个暖期。近50年历年降水量则呈下降趋势,变幅为一23．93mm／10a,其中80年代降水最少。各季节中,春、秋、冬季降水呈上升趋势。近50年海南岛西部降水变化可分为三个多雨期和三个少雨期。     

近2ka古里雅冰芯记录的温湿配置多尺度特征

采用正交小波分解研究了近2 ka来青藏高原古里雅冰芯记录的气温和冰川积累量演变多尺度特征,得到了与构成序列中主要气候事件对应的尺度分量。用130 a尺度以上分量几乎可以重建冰芯记录中的主要冷暖或干湿气候事件。平均而言,温度和冰川积累量配置在大多数时间尺度上都呈正相关,即暖湿/冷干配置,但在130 a尺度上是负相关,即冷湿/暖干配置。20世纪以来的快速增暖增湿发生在260 a尺度上。线性增暖趋势和千年尺度分量都是暖湿/冷干配置并占有较大的方差,它们在很大程度上左右着百年尺度上的温湿配置。二者的结合直接导致千年尺度上温湿配置在8世纪出现由冷湿/暖干向暖湿/冷干气候型的转变。     

宜君县1968—2017年气温变化趋势分析

采用宜君气象站1968—2017年地面观测资料,分析宜君县近50 a年平均气温、季平均气温、月平均气温及年极端最高气温、极端最低气温的气候变化特征。结果表明:宜君县近50 a年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,其线性变化趋势率为0.362℃/10 a,20世纪90年代末(1997年)之前为偏冷期,之后为偏暖期;冬季和春季气温变化显著,夏、秋季变化不明显;年平均最高气温和平均最低气温变化趋势与年平均气温变化趋势一致。     

近50年阜新地区气候变化特征分析

根据1951—2000年阜新地区气温和降水资料,运用一元回归、相关分析等数理统计方法,对近50 a阜新地区气候变化进行了分析。分析表明:近50 a阜新地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,增温率为0.24℃/10 a,近30 a增温尤其明显。不同季节平均气温的变化趋势与年平均气温变化趋势基本一致,仅冬季平均气温有差异。根据近50 a冷暖波动情况,可将阜新地区划分成2个冷期和2个暖期。近50 a阜新地区年降水量呈下降趋势,递减率为8.009 mm/10 a,但是近30 a降水量呈上升趋势。各季节中夏、秋、冬季降水量呈上升趋势,但春季降水呈下降趋势。近50 a阜新地区降水变化可分为3个多雨期和3个少雨期。     

龙滩电站水库黔西南淹没区气温变化特征

利用册亨、贞丰、望谟3个有代表性的气象观测站1971-2000年的气温资料,对龙滩电站水库望谟、贞丰、册亨淹没区30a的气候作出分析。结果表明:近30a来淹没区气温呈上升趋势,1988年是30a来淹没区最暖的一年,从20世纪80年代中期气温开始上升。若以80年代中期为界将淹没区30a的气候分为冷暖2个阶段,则前为冷期,后为暖期。其中平均气温冬季增温幅度最大,春季增温幅度最小。最高气温春季增温幅度最大,秋季增温幅度最小。最低气温冬季增温幅度最大,夏季增温幅度最小。     

青藏高原近600年的温度变化

利用1983年7月－1990年12月ISCCP卫星反演的地表温度资料，将高原的温度变化分为三个区。在每一区找1－2个温度变化的代用资料（冰芯、树轮），将近600a的资料进行标准化处理，然后按面积加权，得到了大体可代表整个高原的平均温度变化序列，发现600a来高原上曾出现过三次冷期和暖期，最冷在17世纪中叶。     

西藏近40年气温变化的气候特征分析

应用西藏1952~1995年温度序列资料, 对其基本气候特征、年代变化、气候突变、振荡周期、异常冷暖、变化趋势等进行了分析.结果表明:年与各季气温大都具有3个暖期和2个冷期, 60年代是最冷的10年, 以秋季降温最明显, 80年代中后期至90年代气温偏高. 22年、11年、3~4年是年与各季气温较为显著的周期.气候突变出现在60年代初和80年代初. 60年代、70年代多异常偏冷年, 80年代多异常偏暖年, 多发生在夏季和冬季, 90年代, 大多数年份发生气温异常. 40年来, 西藏年平均气温以0.065 ℃/10a的倾向率上升, 近10年春秋季增温率最大.     

一个新的千年暖期可能已经来临

利用1.5万年来的△^14C记录和2600年来的太阳黑子周期长度（SCL）资料，发现太阳活动存在时间尺度为2.1-2.8ka的准周期波动，它们与全球气候的冷暖波动非常吻合，从最近一次“双千年波”的SCL变化规律可知：“千年暖期”开始的标记是持续约300年的太阳活动特别稳定期（SCL在9-12年之间），自191年来太阳活动进入特别稳定期（SCL在9-12年之间），且至今已维持了90年，这与“千年冷期”中太阳活动只有短暂的稳定期有质的区别，它很可能是一个新的“千年暖期”开始的标记，△^14C记录和统计预报结果支持此结论。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.