兰坪-思茅盆地与呵叻高原钾盐矿床综合对比

云南兰坪—思茅盆地与泰国-老挝呵叻高原处于同一构造带,两者在钾盐成矿及成因各方面都有着很大的相似性。通过对兰坪—思茅盆地与呵叻高原成矿地质背景、成盐时代、成盐物源和环境、沉积和地球化学特征等多方面对比分析,系统阐述了二者的异同,重点强调了存在的差异性,提出了一些今后开展工作的意见和建议。     

兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源探讨

云南兰坪—思茅盆地是我国重要的成钾盆地。综合前人的研究成果,简要介绍了该地区的地质概况。对兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源进行了阐述和讨论,认为该盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源以残存古海水为主,并有陆源水体的补给。盆地内的富钾火山凝灰岩、古盐和风化盐也可能为该盆地钾盐矿床提供物源,至于深部地下卤水是否提供物源还需更深入的研究论证。兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床成矿物源具有多源性。     

昌都—兰坪—呵叻成盐带白垩纪成盐成钾过程

以昌都—兰坪—思茅盆地及呵叻盆地含盐带盐类沉积为研究对象,在分析总结前人研究成果的基础上,通过系统的大地构造学、矿床学、地球化学等研究方法,总结和研究了该区含钾蒸发岩矿床的矿床特征,提出了新的成矿模式。研究表明,兰坪—思茅盆地和呵叻盆地的含钾蒸发岩矿床为"海源陆相"成因,即在陆相环境下与海水的变异有关。该矿床缺失正常海水蒸发浓缩而形成的硫酸盐沉积,同时,矿床中少量菱镁矿等自生矿物的出现无法用正常海水蒸发理论解释。矿床中少量溢晶石等矿物的出现预示着该矿床富钙。兰坪—思茅盆地内广泛发育了白垩纪蒸发岩系(勐野井组或云龙组),江城地区甚至沉积了小型钾盐矿床。同位素和微量元素的研究表明,该区蒸发岩矿床为海相成因,Rb和Br的含量变化指示海水从北部兰坪侵入到呵叻。昌都及兰坪地区的白垩纪石膏硫、锶同位素研究表明,该区大套的硫酸盐沉积为海相成因,物源研究成果揭示思茅盆地的物源可能来自东羌塘地区,预示着昌都地区的硫酸盐沉积跟兰坪—思茅盆地的蒸发岩沉积具有同源性。通过上述研究,提出了多级盆地海水迁移变质成盐成钾模式。     

云南兰坪—思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿床盐构造特征及成因机制

云南兰坪—思茅盆地南部勐野井钾盐矿床沉积了巨厚的钾石盐,岩盐层整体呈现盐构造特征,且发育较强,多期褶皱频出,与上覆碎屑岩之间呈不整合或假整合接触。在喜马拉雅运动造成的强烈挤压和差异负载作用及盆地升降过程中的重力滑移作用下,岩盐形成较为复杂的盐构造体系。研究表明勐野井钾盐矿床盐构造受多重作用影响,重力滑移作用是盐构造初始动力来源,之后在差异负载作用及浮力作用下,盐构造发育相对缓慢,强烈的区域挤压作用是盐构造快速发育的重要原因,并促进差异负载、重力滑移作用和浮力作用进一步发展,形成较为复杂的盐构造体系。盐构造的研究对于探寻钾盐矿体的成因、运动规律和成矿作用具有重要意义。     

兰坪—思茅盆地古新统粘土矿物研究与成盐环境探讨

云南兰坪—思茅盆地是我国重要的成钾盆地,对盆地内勐野井组层位的泥砾岩段(成盐阶段)粘土样品进行XRD分析;同时对滇中楚雄盆地的相同层位(元永井组)粘土样品进行了XRD对比分析。实验结果表明,兰坪—思茅盆地内的样品中粘土矿物组合为伊利石+绿泥石,表明了在成盐阶段较为干旱的古气候条件与较高的古盐度;而楚雄盆地一平浪样品中除伊利石+绿泥石组合外,还含有伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物,反映了当时的古气候条件与兰坪—思茅盆地相比较为湿润。通过计算样品中各种粘土矿物的相对含量,指出兰坪—思茅盆地成盐阶段更晚,成盐作用更强。结合前人的研究成果探讨了兰坪—思茅盆地的成盐环境,指出盆地南部卤水较北部浓缩程度更高,南部成盐条件优于北部。     

兰坪—思茅盆地与楚雄盆地古新统含盐系地球化学特征对比

云南兰坪—思茅盆地和楚雄盆地都是含盐盆地,沉积了广泛的古近纪古新统含盐地层。通过对所采样品的地化指标及前人研究成果的分析,认为兰坪—思茅盆地内古新统含盐系成盐阶段的卤水浓缩度呈由北向南逐渐升高的趋势,其总体浓缩阶段高于楚雄盆地,成盐成钾条件优于后者。前者的物质来源可能以古海水为主,后者则显示其成盐环境可能为内陆湖盆。     

昌都—兰坪思茅盆地含盐系地层地球化学特征及物源属性探讨

碎屑岩的地球化学特征对应于特定的源区和构造环境,本文利用主微量元素对昌都盆地的早白垩纪景星组地层进行了地球化学分析,并与兰坪思茅盆地的早白垩纪地层进行了物源对比研究。岩相学研究显示景星组沉积岩的成分成熟度较低,其物源以火山岩为主。昌都地区景星组的主量元素地球化学分析显示其源区为石英质沉积岩源区和长英质火成岩源区。相比兰坪思茅地区早白垩纪地层,景星组地层物源的输入比较单一。景星组地层的CIA在59～78之间,平均为67,明显低于扒沙河组地层,表明兰坪思茅盆地的早白垩纪地层的风化强度明显高于昌都盆地。主微量构造环境判别图解显示昌都—兰坪思茅盆地早白垩纪地层的物源构造环境主要为被动大陆边缘与活动大陆边缘,同时具有大陆岛弧的特征。     

盐湖沉积改造与地下卤水成因——以库车盆地和渤海湾盆地为例

2015年在新疆库车盆地发现富钾盐泉水,进一步为库车盆地地下钾盐找矿提供了线索。为探讨地下卤水成因,结合渤海湾盆地总结了受断裂活动控制发育的古盐湖底辟构造的盐湖沉积改造模式。控制盐体改造的断裂带及后期发育的断裂系为地下卤水的沟通和混合提供了空间和通道,从而影响地下卤水的矿化度和化学组分。氢氧同位素特征揭示,库车盆地富钾盐泉水的水体来源主要为当地大气降水,而钾的物质来源与古盐湖析盐后期浓缩卤水或地下固体钾盐的溶解有关;渤海湾盆地地层水则继承了古盐湖沉积卤水,后期经受水—岩反应、浅层水体掺杂等改造作用,最终形成矿化度分布具有极大差异性的地层水。沉积盐体的“古拗今隆”决定着钾盐的沉积、分异变形改造和保存,隆起盐体的次级拗陷及陡坡一侧是高矿化度卤水储存及钾盐矿物沉积的有利部位,值得关注和深入研究。     

地球化学研究方法在钾盐找矿中的应用

钾盐是我国的紧缺矿产资源之一,寻找钾盐资源尤其是古钾盐矿床对于我国具有重要的意义。但是由于钾盐易溶,在地表很少有成矿标志,所以加大了找矿的难度。通过论述地球化学方法在蒸发岩研究中的应用情况,指出地球化学方法在寻找钾盐的过程中有着重要的应用,其应用可以概括为:可以判断成盐古卤水的蒸发浓缩阶段和矿床的成矿阶段、揭示盐类矿床的物质来源及其沉积环境、划分蒸发岩的沉积旋回和重现古盐湖的演化过程以及分析成盐盆地的封闭蒸发条件和氧化还原性等。云南兰坪—思茅盆地是我国最具有找钾希望的区域,研究盆地内蒸发岩的地球化学特征对于在盆地内寻找钾盐矿床具有重要的指示意义。     

盐湖沉积改造与地下卤水成因——以库车和渤海湾盆地为例

2015年在新疆库车盆地发现高钾盐泉水,进一步为库车盆地地下钾盐找矿提供了线索。为探讨地下卤水成因,结合渤海湾盆地总结了受断裂活动控制发育的古盐湖底辟构造的盐湖沉积改造模式。控制盐体改造的断裂带及后期发育的断裂系为地下卤水的沟通和混合提供了空间和通道,从而影响地下卤水的矿化度和化学组分。氢氧同位素特征揭示：库车盆地高钾盐泉水的水体来源主要为当地大气降水,而钾的物质来源与古盐湖析盐后期浓缩卤水或地下固体钾盐的溶解有关;渤海湾盆地地层水则继承了古盐湖沉积卤水,后期接受水岩反应、浅层水体掺杂等改造作用,最终形成矿化度分布具有极大差异性的地层水。沉积盐体的“古凹今隆”决定着钾盐的沉积、分异变形改造和保存,隆起盐体的次级凹陷及陡坡一侧是高矿化度卤水储存及钾盐矿物沉积的有利部位,值得关注和深入研究。     

Detrital fission track thermochronology of Upper Cretaceous syn-orogenic sediments in the South Carpathians (Romania): inferences on the tectonic evolution of a collisional hinterland

ABSTRACT The tectonic evolution of a collisional hinterland sourcing the Ha?eg Basin, a Late Cretaceous syn‐orogenic sedimentary basin in the South Carpathians (Romania), is revealed through fission track thermochronology of detrital apatite and zircon grains. This basin formed on the upper plate (Getic unit) in response to Late Cretaceous collision with the lower plate (Danubian unit), an allochtonous continental block of the Moesian Platform, upon closure of a narrow oceanic basin (Severin Basin). The fission track results suggest that Turonian to lower Maastrichtian sediments of the Ha?eg Basin have been dominantly derived from pre‐Late Cretaceous sources. The age components they contain relate to pre‐Cretaceous tectonothermal events such as the Variscan orogenic cycle, Jurassic rifting and Severin Basin formation, and to Early Cretaceous compressional tectonics. These results are compatible with the tectonic evolution of the upper plate that is identified as the primary source. From the onset of sedimentation (late Albian) until the early Campanian the Ha?eg Basin resembles a piggy‐back basin formed on the upper plate concomitant with underthrusting and internal stacking of the lower plate. In contrast, important tectonic subsidence during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian reflects a shift to extensional tectonics causing the unroofing of the collision zone and the exhumation of lower plate rocks back to the surface. Our fission track data place important constraints on the timing of lower plate erosion that must have commenced during the late Maastrichtian, as documented by the completely reset Late Cretaceous age component within upper Maastrichtian sediments (Sînpetru Formation). Late Maastrichtian uplift of the basin and the formation of positive relief at the site of the collision zone is an expression of continuous convergence. The mismatch between the amount of denudation and the amount of sediments trapped in the Ha?eg Basin underlines the importance of concomitant extensional unroofing.     

Continental systems tracts of the Brazilian Cretaceous Bauru Basin and their relationship with the tectonic and climatic evolution of South America

The application of sequence stratigraphy concepts to continental deposits lacking the referece provided sea level has been a challenge, mainly because the temporal relationships between stratigraphic surfaces and systems tracts depend on the tectonic and climatic evolution of the area. Using the concept of accommodation space (A) and sediment supply (S), we identify specific stacking patterns of aeolian, lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial systems that correspond to the particular tectonic and climatic evolution of the southeastern portion of South America. With the end of the Early Cretaceous volcanism (133 Ma), the southeastern portion of South America underwent tectonic restructuring, which generated basins that encompassed continental sedimentary sequences. The tectonic events responsible for the accumulation of these sequences occurred during two primary phases. The first phase is related to Early Cretaceous thermal subsidence, which was more pronounced in the regions where the thickest Serra Geral Formation basaltic successions are found, resulting in the formation of Bauru Basin. The second phase was related to the Late Cretaceous uplift in southeastern Brazil as a result of magmatic/volcanic activity associated with the Trindade Mantle Plume. Stratigraphic analysis based on well‐logs and outcrops and aided by petrographic studies identified three sequences that are bounded by regional unconformities that record important changes in the Bauru Basin's tectonic and paleoenvironmental conditions. The unconformity K‐0 is related to the origin of the Bauru Basin in the Early Cretaceous. The Early Cretaceous Sequence 1 (Caiuá Group) is interpreted as a second‐ order sequence, formed by aeolian and fluvial deposits and constituting a Fluvial‐Aeolian Systems Tract. Unconformity K‐1 that was generated in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian – Campanian?) is related to the tectonic evolution of the basin and source area. Overlying Unconformity K‐1, lacustrine, fluvial and alluvial deposits display progradational characteristics of the two‐third‐ order sequences: Sequences 2A and 2B, constituted by the Fluvial‐Lacustrine and Alluvial Systems Tracts, respectively, and separated by the Unconformity K‐1A. Sedimentological characteristics, paleosols and stratigraphic architecture, suggest that A/S ratio was neutral in the late stage of the Sequence 1, whereas in the Sequence 2 there was an increase (Sequence 2A) followed by a decrease in the A/S ratio (Sequence 2B). Aeolian facies and paleosol P1 (Sequence 1), fluvial‐lacustrine facies and hydromorphic soils (Sequence 2A), and alluvial facies and Paleosol P2 (Sequence 2B), indicate climatic changes in the South American during the Cretaceous. The stratigraphic framework, subaerial unconformities and paleosols provide key elements for subdividing of the Brazilian continental sequence into third‐order sequences and systems tracts, for identification of allocyclic and autocyclic patterns in time and space.     

滇西思茅盆地西缘早白垩世沉积物源分析及盆地形成和演化探讨

滇西思茅盆地位于澜沧江断裂带和金沙江—红河断裂带之间,呈北西—南东向带状展布,在构造上处于冈瓦纳与欧亚两大构造域的过渡地带,其形成发展与古特提斯的演化、印度板块的向北漂移和俯冲消亡关系十分密切。通过对思茅盆地西缘早白垩世的沉积物分析表明,滇西思茅盆地西缘早白垩世的沉积环境主要为河湖相,沉积物源为盆地西侧的澜沧江造山带。结合构造背景,认为盆地的形成经历了碰撞后裂谷阶段、陆内坳陷阶段、复合型前陆盆地阶段和走滑拉分盆地四个阶段。     

The timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) and implications for basin dynamics

In this paper, a literature‐based compilation of the timing and history of salt tectonics in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) is presented. The tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of the Southern Permian Basin is influenced by salt movement and the structural development of various types of salt structures. The compilation presented here was used to characterize the following syndepositional growth stages of the salt structures: (a) “phase of initiation”; (b) phase of fastest growth (“main activity”); and (c) phase of burial’. We have also mapped the spatial pattern of potential mechanisms that triggered the initiation of salt structures over the area studied and summarized them for distinct regions (sub‐basins, platforms, etc.). The data base compiled and the set of maps produced from it provide a detailed overview of the spatial and temporal distribution of salt tectonic activity enabling the correlation of tectonic phases between specific regions of the entire Southern Permian Basin. Accordingly, salt movements were initiated in deeply subsided graben structures and fault zones during the Early and Middle Triassic. In these areas, salt structures reached their phase of main activity already during the Late Triassic or the Jurassic and were mostly buried during the Early Cretaceous. Salt structures in less subsided sub‐basins and platform regions of the Southern Permian Basin mostly started to grow during the Late Triassic. The subsequent phase of main activity of these salt structures took place from the Late Cretaceous to the Cenozoic. The analysis of the trigger mechanisms revealed that most salt structures were initiated by large‐offset normal faults in the sub‐salt basement in the large graben structures and minor normal faulting associated with thin‐skinned extension in the less subsided basin parts.     

钾盐变质作用的矿物学和地球化学响应特征——以老挝沙湾拿吉钾盐盆地ZK004孔为例

通过对老挝沙湾拿吉钾盐盆地ZK004钻孔岩芯中的钾盐层段矿物学、微量元素地球化学特征的分析,探讨了钾盐变质过程的矿物学和地球化学指标的响应特征。结果表明,ZK004孔变质作用大致可分为2个阶段:第一阶段为不均匀交代阶段,该阶段光卤石层受到非海相流体淋滤,在光卤石层顶部形成次生钾石盐;第二阶段为强烈淋滤重结晶阶段,早期交代成因次生钾石盐层受到多次非海相流体的交代淋滤作用,发生溶解—重结晶乃至淋失。元素地球化学分析表明,光卤石阶段石盐中Fe、Si和Sr具有较好的峰值对应且光卤石阶段的含量高于钾石盐阶段,指示了陆相地表水的补给作用主要发生在光卤石沉积阶段,钾石盐阶段石盐中Cu、Zn等具有较好的含量峰值对应关系,表明改造次生钾石盐的流体可能主要是地下水。     

Clockwise rotations recorded in Early Cretaceous rocks of South Korea: implications for tectonic affinity between the Korean Peninsula and North China

Recent interest has focused on whether South Korea may have undergone variable tectonic rotations since the Cretaceous. In an effort to contribute to the answer to this question, we have completed a palaeomagnetic reconnaissance study of Early Cretaceous sedimentary and igneous rocks from the Kyongsang basin in southeast Korea. Stepwise thermal demagnetization isolated well-defined characteristic magnetization in all samples. The palaeomagnetic directions reveal patterns of increasing amounts of clockwise (CW) rotation with increasing age for Aptian rock units. Palaeomagnetic declinations indicate clockwise vertical-axis rotations of R = 34.3° ± 6.9° for the early Aptian rock unit, R = 24.9° ± 10.6° for the middle Aptian, and R = −0.9° ± 11.8° for the late Aptian relative to eastern Asia. The new Cretaceous palaeomagnetic data from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that Korea and other major parts of eastern Asia occupied the same relative positions in terms of palaeolatitudes in the Cretaceous. An analysis of and comparison with previously reported palaeomagnetic data corroborates this hypothesis and suggests that much of Korea may have been connected to the North China Block since the early Palaeozoic. A plausible cause of the rotation is the westward subduction of the Kula plate underneath the Asian continent, which is inferred to have occurred during the Cretaceous according to several geological and tectonic analyses.     

Subsidence and exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan plateau

The subsidence and exhumation histories of the Qiangtang Basin and their contributions to the early evolution of the Tibetan plateau are vigorously debated. This paper reconstructs the subsidence history of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin with 11 selected composite stratigraphic sections and constrains the first stage of cooling using apatite fission track data. Facies analysis, biostratigraphy, palaeo‐environment interpretation and palaeo‐water depth estimation are integrated to create 11 composite sections through the basin. Backstripped subsidence calculations combined with previous work on sediment provenance and timing of deformation show that the evolution of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin can be divided into two stages. From Late Triassic to Early Jurassic times, the North Qiangtang was a retro‐foreland basin. In contrast, the South Qiangtang was a collisional pro‐foreland basin. During Middle Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous times, the North Qiangtang is interpreted as a hinterland basin between the Jinsha orogen and the Central Uplift; the South Qiangtang was controlled by subduction of Meso‐Tethyan Ocean lithosphere and associated dynamic topography combined with loading from the Central Uplift. Detrital apatite fission track ages from Mesozoic sandstones concentrate in late Early to Late Cretaceous (120.9–84.1 Ma) and Paleocene–Eocene (65.4–40.1 Ma). Thermal history modelling results record Early Cretaceous rapid cooling; the termination of subsidence and onset of exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin suggest that the accumulation of crustal thickening in central Tibet probably initiated during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times (150–130 Ma), involving underthrusting of both the Lhasa and Songpan–Ganze terranes beneath the Qiangtang terrane or the collision of Amdo terrane.     

Subsidence, sedimentation and sea-level changes in the Eromanga Basin, Australia

Abstract The Jurassic-Cretaceous subsidence history of the Eromanga Basin, a large intracratonic sedimentary basin in central eastern Australia, has been examined using standard backstripping techniques, allowing for porosity reduction by compaction and cementation. Interpretation of the results suggests that during the Jurassic the basin was subsiding in a manner consistent with the exponentially decreasing form predicted by simple thermally based tectonic models. By the Early Cretaceous, the rate of subsidence was considerably higher than that expected from such models and nearly half of the total sediment thickness was deposited over the final 20 Myr of the basin's 95 Myr Mesozoic depositional history. The Early Cretaceous also marks the first marine incursion into the basin, consistent with global sea-level curves. Subsequently, however, the sediments alternate between marine and non-marine, with up to 1200 m of fluvial sediments being deposited, and this was followed by a depositional hiatus of about 50 Myr in the Late Cretaceous. This occurred at a time when global sea-level was rising to its peak. A model is presented which is consistent with the rapid increase in tectonic subsidence rate and the transgressive-regressive nature of the sediments. The model incorporates a sediment influx which is greater than that predicted by the thermally based tectonic models implied by the Jurassic subsidence history. The excess sedimentation results in the basin region attaining an elevation which exceeds that of the contemporary sea-level, and thereby giving the appearance of a regression. The present day elevation of the region predicted by the model is about 100–200 m above that observed. This discrepancy may arise because the primary tectonic subsidence is better represented by a linear function of time rather than an exponentially decreasing form.