武昌地区街道尘埃磁学特征及其对环境污染的指示意义

对在武昌地区4个功能区域(青山、洪山、东湖风景区、东湖开发区)主要交通街道收集的尘埃样品进行详细的环境磁学测量,包括质量磁化率、频率磁化率、等温剩磁退磁系数以及典型样品的磁滞回线参数等。研究结果表明:尘埃样品中剩磁载体均以亚铁磁性矿物为主,样品中的磁性颗粒呈现低矫顽力的磁铁矿特征,软磁性的磁性矿物是样品剩余磁性的主要载体。尘埃样品χ、SIRM的区域分布特征受区域周围工业、车流量及道路状况等多种环境因素的影响,在4个功能区域中存在明显的磁性差异:青山工业区污染较重,东湖开发区、洪山、东湖风景区次之;硬剩磁(HIRM)的分布可能指示了道路交通来源的磁颗粒特征,东湖开发区和青山工业区由于行驶的货车和重型车辆较多,表现出硬剩磁量值较高。与其他城市(兰州、西安、南京、徐州等)相比,整个武昌地区街道尘埃样品的磁性含量仍较高,说明在城市环境方面还有待于进一步改善和保护。     

阿勒泰地区表土磁学特性及变化机制研究

现代表土的磁学性质反映了物源、成土过程与气候环境之间的重要信息,对认识磁学参数在气候环境研究中的应用有重要意义.干旱区表土的磁学特性表现出极大的复杂性和差异性,为了理解不同气候和环境条件下表土磁学参数的特性、变化机制及控制因素,选择位于新疆北部阿勒泰地区不同景观带的表土样品作为研究对象.通过详细系统的环境磁学分析,并结合X衍射和粒度等方法,结果表明磁性矿物来源相对稳定,磁学性质主要由来自源区的粗颗粒软磁性矿物所主导,xif(低频磁化率)和SIRM(饱和等温剩磁)与磁性颗粒表现出正相关的关系,磁性矿物浓度越大,磁畴颗粒越粗;反之,浓度越低,颗粒越细.磁性矿物的浓度和颗粒大小在不同景观带表现出一.定的差异,荒漠带表土中磁性矿物的浓度较高,磁畴主要为粗颗粒的PSD(准单畴)+MD(多畴),而其他景观带(森林、灌丛、草原和湿地)矿物浓度明显较低,磁畴也相对较细.相比较,其他景观带表土受后期改造作用比荒漠区强,主要是由于在海拔升高到1300m之后,区域气候环境因素(如气温、降水以及蒸发)发生明显变化,导致强磁性矿物的破坏,土壤矿物浓度和粒径发生变化,磁性降低.成壤作用形成的SP(超顺磁畴)颗粒相对较少.     

磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿磁化率的温度和频率特性及其环境磁学意义

磁化率随温度和频率的变化特性χ(F-T)对于研究超顺磁和单畴磁性颗粒的磁学性质非常有效.文章结合饱和磁化强度和矫顽力随温度变化的特性,依据尼尔理论,探讨了磁性颗粒的粒径分布与其χ(F-T)特性的关系.结果表明,磁化率的最大值对应于其解阻温度,因此可以用来估算磁性颗粒的平均粒径.随温度变化的频率磁化率曲线可以转化为连续的粒径分布曲线.本方法可以用来模拟自然地质体(例如,火山灰、黄土沉积物)中磁性矿物的粒度分布.     

中国南方红土环境磁学

第四纪红土是中国南方古环境演化与气候变迁的最佳载体之一,记录了南方的古地理、古气候环境变迁信息.典型红土剖面由现代红壤层、均质层、网纹层、砾石层或基岩层组成,均质红土磁化率值多在80×10-8～250×10-8 m3/kg,网纹红土磁化率约低一个数量级.红土的磁化率-温度(χ-T)曲线、等温剩磁获得曲线、XRD和TEM分析认为,成土过程产生的细粒磁性矿物(包括磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿)是红土磁性的主要载体.对红土的岩石磁学和矿物学综合分析认为,红土磁性矿物的含量、粒度、类型等可能指示其形成时期的某种环境变化,红土磁性是南方第四纪环境变迁研究的重要手段,但由于红土的物源以及受后期化学风化改造的复杂性,红土的环境磁学研究需要新的思路和方法.     

还原成岩作用对磁性矿物的影响及古气候意义:以长江口水下三角洲岩芯YD0901沉积物为例

本文对长江口水下三角洲岩YD0901(31°11′N,122°30′E)中0～34.22m的沉积物进行高分辨率岩石磁学研究,结果表明:阶段Ⅰ (0 ～ 8m)中磁性矿物含量高,含有磁铁矿、赤铁矿及少量的硫化物;阶段Ⅱ(8.0～34.2m)中磁性矿物含量低,磁性矿物包括粗颗粒磁铁矿、赤铁矿和铁的硫化物.磁参数结果指示了沉积物垂向上氧化还原环境的改变,由还原环境(阶段Ⅱ)转为氧化环境(阶段Ⅰ).受成岩作用影响,阶段Ⅱ中的细颗粒的磁铁矿颗粒被溶解而生成铁的硫化物,但是粗颗粒磁铁矿和赤铁矿受成岩作用影响较小,可以提取原生的古气候信息.根据磁性矿物含量和矫顽力的变化在1300年至7000年之间识别出4个气候突然变冷事件,沉积物磁性矿物矫顽力反映的气候变化周期为800年和220年.     

三门峡会兴沟剖面黄土—古土壤序列的岩石磁学研究

岩石磁学是古地磁学和环境磁学研究的基础,是鉴定岩石和沉积物中磁性矿物种类、粒度和含量的有效途径。对黄土高原东南部三门峡盆地的水沟—会兴沟旧石器遗址会兴沟剖面黄土—古土壤序列(S_0~S_8)进行系统的岩石磁学研究表明:本剖面沉积物的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿,显示准单畴(PSD)磁性颗粒特征。所有磁学参数曲线均表现出基本一致的变化特征,与深海氧同位素曲线能够很好的对应,反映了第四纪以来的冰期—间冰期旋回中,东亚季风影响下的风尘黄土堆积中磁性矿物种类、粒度和含量的周期性变化特征。黄土中高矫顽力磁性矿物的相对含量要高于古土壤中的,而随着成土作用的加强,在古土壤中细粒的低矫顽力磁性矿物显著增加的同时,其中高矫顽力磁性矿物的绝对含量也相应增加。质量磁化率(χ)与非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χ_(ARM))和饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)及磁粒度参数χ_(ARM)/SIRM和χ_(ARM)/χ均呈明显的正相关关系,表明由成土作用产生的单畴(SD)颗粒和较小PSD颗粒对磁化率增强有显著的贡献。     

西菲律宾海西部沉积物磁学特征及其环境意义

磁学参数作为有效的气候环境变化替代指标,能为古环境演变和沉积物物源研究提供有价值的信息。对取自西菲律宾海西部的GX72柱状样沉积物进行系统的环境磁学研究,测量了磁化率(χ)、非磁滞剩磁(ARM)、等温剩磁(IRM)、磁化率变温曲线(κ-T曲线)、磁滞回线等磁学参数或曲线。结果表明,GX72柱状样沉积物中携磁矿物以低矫顽力磁铁矿为主,粒径以较粗粒准单畴(PSD)为主,这些磁性颗粒主要来源于河流输入的陆源碎屑物质,风成粉尘较少。剖面上多个磁学参数呈现出相同或相反的变化趋势,反映古气候对沉积物磁学性质的制约。χ高值样品通常对应于高饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)值、低ARM/SIRM值、低χARM/χ值以及低χfd值;这类沉积物样品中磁性矿物的含量相对更高,粒度相对较大,可能形成于冷期(相对)。相反,χ低值样品通常对应于低SIRM值、高ARM/SIRM值、高χARM/χ值以及低χfd值,这类样品中磁性矿物的含量相对较低,粒径相对较小,代表相对暖期沉积。     

黄土高原-阿拉善高原典型断面表土磁学特征研究

在黄土高原-阿拉善高原区域沿接近降水量最大梯度线方向系统采集了表土(包括沙漠和土壤)样品,详细研究了其环境磁学、粒度和有机质含量等环境替代指标的变化特征.结果表明,整个断面表土中的强磁性矿物主要为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,并含有赤铁矿.阿拉善高原表土中磁性矿物颗粒多为多畴(MD),总体含量偏低,磁性矿物中硬磁组分含量较高;黄土高原区表土中磁性颗粒多为准单畴(PSD),总体含量偏高,磁性矿物中软磁组分含量较高.进一步分析发现,在干旱地区,频率磁化率与降水有良好的相关性,而常用的磁化率不能较好地反映降水量变化.本研究指示在干旱地区应用单一磁化率指标解释环境变化需要谨慎.     

中国亚热带风尘沉积物磁学特征对比研究

中国亚热带地区的风尘沉积包括均质红土、黄棕色土、网纹红土和下蜀土等不同类型沉积层.本文选择江西九江(JL)、浙江浦江(PJ)和江苏新港(XG-3)3个剖面,进行了多种磁学参数测量.研究结果表明:1)黄棕色土与网纹红土在剖面上叠加组成加积型红土剖面构型,两者的磁性矿物含量、类型和磁畴的差异,导致磁化率的不同.黄棕色土磁化率高,磁性矿物含量高,磁性颗粒以细小的亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主.根据半定量估算,黄棕色土样品中SP颗粒含量大多介于50％ ～ 75％之间,其中的古土壤样品SP颗粒含量多数大于75％.网纹红土磁化率低,磁性矿物含量低,磁性颗粒粒径较黄棕色土粗,矿物类型以不完整反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿为主.2)下蜀黄土具有较高的x,xfd,SIRM和xARM;x和xfd呈正相关关系(r2 =0.87),黄土层的xARM/SIRM与xARM/x远低于古土壤,反映除较细的粒度组分外,还有较粗的PSD/MD颗粒存在.细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物对磁化率贡献较大.3)据磁学参数辅以其他理化指标推测,黄棕色土与下蜀黄土形成环境与现在亚热带环境类似,但黄棕色土以较低的粉砂与粘土比值反映其化学风化作用较下蜀黄土强,显示了一定的纬度效应.4)广泛分布于亚热带地区的网纹红土磁学特征类同,粒度组成和地球化学指标也相似,反映形成时期区域内的自然要素的地带性分异不及今日明显.另一方面,网纹红土中较高的HIRM、矫顽力和居里温度指示其含有较多的赤铁矿,而且磁性矿物颗粒较其上的黄棕色土粗,全铁含量略高于黄棕色土,87Sr/86Sr比值也较黄棕色土高,所有这些都佐证网纹红土与黄棕色土可能具有不完全相同的物质来源.     

中亚地区现代表土磁学特征及其古环境意义*

在中国西北地区主要沙漠、绿洲和戈壁及蒙古国南部戈壁等亚洲中部粉尘源区采集了表土(包括沙漠和土壤)样品,系统分析了样品的磁学性质(包括磁化率、无磁滞磁化率、等温剩磁、磁滞回线和热磁曲线)。结果表明,中亚地区表土样品中主要磁性矿物是铁磁矿,含有赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿,并伴有少量顺磁性矿物;磁性矿物粒度主要是准单畴(PSD)和多畴(MD),超顺磁性颗粒含量较低,接近于中国西部黄土地层含量。中亚地区表土磁性矿物含量总体都较低,磁性矿物含量在空间上与降雨量成正比。研究结果指示西部地区(准噶尔盆地和南部塔里木盆地)表土样品较北部地区(鄂尔多斯高原、阿拉善高原以及蒙古高原)表土样品,其粗颗粒磁性矿物含量高,而细颗粒磁性矿物含量低。本研究结果为黄土地层古土壤磁性增强源自成土过程提供了最直接的证据。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)