积水采空区瞬变电磁响应微分解释方法

瞬变电磁(TEM)视电阻率早、晚期计算公式在求取时进行了简化近似,造成部分地电信息的失真.瞬变电磁响应信号衰减过程与介质的电性特征有关,由此引入瞬变电磁响应微分衰减速度和二阶微分衰减速度两个解释参数,力图避开视电阻率计算,以衰减速度表示瞬变电磁探测结果的电性特征.首先研究了不同导电均匀半空间与低阻目标体地电模型瞬变电磁响应微分衰减速度在时间上的变化特征,在此基础上对瞬变电磁响应二阶微分衰减速度进行了分析,通过绘制TEM二阶微分衰减拟断面图实现了低阻目标体地电模型的电性层划分.研究结果表明:电性分界面与二阶微分衰减的"0"等值线相对应,可以用"0"值等值线作为电性分界面的划分依据,即瞬变电磁微分解释方法能够区分不同地电断面,可以用于瞬变电磁探测成果解释.     

瞬变电磁场的直接时域数值分析

为了深入了解瞬变电磁场的勘探原理,直接在时间域对负阶跃脉冲激发的二维瞬态场进行了数值分析.采用的方法是从反映电磁场基本规律的麦克斯韦方程组出发,导出时域电场的齐次扩散方程,对所研究的空间区域作差分离散,源作为初始条件加入,利用准静态近似处理空中边界,然后进行时间的逐步递推,由此展现瞬变电磁场在地下扩散随时间发展的全过程.通过模拟计算不同时刻瞬态电场在地下的分布形态及地面上感生电动势相应的变化,揭示了低阻异常体对感应涡流的聚集作用,低阻覆盖层对瞬变场扩散的减速作用,及瞬变场的延时效应.因此,瞬变电磁法对低阻体是敏感的,有上覆低阻层时探测同样的深度需要较长的时间,而延时效应瞬变场的晚期时段可反映埋藏较浅的异常体.     

关于求解地层介质中瞬变电磁场的离散镜像方法研究（英文）

针对地面场源在地层介质中所产生瞬变电磁场的数值计算方法和响应分析问题,本文展开研究.解法方面,传统离散镜像法多采用复数运算、数字滤波等方法计算量大,针对这些问题,提出一种改进的离散镜像方法:基于Gaver-Stehfest概率变换算法将电磁场解式实数化,选用Prony方法对目标核函数进行指数级数逼近,根据离散镜像原理和近似系数闭合式求解瞬变电磁场.通过试算均质模型中瞬变电磁场并对比汉克尔变换的数字滤波法所得结果,证明该方法有效且具有较好的精度和适用性.继而基于该方法计算地表磁偶源在典型地电模型中产生的瞬变电磁场,对"地面激发-地层中测量"方式所得感应磁场水平分量响应进行分析并得出结论瞬变场水平分量响应与地电结构、观测时间、空间位置等因素有关,感应磁场水平分量响应反映出涡流场分布及其垂向梯度变化情况,在探测异常体的工作中应尽量选取零偏移距、较大偏移距位置钻孔或用较大观测延时以减小背景场对勘测结果的影响。文中所用离散镜像方法与正演计算结论可为相关研究工作提供参考依据。     

基于航空大地电磁倾子特征的二维大地结构探测方法

倾子是航空大地电磁方法的主要参数,在地下异常体的探测中有着重要的作用和显著优势.本文简要概括了倾子测量的基本原理;基于有限单元法进行了二维大地结构的倾子建模仿真,分析了影响倾子响应特征的主要因素,包括空间性参数以及地下介质参数.通过对倾子响应特征影响因素的分析,提出了一种利用倾子及其梯度的异常位置和异常幅度,对地下二维异常体的电性特征、水平位置、埋深以及电阻率进行快速、定量识别的方法.最后,利用已知模型的倾子响应对异常体参数进行了试算,通过对试算结果和已知模型参数的对比,验证了该方法的可行性.     

多辐射源地空瞬变电磁响应三维数值模拟研究

地空瞬变电磁法结合地面和航空电磁法的优点,可实现探测深度和工作效率的平衡.当前地空瞬变电磁法采用单一线源激发电磁辐射场,仅能从一个侧面与地质体耦合,难以获得地质体的全息影像.采用多辐射源是解决这一问题的途径.本文采用三维矢量有限元法对两个不同地质体多个辐射源情况下的地空瞬变电磁响应开展了模拟研究,分析了多辐射源在不同辐射方向、不同飞行高度电磁响应的分布特征.研究表明,由多辐射场源作为地空电磁法的发射源,通过分散布设的线源,可以在地下激发与地质体多方位耦合的电磁场,能够获得地下地质体多方位不同高度情况下的耦合信息.同时,多辐射场源能够增强源电磁场的辐射强度,减少单一线源体积效应影响,飞行高度较低时可获得较强的响应幅值,研究结果为多辐射地空瞬变电磁法深部精细探测提供理论依据.     

地-井瞬变电磁多分量响应数值分析（英文）

本文对地-井瞬变电磁法多分量响应进行计算分析。规则局部体瞬变场响应的计算方法与解释模型对于实际导电围岩模型的适用性较差,针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于地下瞬态电磁场数值模拟的计算分析方法。瞬变电磁场模拟方面,本文以时域有限差分法实现正演模拟,引入采用Gaver-Stehfest逆拉氏变换与Prony法的离散镜像法求解初始电磁场,应用透射边界条件保证迭代计算精度。通过均质半空间模型算例,证明该套方法可行。响应分析方面,设定含井旁目标体和导电围岩的地电模型,以上述方法对地下瞬态电场进行正演,以多分量观测装置为例换算感应电动势。通过对比各条件下瞬态电场与多分量响应,得出结论:地-井瞬变电磁多分量感应电动势响应反映了地下瞬态电场沿水平、垂直方向的梯度变化;响应特征取决于地层中瞬变场在不同条件下的"扩散、衰减、畸变"过程和观测位置的电磁场状态。本文的计算分析方法兼顾围岩背景场与局部体异常场,较之传统局部体瞬变场原理能够更全面的反映地质信息。     

大地电磁倾子资料的三维正演研究

在实际复杂的三维地电条件下,倾子作为大地电磁法的重要解释参数之一,其正演模拟和响应分析对提高大地电磁法的探测精度具有重要作用.本文在简要阐述大地电磁三维正演基本理论的基础上,利用交错网格有限差分法开展了大地电磁三维倾子正演模拟研究,首先正演模拟单个低、高阻两种地电模型的倾子响应,结果表明倾子资料能够较好反映地下异常体的空间分布;在此基础上,设计了含有两个低(高)阻异常体和低阻垂直断层的复杂组合模型并计算了其三维倾子响应,结果表明,倾子具有对复杂的地电结构良好的空间分辨率,且倾子响应既保留了模型中每单个异常体的倾子响应形态,又表现出了异常体之间相互作用的整体响应情况,进一步加深了对倾子的响应特征和规律、以及倾子资料对异常体边界的识别能力的认识,为倾子资料从定性解释向定量解释发展提供参考和依据.     

瞬变电磁法探测浅海掩埋未爆物的三维仿真研究

浅海掩埋的未爆物对近岸海洋环境保护、资源开发、工程建设及人民生活等将造成极大隐患,准确探测、识别并清除这些未爆物对于人类社会发展具有重要的现实意义.本文基于中心回线装置瞬变电磁方法,采用时间域矢量有限单元方法对浅海三维瞬变电磁响应进行了正演模拟,设计多个典型三维模型算例考察浅海瞬变电磁响应特征.不同浅海三维地电模型的仿真结果显示目标电磁响应幅值明显、异常清晰,与模型设计一致.本文研究成果初步验证了瞬变电磁方法探测浅海掩埋未爆物的可行性,对于海洋工程勘察与军事防备提供了有价值的理论依据.     

高密度电法数值模拟及其在寻找北京人头盖骨化石中的应用

为寻找埋藏在地下两米以内深度装有文物的木箱,采用高密度电阻率方法进行了探测.在完成三维正演与二维反演数值模拟的基础上进行了野外数据的反演解释工作,利用三维局部异常体的正演响应特征及二维反演结构与真实模型的对应关系,对实际的数据进行了认识解释,得到了目的层的异常体可能是地道而不是木箱的初步结论.实际表明,利用高密度电法来进行浅层的探测是可行的.     

我国深地资源电磁探测新技术研究进展

诸多研究表明我国深部资源潜力巨大,但目前的开发开采深度普遍停留在500 m以浅,开展"攻深探盲"是构建国家资源安全体系的有效途径.应用最先进的科学技术手段,提取深部地质信息,已成为我国当前地球物理科学研究的发展方向.作为地球物理学的重要分支,电磁法是矿产资源探查的主体手段之一.在分析我国现阶段航空、地面及海洋电磁探测技术进展的基础上,本文重点说明了极低频电磁法（简称WEM法）,多通道瞬变电磁法（简称MTEM）和电性源短偏移瞬变电磁法（简称SOTEM）等电磁探测新技术.WEM法建立一套包括岩石层、大气层和电离层在内的全空间电磁传播理论,通过新研制的观测系统,获取地下10 km的地电信息;MTEM方法是地下埋深4 km目标体精细勘查的有效手段;SOTEM实现地下1.5 km深度范围内目标体的精细探测.通过多种电磁探测技术组合,可实现地下10 km深度范围内多尺度探测,达到"望远镜+放大镜+显微镜"探测效果.同时,本文指出进一步研发与新方法配套的装备、资料处理技术和大数据人工智能识别等将是我国电磁法未来的发展方向.     

The effect of the electrical anisotropy on the response of helicopter-borne frequency-domain electromagnetic systems

Helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) systems are commonly used for conductivity mapping and the data are often interpreted using an isotropic horizontally layered earth model. However, in regions with distinct dipping stratification, it is useful to extend the model to a layered earth with general anisotropy by assigning each layer a symmetrical 3 × 3 resistivity tensor. The electromagnetic (EM) field is represented by two scalar potentials, which describe the poloidal and toroidal parts of the magnetic field. Via a 2D Fourier transform, we obtain two coupled ordinary differential equations in the vertical coordinate. To stabilize the numerical calculation, the wavenumber domain is divided into two parts associated with small and large wavenumbers. The EM field for small wavenumbers is continued from layer to layer with the continuity conditions. For large wavenumbers, the EM field behaves like a DC field and therefore cannot be sensed by airborne EM systems. Thus, the contribution from the large wavenumbers is simply ignored. The magnetic fields are calculated for the vertical coaxial (VCX), horizontal coplanar (HCP) and vertical coplanar (VCP) coil configurations for a helicopter EM system. The apparent resistivities defined from the VCX, VCP and HCP coil responses, when plotted in polar coordinates, clearly identify the principal anisotropic axes of an anisotropic earth. The field example from the Edwards Aquifer recharge area in Texas confirms that the polar plots of the apparent resistivities identify the principal anisotropic axes that coincide well with the direction of the underground structures.     

有限元直接迭代算法及其在线源频率域电磁响应计算中的应用

采用有限元直接迭代算法实现了线源频率域测深电磁响应的二维正演计算. 首先给出了线源正演问题的有限元直接迭代格式,然后由迭代法进行求解. 在处理奇异源问题上,采用向内递推的组合网格技巧,在源点附近可进行局部加密,并实现粗细网格的对接,从而较好地解决了奇异源附近的计算问题. 还提出一种迭代求取全区视电阻率的方法,避免了远近区的划分. 通过对均匀半空间、层状介质和二维模型电磁响应的计算,获得了与大地电磁测深相似的视电阻率曲线,验证了算法的正确性;通过对计算结果的分析,在理论上说明了线源频率域近区测深的可行性.     

Fast-decaying IP in frozen unconsolidated rocks and potentialities for its use in permafrost-related TEM studies

We investigate the early time induced polarization (IP) phenomenon in frozen unconsolidated rocks and its association with transient electromagnetic (TEM) signals measured in northern regions. The distinguishing feature of these signals is the distortion of the monotony or sign reversals in the time range from a few tens to a few hundreds of microseconds. In simulating TEM data, the IP effects in frozen ground were attributed to the dielectric relaxation phenomenon rather than to the frequency‐dependent conductivity. This enabled us to use laboratory experimental data available in the literature on dielectric spectroscopy of frozen rocks. In our studies we focused on simulating the transient response of a coincident‐loop configuration in three simple models: (i) a homogeneous frozen earth (half‐space); (ii) a two‐layered earth with the upper layer frozen; (iii) a two‐layered earth with the upper layer unfrozen. The conductivities of both frozen and unfrozen ground were assumed to exhibit no frequency dispersion, whereas the dielectric permittivity of frozen ground was assumed to be described by the Debye model. To simplify the presentation and the comparison analysis of the synthetic data, the TEM response of a frozen polarizable earth was normalized to that of a non‐polarizable earth having the same structure and resistivities as the polarizable earth. The effect of the dielectric relaxation on a TEM signal is marked by a clearly defined minimum. Its time coordinate t_min is approximately three times larger than the dielectric relaxation time constant τ. This suggests the use of t_min for direct estimation of τ, which, in turn, is closely associated with the temperature of frozen unconsolidated rock. The ordinate of the minimum is directly proportional to the static dielectric permittivity of frozen earth. Increasing the resistivity of a frozen earth and/or decreasing the loop size results in a progressively stronger effect of the dielectric relaxation on the TEM signal. In the case of unfrozen earth, seasonal freezing is not likely to have an appreciable effect on the TEM signal. However, for the frozen earth, seasonal thawing of a near‐surface layer may result in a noticeable attenuation of the TEM signal features associated with dielectric relaxation in a frozen half‐space. Forward calculations show that the dielectric relaxation of frozen unconsolidated rocks may significantly affect the transient response of a horizontal loop laid on the ground. This conclusion is in agreement with a practical example of inversion of the TEM data measured over the permafrost.     

“地-电离层”模式有源电磁场一维正演

“地-电离层”模式有源电磁法由于其在地球物理勘探和地震预报方面的良好应用前景,成为地球物理电磁法研究新的热点.近年来国内开始了“地-电离层”模式有源电磁法研究,作者已经实现了当地球层为均匀半空间时的正演,但实际上地球并不是均匀半空间.本文在此基础上,采用R函数法进行公式推导,以高采样密度的Hankel滤波系数实现数值模...     

Application of a Numerical Inverse Laplace Integration Method to Surface Loading on a Viscoelastic Compressible Earth Model

Normal mode approaches for calculating viscoelastic responses of self-gravitating and compressible spherical earth models have an intrinsic problem of determining the roots of the secular equation and the associated residues in the Laplace domain. To bypass this problem, a method based on numerical inverse Laplace integration was developed by Tanaka et al. (2006, 2007) for computations of viscoelastic deformation caused by an internal dislocation. The advantage of this approach is that the root-finding problem is avoided without imposing additional constraints on the governing equations and earth models. In this study, we apply the same algorithm to computations of viscoelastic responses to a surface load and show that the results obtained by this approach agree well with those obtained by a time-domain approach that does not need determinations of the normal modes in the Laplace domain. Using the elastic earth model PREM and a convex viscosity profile, we calculate viscoelastic load Love numbers (h, l, k) for compressible and incompressible models. Comparisons between the results show that effects due to compressibility are consistent with results obtained by previous studies and that the rate differences between the two models total 10–40%. This will serve as an independent method to confirm results obtained by time-domain approaches and will usefully increase the reliability when modeling postglacial rebound.     

Grounded-source TEM modelling of some deep-seated 3D resistivity structures

Long-offset transient electromagnetics (LOTEM) is now regarded as a suitable electrical method for deep exploration along with magnetotellurics (MT). In this method, the vertical magnetic-field impulse response and, occasionally, the horizontal electric-field step response of a grounded-wire source on the surface of the earth are measured. Here, these two responses are computed for 3D models of three deep resistivity structures of interest in hydrocarbon exploration: (i) a faulted graben in a resistive basement rock at a depth of 4 km beneath a conductive overburden; (ii) a facies change in a resistive layer buried at a depth of 2 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement; and (iii) an anticlinal uplift of a resistive layer at a depth of 1 km in the conductive overburden above a resistive basement. The results show that the sensitivity of the electric-field response to model perturbation is generally greater than that of the magnetic-voltage response. Further, the electric-field sensitivity is confined to early and intermediate times while that of the magnetic-voltage response is confined to intermediate and late times. Hence it is recommended that both electric and magnetic recordings are made in a LOTEM survey so that the final results can be presented as apparent-resistivity curves derived from the two responses jointly as well as separately.     

三维层状黏弹性半空间中球面SH、P和SV波源自由场

采用刚度矩阵方法结合Hankel积分变换,求解了层状黏弹性半空间中球面SH、P和SV波的自由波场.首先,在柱坐标系下建立层状黏弹性半空间的反轴对称(柱面SH波)和轴对称(柱面P-SV波)情况精确动力刚度矩阵.进而由Hankel变换将空间域内的球面波展开为波数域内柱面波的叠加,然后将球面波源所在层的上下端面固定,求得固定层内的动力响应和固定端面反力,将固端反力反向施加到层状黏弹性半空间上,采用直接刚度法求得固端反力的动力响应,叠加固定层内和固端反力动力响应,求得波数域内球面波源动力响应.最后由Hankel积分逆变换求得频率-空间域内球面波源自由场,时域结果由傅里叶逆变换求得.文中验证了方法的正确性,并以均匀半空间和基岩上单一土层中球面SH、P和SV波为例分别在频域和时域内进行了数值计算分析.研究表明基岩上单一土层中球面波自由场与均匀半空间情况有着本质差异;基岩上单一土层中球面波位移频谱峰值频率与场地固有频率相对应,基岩面的存在使得基岩上单一土层地表点的位移时程非常复杂,振动持续时间明显增长;阻尼的增大显著降低了动力响应的峰值,同时也显著减少了波在土层的往复次数.     

含激电效应的CSAMT一维正演研究

地电体对频率域电磁波激发源的响应为电磁感应和激电效应的综合响应.传统CSAMT法进行数据正反演时认为大地介质电阻率是与频率无关的实数,而实际上因为激电效应,地下可极化体的电阻率是一个与频率相关的复数.为推进二者总体响应研究,并扩展激电法的应用范围,同时提高电磁法勘探的精度,本文基于Dias模型,以复电阻率代替不考虑地电体极化效应的直流电阻率,对CSAMT场源一维层状模型进行了正演模拟,为提取CSAMT信号中所含激电信息提供理论基础.结果表明,考虑激电参数后,视电阻率及相位响应曲线出现明显异常（包括远场、过渡场、近场）;极化前后振幅比值异常峰值、相位差值异常峰值可直观体现激电异常;异常峰值与极化层层厚、埋深以及电阻率变化有连续的对应关系.认为从频率域电磁法信号中提取激电信息有乐观的前景.     

海底油气藏地质模型的冲激响应

海洋可控源电磁法(mCSEM)的时间域冲激响应特征可以反映海底油气高阻薄层.本文计算了水平电偶极子源均匀大地半空间,海洋均匀双半空间和海洋四层模型的阶跃响应和冲激响应,提出了瞬变冲激时刻的概念.分析了水平电偶源瞬变冲激时刻与介质电导率的指示关系.对于海底油气高阻薄层宜采用多偏移距同时测量方式,由于在低电导率介质中电磁能量传播得要快,在适当的收发距瞬变冲激时刻会提前到达,提出的瞬变冲激时刻道间变化量可以明确指示高阻薄层的存在及埋深.文中还分析了海水深度对瞬变冲激时刻的影响.由于“天波”干扰,瞬变冲激响应受到一定收发距观测的限制.消除 “天波”影响是时间域和频率域mCSEM数据处理的研究热点.