芬兰EO11型声雷达

声雷达是连续监测大气边界层的一种新手段。声雷达探测时,先发射声脉冲,再接收大气反射(散射)的回波。这种探测方法,是对常规仪器观测的重要补充,其优点有二:①可以进行连续监测,从而有可能探测短暂的天气现象,判别其发展动向;②建造和运转费用都较低。声雷达对监测下列气象现象特别有用:逆温层高度及其日变化;污染控制所需要的混合层深度;对流活动(热股流);边界层波;雾层厚度或低层云厚度。     

声雷达在污染扩散问题中的应用

单点测温声雷达和多普勒测风声雷达能够提供边界层大气中温度层结和风速、风向等气象要素随时间的连续变化和空间分布的资料。与其它遥测技术相比,声雷达的造价比较低廉,维护方便,适合于野外观测使用。近十几年来,声雷达探测在国际上得到了广泛的应用。在我国,中国科学院大气物理研     

重庆冬季近地层温度场结构与大气SO2浓度的对比分析

利用连续数日的测温声雷达探测和大气SO2浓度的同步观测资料对比分析结果表明，重庆冬季一般天气条件下的温度场结构不同，大气SO2地面日平均浓度和日变化特征也不相同。     

冷锋云系前中尺度回波系统的特征及其与暴雨的关系

本文利用北京、石家庄等地的天气雷达连续观测回波资料，同步气象卫星提供的每3小时的卫星云图资料，华北地区每小时航空地面观测资料，以及北京、天津和河北省与山东省部分地区气候站提供的每小时降水资料，对1981年7月3—4日冷锋云系前暖区内中尺度回波系统的形成和发展的特征及其与暴雨的关系进行了分析。     

多普勒测风声雷达

本文简要地介绍了多普勒测风声雷达的基本原理和探测方法。指出用锁相技术可以较精确地测量多普勒频偏值。根据声雷达观测资料计算了水平风速、风向和垂直风速,并与325米气象塔上直接测量的仪器进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法测量的水平风速、风向的平均值比较接近,声雷达测量的垂直风速比塔上直接测量的结果略有偏高。用声雷达测量的水平风速、风向和垂直风速的方差都比直接测量的大。 我们用多普勒测风声雷达的连续观测资料,计算了垂直风速谱,得到了在对流边界层中垂直速度谱随高度的分布规律。在一定的频率范围内(低频部分)得到了功率谱fP(f)ocf~(+1)的规律,并将240米高度上用声雷达测量的垂直速度谱和直接测量的垂直速度谱进行了比较。     

玛纳斯县大气稳定度分析

根据玛纳斯电厂扩建工程的需要,区局资料室承担了工程的大气环境影响评价工作,于1989年1月13日至26日在现场进行了低空和地面观测.本文利用玛纳斯县气象站1984-1988年1、4、7、10月每天四次定时地面观测资料和玛纳斯电厂现场观测期每天02、08、10、14、8、20时的地面观测资料,分     

多部多普勒雷达同步探测三维风场反演系统

“我国重大气候和天气灾害的形成机理与预测理论研究”项目首次启用双多普勒雷达组网同步观测，如何从同步观测的暴雨资料中反演三维场，具有重要的理论和现实意义，根据项目需要，建立了国内首套多部多普勒天气雷达同步探测三维风场反演软件系统，并反演出2001年7月13日由双多普勒雷达同步观测到的一个中β尺度暴雨系统的三维风场，结果显示，该三维风场结构合理，系统能满足外场试验的要求。     

基于毫米波雷达观测及探空反演的云垂直 结构对比分析

针对北京南郊观象台的Ka波段毫米波雷达以及L波段探空设备的观测原理和特点,提出了适用于各设备的云垂直结构判定方法,并基于二者2016年12月13日至2017年3月13日长达91 d的时空同步观测数据,结合激光云高仪、葵花8卫星、全天空成像仪等多源辅助数据,对探空与毫米波雷达观测结果(包括云底高、云顶高、云层数等)进行了...     

泰安市冰雹产生的天气形势及雷达回波特征研究

利用1990～1999年泰山713雷达资料和全市冰雹观测资料,分析总结了近10年泰安冰雹气候特征及其雷达回波的主要源地、路径和天气形势,为冰雹的预报和人工消雹作业指挥提供科学依据。     

声雷达资料可靠性及近地面边界层风场特征分析

利用2016年5月1日至6月15日在河北省邢台市皇寺气象观测站获得的多普勒声雷达风场资料和探空资料,验证声雷达资料可靠性,并在此基础上,对观测站近地面边界层风场特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,声雷达水平风场资料与探空资料的一致性较好,证明声雷达资料可靠,且声雷达资料与Graw气球探空和台站探空的一致性好于与系留气艇探测的;风场特征分析显示,皇寺站水平风和垂直风日变化特征明显,表现为显著的山谷风特征,白天吹谷风,盛行偏东风,垂直风速相对较大,对流旺盛;夜间吹山风,盛行偏西风,垂直速度较小;在垂直结构上,30~50 m盛行西风或东风,50 m以上逐渐转为偏南风或西北风,且随高度增加,大风速比例和平均风速逐渐增大,说明声雷达探测到的山谷风垂直范围为30~50 m,垂直风速主要集中在-0.1~0.1 m·s-1之间,说明大部分时间对流较弱,以0值为轴,左右比较对称,表明上升气流和下沉气流出现频率相当。     

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SODAR DATA DETECTED IN YANSHAN MOUNTAIN AREA,BEIJING

According to the characteristics of sodar echo,a classified method for temperature stratification is given.By using sodar data observed in Yanshan Mountain area in Beijing,the statistical characteristics for the heightof inversion layer,thermal plume,and the depth of mixed layer are compared.Finally,the appearancefrequency for stable,unstable and neutral stratification is analyzed.     

Temperature stratification of the lower atmosphere over Moscow

Features of diurnal and annual cycles and of seasonal changes of temperature stratification in the lower 800-m air layer over Moscow are discussed on the basis of analysis of long-term data of acoustic (sodar) observations at Moscow State University (MSU). Of about 34 000 separate hours of height-time sweep of echo signal during 1988–2003, refined estimates are presented of occurrence frequencies of surface and elevated inversions, unstable stratification, etc., in Moscow. On the basis of long series of hourly sodar data and surface weather observations at MSU, special features of temperature stratification are considered under extremely low and high values of air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. A review is presented of existing data on temperature stratification in central Russia for the whole period of aerological observations; results of acoustic sounding are compared against the data obtained using other techniques.     

DOPPLER SODAR AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER DETECTION

A Doppler sodar system controlled by microcomputer is described in this paper. The sodar was usedto detect the vertical distribution of wind and temperature stratification in the atmospheric boundary layer.The detecting results show that at night the vertical distribution of wind is very complicated, which can appearas a structure of two or three layers. In nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer sometimes there exists verythin layer in multi-layer inversion and it can be retained for a long time.     

城乡过渡地带低空温度平流和边界层特征的观测分析

利用兰州河谷盆地城乡过渡区边界层观测资料,分析了该地区的温度平流和边界层特征。分析表明:(1)夜间热岛环流明显,白天则较弱;(2)夜间200m高度以下有较强的冷平流,在250～400m高度有较弱的暖平流,冷暖温度平流对测点上空边界层温度和层结变化有显著影响;(3)由声雷达确定的夜间边界层高度对应于Ri<1.0的高度,在这一高度范围内存在逆位温和强的风切变。本地区下垫面和复杂的地形导致夜间边界层高度随时间周期性地升高和降低,变化周期约3h。     

Evidence of Organized Large Eddies by Ground-Based Doppler Lidar, Sonic Anemometer and Sodar

In an experiment investigating the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind and temperature fields, and PBL inversion height recorded by various instruments, the results reveal the presence of organized large eddies (OLE) or rolls. The measurements by lidars, anemometers, soundings and sodar gave an overview of the characteristics of the rolls and sources of energy production that maintain them. The experimental results obtained on two consecutive days are compared to model outputs. The agreement is excellent, showing that thermal stratification and wind shear are important factors in the structure and dynamics of OLE. A heterodyne Doppler lidar (HDL) is shown to be a useful tool in the study of OLE.     

Application of sodars in the study and monitoring of the environment

Summary Application of acoustic sounders (sodars) to study the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) began in the early 1970s. During the last two decades the scope of sodars applications enlarged considerably. The proceedings of eleven symposia of the International Society for Remote Acoustic Sensing of the Atmosphere and Oceans (ISARS) are a unique collection of papers, where all directions of the sodar use since 1981 are presented. In this paper, a review of sodar applications to atmospheric research is presented based on materials published in these proceedings in the following fields: conditions of microwave and light propagation; regional climatology of the ABL; air pollution meteorology and weather forecast; mesoscale phenomena under stable and unstable stratification; micrometeorology; peculiarities of the ABL in remote and complex terrain.     

Hilltop Wind Profiles Using Sodar

A Remtech PA2 sodar has been operated at two hilltop sites in New Zealand overperiods of several months. Data were lost predominantly in periods of high windspeed. Data obtained from the sodar have been used to obtain typical wind profilesat the sites for the cross-ridge direction for neutral stratification and have beencompared with model profiles.     

The Role of Acoustic Sounding in a High-Technology Era

Summary This paper presents a brief synopsis of past, current and anticipated progress and problems in the use of acoustic remote sensing for basic and applied research of the lower atmosphere. The potential and reality of the sodar for determination of meteorological parameters and turbulence characteristics is discussed. Sodars’ place alongside other ground-based remote sensors, including radar wind profilers, radioacoustic sounding systems (RASS) and lidars, is elucidated. Areas of atmospheric research where Doppler sodar has certain advantages are described such as cost, sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and surface layer measurements. The use of sodar in networks of integrated radar/RASS systems designed to supply uninterrupted monitoring of atmospheric parameters for improvements in forecasts of weather and air quality is demonstrated. The special potential role of sodar in education and training of specialists is suggested to aid in developing and using new methods of atmospheric measurements and meeting the requirements of modern environmental science. A number of problems are formulated whose solution would favor further advancement of acoustic remote sensing in integrated systems for remote monitoring of the atmospheric boundary layer. Received November 23, 1998 Revised January 29, 1999     

Wavy Vertical Motions in the ABL Observed by Sodar

Some characteristics of wavelike motions in the atmospheric boundary layer observed by sodar are considered. In an experiment carried out in February 1993 in Milan, Italy, Doppler sodar measurements were accompanied by in situ measurements of temperature and wind velocity vertical profiles using a tethered balloon up to 600 m. The oscillations of elevated wavy layers containing intense thermal turbulence, usually associated with temperature-inversion zones, were studied by using correlation and spectral analysis methods. The statistics of the occurrence of wavelike and temperature-inversion events are presented. The height distributions of Brunt–Vaisala frequency and wind shear and their correlation within elevated inversion layers were determined, with a strong correlation observed between the drift rate of the wavy layers and the vertical velocity measured by Doppler sodar inside these layers. Spectral analysis showed similarities regarding their frequency characteristics. The phase speed and propagation direction of waves were estimated from the time delay of the signals at three antennae to provide estimates of wavelength. Moreover, wavelengths were estimated from the intrinsic frequency obtained from sodar measurements of the Doppler vertical velocity and oscillations of wavy turbulent layers. The two wavelength estimates are in good agreement.     

Atmospheric thermic structure studied by acoustic echo sounder, boundary layer model, and direct measurements

In this work, the thermic structure of the atmospheric boundary layer is analyzed by means of direct measurements with radiosonde equipment, remote exploration with a three-monostatic Doppler sodar, and a boundary layer model of order one-and-a-half. Intercomparisons of radiosonde data, sodar data, and model results are made through the study of radiative nocturnal inversion, subsidence inversion, development and height of the mixing layer, and calculus of the temperature structure parameter. The ability of sodar to find the mixing layer height and to detect stable layers is enhanced when these layers are low enough.