塔里木盆地西部盐矿点卤水地球化学特征及成钾预测

在塔里木盆地的地质发展史上,发生了多次的海进和海退,带来了大量的成盐物质。而且,由于极度的干旱,沉积了大量的岩盐,有望在塔里木盆地找到钾盐。通过野外工作,发现在塔里木盆地西部有大量石盐和盐泉卤水出露。笔者基于地质概况和岩相古地理特征的介绍,通过对采自塔里木盆地西部卤水样品的化学分析,讨论了其地球化学参数及成钾可能性。根据卤水样的分析结果得出:大多数卤水都是从厚层的岩盐中淋滤出来的,岩盐主要是氯化物型,这种类型的岩盐表面上都没有达到钾盐沉积的阶段;其次,根据Br和K含量表明WSKL(乌克沙鲁)已经有钾盐沉积的显示,是一个值得注意的地方,应该把重点放在这个区域;最后,由于原始沉积的原因,塔里木盆地Br含量普遍很低,这一点通过实验结果和收集到的资料已经得到了证实,不能单纯地依据Br指数来判断岩盐的沉积阶段,必须寻找除海相成钾以外的其他的成钾模式。     

西伯利亚涅帕钾盐矿床地质,发展经过及其对我国找钾工作的启示

西伯利亚含盐盆地位于西伯利亚地台。含钾盐系属下寒武统安加拉组，岩盐层总厚６００余米，钾盐层厚７０－１５０ｍ，共有钾石盐岩和钾石盐－光卤石岩６层。钾石盐层中ＫＣｌ含量达３５％－４５％，Ｍｇｃｌ＿２和水不溶物含量均小于１％，含盐盆地四周以堡礁带和陆岛与广海相隔，含钾坳陷处于地台上坳陷最深部位。作者介绍了涅帕钾盐矿床的地质特征和形成条件，从钾盐预测－钾盐普查－发现钾盐矿床历经４０余年，在找钾工作中总结了大量的成功经验，对我国地质工作者如何寻找钾盐矿床是一种很好的启示。     

库车盆地古近纪岩盐层中钾盐资源量预测研究

新疆库车盆地的古盐湖沉积了巨厚的岩盐层,在构造环境上具备形成钾矿的条件.近年来,在库车盆地古近纪岩盐中发现了众多的钾盐矿物及其组合.文章采用石盐质量法,即通过统计和分析盆地中的石盐质量、海陆相沉积的比值关系及成钾概率,预测出库车盆地古近纪可能沉积的钾盐资源量.其理论基础是,海水和地表水中钾离子与钠离子含量存在一定的比例关系,石盐与钾盐沉积量也应存在固定比值,利用这一比值将已经发现并计算得出的石盐质量转换为钾盐资源量.分析确定库车盆地中带人钾总量的成钾概率是4.69%,据此,预测出可能沉积蕴藏的钾盐资源量(KCl)可达39.78亿t.     

刚果(布)布谷马西钾盐矿床盐类矿物特征与成因研究

刚果(布)布谷马西钾盐矿床位于非洲大陆西部边缘,是白垩纪时期沉积的大型钾盐矿床。文章运用X射线衍射、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和岩石地球化学等方法,识别出布谷马西钾盐矿的主要盐类矿物有硬石膏、石盐、光卤石、钾石盐、水氯镁石和溢晶石。盐类矿物的沉积顺序为:硬石膏→石盐→光卤石→钾石盐→水氯镁石或溢晶石。该矿区的成盐物质主要来源于海水,盐类沉积物中贫碳酸盐和硫酸盐矿物,可能与白垩纪"方解石海"的海水成分密切相关。矿区中的钾石盐主要是由光卤石淋滤形成。     

钾盐矿床中Br的地球化学特征及研究进展

本文概述了Br的地球化学行为及其在钾盐矿床中的应用,重点论述了Br的分配系数和热力学模型的新发展。指出近年来用海相蒸发岩盐中的溴来评价显生宙海水组分变化行为,对于重新认识贫硫酸盐型的钾盐矿床有十分重要的意义。由于大洋中脊热液流体组分改变和海底扩张作用,使古海水组分发生变化,这种作用比碳酸盐白云石化或硫酸镁缺损使古海水组分发生变化更为重要。指出研究老挝贫硫酸盐型钾盐矿床对在我国兰坪一思茅盆地寻找钾盐矿床有重要的指导意义。     

大浪滩矿区现代盐湖钻探中的止水工艺

大浪滩矿区系以钾为主的盐类矿床，属硫酸盐型的现代盐湖沉积矿床。其中上更新统至全新统（Q_3 4），分布于区内所有盐滩和凹地中，为石盐芒硝夹含石膏淤泥层，地表为含砂石盐壳，局部含有石膏晶片和表外钾矿层。全新统（Q_4）的沉积物以石盐为主，次为芒硝、泻利盐、白钠镁钒、钾石盐和光卤石、水氯镁石，是该区内的主要含钾层位。下更新统（Q_1 2）的岩性主要为灰黄色薄至厚层砂质泥岩和泥岩互层，部分地段有少量厚层与薄层砾岩、泥灰岩、部分地段夹有较多的盐层。     

云南兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井矿区钾石盐的特征及其沉积环境

本文运用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、透射电镜-能谱(TEM-EDS)和工业C T等方法,对云南江城勐野井钾盐矿床580m运输坑道地质剖面钾矿石的特征进行了研究。XRD和TEM-ESD结果给出,矿石中的盐类矿物主要是石盐、钾石盐、硬石膏和菱镁矿,钾石盐主要赋存在青灰色岩盐和灰绿色泥砾质岩盐中。CT结果表明,青灰色钾盐矿体中的石盐呈近似圆形和棱角分明的角砾,钾石盐沿石盐角砾的边缘呈条带状或不规则状分布,在条带状的内部可见钾石盐呈粒状或团块状分布,其中粒状钾石盐可能以八面体和立方体为主,而团块状钾石盐无特定晶形。钾石盐的这种分布特征表明,该盐类矿床在蒸发沉积过程中,早期沉积的石盐体呈遭受外力破坏,后期形成的钾石盐沿其裂隙沉积,表明钾石盐形成晚于石盐,且可能有多次沉积。     

老挝甘蒙省钾镁盐矿床含矿段的矿物学和地球化学特征及成因

老挝甘蒙省钾镁盐矿床位于呵叻盆地的东隅,本文以该矿床ZK318钻孔的含矿段———下盐层为研究对象,对其开展了系统的矿物学和地球化学特征研究。结果表明,矿石矿物以石盐、钾石盐和光卤石为主,含少量方硼石和硬石膏。根据矿物与主量元素的分布特征,将下盐层分为5个次层,由下至上顺序为:盐岩层(石盐为主)→钾盐岩层(钾石盐为主)→光卤石岩层(光卤石为主)→薄盐岩层(石盐为主)→钾盐岩层(钾石盐为主)。微量元素Br值均大于200×10-6,表明卤水来源于海水;由盐岩层→钾盐岩层→光卤石岩层,B含量呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,表明B含量与卤水盐度呈线性关系。但顶部钾盐岩层的B含量高达890×10-6,与少量方硼石的存在相吻合,指示成矿卤水除了海水外,还有深部热液的贡献。按照卤化物卤水蒸发浓缩的顺序,光卤石是该卤水浓缩的最后阶段,但在光卤石沉积之后,又晶出一薄层石盐,表明曾经历过一次短暂的淡水补给。上、下两层钾石盐具有基本相同的Br含量,分别为1 790×10-6和1 792×10-6,且均直接沉积在石盐之上,故为原生钾石盐,而非光卤石的次生淋滤产物。认为甘蒙省钾镁盐矿床为海源陆相沉积,海水和深部热液是成钾物质的主要来源,钻孔中出露的两层钾石盐均为原生沉积。     

战术性与战略性的深穿透地球化学方法

多年来地球化学方法主要用于圈定出露及亚出露矿化四周的地表次生分散晕和分散流找矿或圈定盲矿上方地表的原生晕找矿,取得极大效果,但对被厚层运积物或厚层成矿后沉积岩或火山岩埋藏的矿体,由于地表次生异常与原生晕皆被掩蔽而显得无能为力。８０年代以来发展了一些新的能有效探索被厚达数百米运积层及成矿后沉积岩或火山岩埋藏的矿体的“深穿透”地球化学方法,包括澳大利亚的ＭＭＩ方法,加拿大与美国的酶提取方法,前苏联的ＣＨＩＭ方法,瑞典的ＧＥＯＧＡＳ方法及中国的ＮＡＭＥＧ与ＭＯＭＥＯ方法。这些方法大多数是用于详查中,用在地质预测认为深部有远景或地球物理方法发现深部有某种异常,但又无法取得可靠的矿化直接证据的地区,而中国的ＮＡＭＥＧ与ＭＯＭＥＯ方法则既是战术性的,又可在找寻隐伏的大型、特大型甚至巨型矿床上发挥巨大的战略作用。文中列举了在乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套巨型金矿及澳大利亚奥林匹克坝巨型铜铀金银矿周围进行的战略性深穿透ＮＡＭＥＧ与ＭＯＭＥＯ测量的结果,笔者认为这种战略性与战术性深穿透地球化学方法的发展将会加速在隐伏区找到大型至巨型矿的进程,并为勘查地球化学在２１世纪开拓广阔的新的研究领域。     

河南吴城天然碱矿床地质特征及戍因探讨

吴城碱矿是世界罕见的古代天然碱矿床之一,属于典型的陆相碳酸盐型盐湖沉积。矿床赋存于一个早第三纪断陷盆地中,该盆地发育了厚约2400余米的陆相碎屑—蒸发岩。天然碱距地表650—900余米,呈多层状产出,下部为天然碱矿层,上部则为含岩盐天然碱层。矿床盐类矿物组合以天然碱为主,次为石盐、重碳酸钠盐。共生矿物有磷钠钙石、氯碳钠镁石,未见通常在碳酸盐湖中出现的硫酸盐矿物——芒硝。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.