含离子浓度参数的粘性泥沙沉速公式研究

以长江为例分析了河流中的水化学特性,得出河流中影响粘性泥沙沉速的主要是Ca2+。阳离子影响泥沙沉速的主要原因是粘性沙的絮凝。对泥沙絮凝沉降过程进行理论分析,推导出絮凝沉速与离子浓度之间的关系式。并且根据试验结果确定以Ca2+浓度为参数时经验关系式中的系数值。用实测的沉速对絮凝沉速公式进行了初步的验证。验证结果表明,用张瑞瑾沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相差很大,而絮凝沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相符合。     

褐煤生物产气规律及其液相体系中阳离子变化特征

为研究褐煤生物产气规律及其液相体系中常见阳离子变化特征,以内蒙古胜利褐煤为产气底物,寺河矿区煤层气井排采水中微生物作为发酵菌群,利用5 L厌氧发酵罐进行模拟生物产气实验,采用离子色谱仪对发酵液中的NH₄+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+5种阳离子浓度进行动态监测。结果表明:煤模拟生物产气周期为33 d,分为缓慢增长期、快速增长期和平缓期3个阶段,33 d单位质量煤净产甲烷量最高达23 μmol/g;产气体系中NH₄+（741.5 mg/L）和K+（994.5 mg/L）离子质量浓度变化最为明显,Ca2+（26 mg/L）、Mg2+（10.7 mg/L）和Na+（72 mg/L）次之,表明发酵液中5种阳离子均参与了褐煤生物产气过程,且被不同程度地释放和利用;褐煤生物产气量与阳离子浓度有一定相关性,单位质量煤产气量与NH₄+和K+浓度呈正相关,与Ca2+、Mg2+浓度呈负相关。此外,NH₄+和K+以及Ca2+和Mg2+之间浓度呈显著正相关。由实验结果可知:褐煤生物产气液相体系中4+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+5种阳离子会随着煤中有机组分的厌氧降解而缓慢释放、再吸附,同时可被微生物利用参与细胞内的生物化学反应。      

AlCl3对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响

铝类絮凝剂对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降有重要作用,常应用于浑水澄清、农业污水处理等研究中。在AlCl₃浓度为0～1.7mmol/L,泥沙浓度为10g/L时,用吸管法研究了AlCl₃对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响,结果表明:在液面下同一深度,泥沙浓度随时间呈指数衰减;悬液经多次搅拌后再沉降,其沉速减缓;当AlCl₃浓度为0.9～1.7mmol/L时,出现明显的清浑水交界面,交界面随时间等速下降,平均沉速为4.756cm/min,对应的絮团平均粒径为0.0315mm;土娄土絮凝临界粒径为0.027mm。     

泥沙颗粒表面电荷特性及其对干容重影响试验研究

采用黄河及长江中的沙样在不同Ca2+浓度下分别进行电位滴定试验和干容重试验,得到以下结论:①随Ca2+浓度的增加,泥沙颗粒表面负电荷先不断减少然后趋于不变。②Ca2+对泥沙淤积干容重的影响可分为三个阶段:第一阶段干容重减小;第二阶段增加并达到最大值;第三阶段减小最后趋于不变。③在Ca2+浓度相同条件下,泥沙浓度对淤积干容重的影响根据所加Ca2+浓度不同也呈现不同的变化。④Ca2+浓度、泥沙浓度相同时,中值粒径越大干容重越大,且中值粒径大的泥沙干容重达到最大值所需Ca2+少。⑤在不同Ca2+浓度下泥沙颗粒由于表面电荷不同造成静电斥力不同,同时表面水膜作用力也不同,二者共同作用使得干容重体现不同的变化。     

大沽河流域上游水化学特征及其控制因素研究

大沽河流域是青岛市、烟台市重要的供水源区,为研究大沽河流域水化学特征及成因机制,选取大沽河流域上游补给区开展研究,采集35个地下水样品和5个地表水样品。综合运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法,结合水文地质条件,分析研究区水化学特征,探索其水化学组成的成因机制。结果表明,大沽河流域地下水为弱碱性水,占优势的阴、阳离子分别为HCO-3、SO2-4和Ca2+、Mg2+。水化学类型共分多种,其中以HCO-3·SO2-4—Ca2+·Mg2+为主。大沽河流域水化学特征受水—岩作用、阳离子交换作用的影响,岩石风化溶解是水化学特征的主要控制因素,且阳离子交换作用活跃。Na+、K+、Cl-、偏硅酸主要来源于硅酸盐岩的溶解,Ca2+、Mg2+和SO2-4主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,显著高于来自蒸发盐岩风化溶解的贡献。人类活动对地下水化学特征有较大影响,农业种植、养殖业等人类活动导致水中NO-3浓度普遍偏高,同时人类活动加剧了硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解,使得偏硅酸浓度升高,超过74%的水样偏硅酸质量浓度达到了25 mg/L。     

大沽河流域上游水化学特征及其控制因素研究

大沽河流域是青岛市、烟台市重要的供水源区,为研究大沽河流域水化学特征及成因机制,选取大沽河流域上游补给区开展研究,采集35个地下水样品和5个地表水样品。综合运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法,结合水文地质条件,分析研究区水化学特征,探索其水化学组成的成因机制。结果表明,大沽河流域地下水为弱碱性水,占优势的阴、阳离子分别为HCO-3、SO2-4和Ca2+、Mg2+。水化学类型共分多种,其中以HCO-3·SO2-4—Ca2+·Mg2+为主。大沽河流域水化学特征受水—岩作用、阳离子交换作用的影响,岩石风化溶解是水化学特征的主要控制因素,且阳离子交换作用活跃。Na+、K+、Cl-、偏硅酸主要来源于硅酸盐岩的溶解,Ca2+、Mg2+和SO2-4主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,显著高于来自蒸发盐岩风化溶解的贡献。人类活动对地下水化学特征有较大影响,农业种植、养殖业等人类活动导致水中NO-3浓度普遍偏高,同时人类活动加剧了硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解,使得偏硅酸浓度升高,超过74%的水样偏硅酸质量浓度达到了25 mg/L。     

宿州市城区地下水化学特征及成因机制研究

为深入研究宿州市城区地下水化学特征及其控制因素,在调查采样的基础上,综合运用数理统计、相关性分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比例系数等方法对水样测试结果进行分析研究。结果表明：① 浅层地下水优势阳离子为Ca2+,中深层地下水中Na+为优势阳离子,二者优势阴离子均为HCO3-。浅层地下水溶解性固体总量的质量浓度（TDS）均值为790. 65 mg/L,有3组为微咸水,其余均为淡水;中深层地下水TDS均值为585. 67 mg/L,均为淡水。② 浅层地下水化学类型复杂,以HCO3-—Ca2+·Mg2+、HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+型为主,其次为HCO3-—Na+·Mg2+型;中深层地下水化学类型相对简单,以HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+型为主。③地下水水化学特征受岩石溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用和人类活动的共同影响,水化学成分多数来自于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解。浅层地下水受人类活动影响较大,而中深层地下水受其影响不明显。     

宿州市城区地下水化学特征及成因机制研究

为深入研究宿州市城区地下水化学特征及其控制因素,在调查采样的基础上,综合运用数理统计、相关性分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比例系数等方法对水样测试结果进行分析研究。结果表明：① 浅层地下水优势阳离子为Ca2+,中深层地下水中Na+为优势阳离子,二者优势阴离子均为HCO3-。浅层地下水溶解性固体总量的质量浓度（TDS）均值为790. 65 mg/L,有3组为微咸水,其余均为淡水;中深层地下水TDS均值为585. 67 mg/L,均为淡水。② 浅层地下水化学类型复杂,以HCO3-—Ca2+·Mg2+、HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+型为主,其次为HCO3-—Na+·Mg2+型;中深层地下水化学类型相对简单,以HCO3-—Na+·Ca2+·Mg2+型为主。③地下水水化学特征受岩石溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用和人类活动的共同影响,水化学成分多数来自于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解。浅层地下水受人类活动影响较大,而中深层地下水受其影响不明显。     

岩溶洞穴水理化性质特征及其环境意义——以贵州织金洞为例

为揭示洞穴水地球化学特征的动态变化特征、控制因素及其环境意义,从2015年1月至2015年6月对贵州织金洞洞穴水的水化学指标进行了为期6个月的动态监测,结果表明:①织金洞洞穴水的水化学类型主要为HCO3--Ca2+-Mg2+型水,阴离子中HCO3-占84.5%以上,阳离子中Ca2+、Mg2+为优势离子;②洞穴滴水 EC、Ca2+、 Mg2+、HCO3-、SO42-浓度均大于石灰岩石裂隙水、池水相应的浓度;③洞穴水滴率、滴量、Ca2+、HCO3-以及Ca2+/HCO3-比值对气候有一定的响应,其地球化学指标具有显著的季节效应;④洞穴滴水中的EC与Ca2+离子浓度呈显著线性关系。      

雪玉洞岩溶地下水、地表水Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+变化特征研究

通过2011年对重庆丰都雪玉洞洞内滴水和地下河河水,上覆岩层中出露的表层岩溶泉水和雪玉洞附近龙河河水等不同类型水中Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+浓度及Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值的研究,发现不同水的Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+随外界降水条件的改变而出现明显变化。表层岩溶泉水Ca2+变化能够敏感反应外界降水条件改变,滴水对外界降雨的反应滞后接近1个月,地下河Ca2+可以反应雨季和旱季的变化,地表河水Ca2+全年比较稳定,但是对特殊干旱天气有显著响应。2011年不同类型水的Mg2+、Sr2+全年变化趋势基本一致,在降水较多的3、5、10月呈低值,在其他降水较少的月份浓度相对较高。各离子的这种变化特征主要是受到稀释效应、CO2效应以及所在地层的岩性的影响。雪玉洞不同类型水的Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值呈现出滴水>地表河>地下河>表层岩溶泉的特点,反映出不同类型水在含水介质中滞留时间的长短,并且Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值在降水较多的月份降低,在降水较少的月份升高;受碳酸钙的前期沉淀和运移路径差异的影响,不同类型水的Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值变化稍有不同。因此,不同类型水的离子变化及其比值对外界降水条件变化的响应特征和时间的不同,决定了在利用元素及其比值反映外界环境变化时也要区别对待。      

拟焦沙模拟低含沙量异重流运动初步分析

低含沙量异重流带来大量细颗粒浑水,由于颗粒沉速极小,在山区、高原地区的引调水、水环境、水处理等方面带来难以估量的困难,引起了社会和设计部门重视。以金沙江支流牛栏江上德泽水库回水变动区上下游河段为原型,利用概化水槽试验研究拟焦沙模拟低含沙量异重流形成与运动,探究低含沙浑水异重流运行时头部流速及含沙量沿程变化特征。结果表明:头部流速及含沙量沿程逐渐减小;相同流量不同含沙量所形成的中层、底层异重流头部流速,含沙量越大,同一位置头部流速越大;相同流量和含沙量所形成的表层、中层、底层异重流头部流速,表层异重流头部流速最大,底层异重流次之,中层异重流最小。     

Suspended sediment dynamics and morphodynamics in the Yellow River, China

The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods.     

细颗粒对粗颗粒床沙质输沙率影响的初步研究

考虑高含沙紊流涡团中细颗粒絮凝形成网络结构对粗颗粒运动影响后,建立了粗颗粒悬移质泥沙的输沙率计算方法.该方法中包含的细颗粒影响项反映了流域因素对粗颗粒泥沙输沙的影响,证明细颗粒的影响是引起多沙河流中“多来多排”现象的一个重要因素.与黄河实测资料的对比表明,该计算方法能够反映高含沙紊流输沙时随流域细颗粒增多粗颗粒悬移质输沙率相对增大的现象,并具有较好的计算精度     

Sediment trapping and transport in the ACE Basin,South Carolina

A study took place during May 1998 and May 1999 to examine the processes controlling localized accumulation of fine-grained sediments in the lower Ashepoo River. This region, referred to as the Mud Reach, is an area of muddy bottom sediments bounded by fine sands. The Mud Reach is located downstream of the landward extent of the salt intrusion where an estuarine turbidity maximum commonly occurs. Tidal time-series measurements made in the Mud Reach during May 1998, when river discharge was at a 10-yr high, showed high concentrations of suspended sediment (0.05–1 g I⁻¹) during maximum tidal current velocity with concentrations in the bottom 30 cm exceeding 70 g I⁻¹ (fluid mud). A correlation between salinity stratification and increased suspended sediment concentration suggests that inhibited vertical mixing enhances the settling of flocculated sediments to the bed. Measurements made during May 1999 show a two-order-of-magnitude decrease in the concentration of near-bed sediments. A decrease in river discharge during the 1999 observation period of more than 100 m³ s⁻¹ suggests that changes in the hydrography and in the supply of sediments to the system both may be important factors in the trapping of fine-grained sediments in the region. The source of sediments is likely from muddy deposits in the Fenwick Cut, a man-made section of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway about 2 km north of the Mud Reach that connects the Ashepoo and Edisto Rivers. The Fenwick Cut appears to be an effective area for trapping sediments where shoaling has increased by 130% in the last decade. Current measurements show that flow velocities decrease through the Cut, likely allowing for the settling of suspended particles that form the thick deposits of unconsolidated mud observed during both years.     

Modeling the influence of settling velocity on cohesive sediment transport in Tanshui River estuary

Settling velocities of suspended cohesive sediment in estuaries vary over a range of several orders in magnitude. Variations in the suspended sediment concentration are often considered as the principal cause. Turbulence and the suspended sediment concentration, as well as other factors such as salinity, dissolved organic substances, flocculation ability, and the rate of floc growth affect setting velocities. A laterally–averaged finite difference model for hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport is developed and applied in the Tanshui River estuary, Taiwan. The model has been calibrated and verified with water surface elevation, longitudinal velocity, salinity, and cohesive sediment measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available data. The model is used to investigate the influence of settling velocity on cohesive sediment transport dynamics. The simulation indicates that the turbidity maximum zone is near Kuan–Du. When settling velocities increase the surface cohesive sediment concentration at Kuan–Du station trends to decrease and bottom cohesive sediment concentration increases. Both surface and bottom cohesive sediment concentrations decrease at Taipei Bridge and Pa–Ling Bridge. This implies that suspended sediment advected seaward and deposited. There is consequently a net seaward flux of suspended sediment near surface, and a net landward flux near the bed.     

南、北盘江流域枯水期水化学特征及离子来源分析

为进一步了解珠江上游南、北盘江流域水化学现状,对其枯水期36个河水样品进行水化学特征分析,结果表明:枯水期河水pH值在7.85~8.75之间,呈弱碱性,TDS均值为358 mg·L-1。河水中阴离子组成以HCO3-、SO42-为主,当量浓度占比均值达到65%与26%,阳离子中Ca2+和Mg2+是绝对的优势离子,当量浓度占比均值分别为65%和24%。与丰水期相关研究对比分析发现Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、SO42-、HCO3-、Cl-的枯水期浓度普遍高于丰水期,K+、NO3-丰、枯水期浓度变化不大。Piper图、岩性端元分析以及离子浓度比值分析表明,研究区水化学主要受碳酸和硫酸共同参与下的碳酸盐岩风化控制。南、北盘江流域都受到农业施用的钾肥和氮肥的影响,此外,北盘江主要受到煤炭开采以及燃煤工业的影响,南盘江主要受到源头及上游河段化工企业废水和沿途市县的生活废水的影响。与前人数据对比发现,15年间人为活动对流域水化学的影响加剧。      

Estimating the settling velocity of bioclastic sediment using common grain‐size analysis techniques

Most techniques for estimating settling velocities of natural particles have been developed for siliciclastic sediments. Therefore, to understand how these techniques apply to bioclastic environments, measured settling velocities of bioclastic sedimentary deposits sampled from a nearshore fringing reef in Western Australia were compared with settling velocities calculated using results from several common grain‐size analysis techniques (sieve, laser diffraction and image analysis) and established models. The effects of sediment density and shape were also examined using a range of density values and three different models of settling velocity. Sediment density was found to have a significant effect on calculated settling velocity, causing a range in normalized root‐mean‐square error of up to 28%, depending upon settling velocity model and grain‐size method. Accounting for particle shape reduced errors in predicted settling velocity by 3% to 6% and removed any velocity‐dependent bias, which is particularly important for the fastest settling fractions. When shape was accounted for and measured density was used, normalized root‐mean‐square errors were 4%, 10% and 18% for laser diffraction, sieve and image analysis, respectively. The results of this study show that established models of settling velocity that account for particle shape can be used to estimate settling velocity of irregularly shaped, sand‐sized bioclastic sediments from sieve, laser diffraction, or image analysis‐derived measures of grain size with a limited amount of error. Collectively, these findings will allow for grain‐size data measured with different methods to be accurately converted to settling velocity for comparison. This will facilitate greater understanding of the hydraulic properties of bioclastic sediment which can help to increase our general knowledge of sediment dynamics in these environments.     

三峡库区泥沙絮凝临界条件现场测量

三峡库区絮凝现象是细颗粒泥沙淤积的重要原因,泥沙絮凝临界条件对三峡库区泥沙淤积规律和模拟具有重要意义。在三峡库区忠县和奉节河段开展泥沙絮凝的现场测量,基于声学多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter,ADV）和泥沙采样测得同步的瞬时流速和含沙量,通过泥沙扩散理论反算现场泥沙沉速及絮团粒径,得到了三峡库区泥沙絮凝度及其与粒径、流速和含沙量的关系。结果表明:库区细颗粒泥沙发生絮凝,且多为中轻度絮凝,重度絮凝较少;库区泥沙絮凝的临界粒径约为0.018 mm,临界流速约为0.7 m/s,临界含沙量约为0.8 kg/m3。研究结果可为三峡库区泥沙的运动规律以及泥沙淤积模拟等提供一定的理论支撑。