第二类热成风螺旋度对登陆台风降水的诊断能力分析台风泰利个例研究

文中利用中尺度数值模式MM5模拟了台风泰利的登陆过程,模拟的台风路径、天气形势和降水都与观测基本一致,能够很好地反映出真实的天气过程.再利用数值模拟结果,研究了第二类热成风螺旋度(H_2)对登陆台风泰利降水的诊断能力,结果表明它对深入内陆的台风强降水具有较好的诊断能力,而对刚登陆前后的台风降水诊断能力不如经典螺旋度.特别地,H_2在提前1 h时与泰利降水达到最高相关系数,且在提前1-5 h时,它与降水的相关性比经典螺旋度的高,表现出十分显著的预示降水增幅的能力.进一步分析表明,在刚登陆前后,泰利台风中心850-200 hPa的风场垂直切变较小(约5 m/s),其最强降水出现在路径右侧300 km半径范围以内,与低空的正温度平流、低空辐合、高空辐散等无明显的关系,而低空相对涡度能够很好地反映降水的变化,这是经典螺旋度与降水在这一阶段相关性优于H_2的主要原因.而在深入内陆后,台风泰利本体环流减弱,受北部西风槽的影响逐渐增强,环境风场垂直切变迅速增大,发生强降水的庐山和大别山区处于顺垂直风切变方向左侧.在东北向的垂直风切变情况下,庐山和大别山强降水区上空有向东的高空急流出流,强高空辐散诱发垂直次级环流,从而激发对流,形成强上升运动区,因此H_2的诊断优势在这一阶段表现得最清楚.     

浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。     

TERRAIN IMPACT ON THE PRECIPITATION OF LANDFALLING TYPHOON TALIM

The impact of terrains on the precipitation of landfalling typhoon Talim (2005) over mainland China is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. The simulated precipitation of simulated typhoon (the control) matches the observations closely. To compare with the control simulation, four sensitivity simulations were carried out in which terrains of Wuyi Mountain, Lushan, Dabieshan, and both Lushan and Dabieshan are completely removed respectively, but other surface properties were retained. It is found that the complex terrains of Wuyi Mountain, Lushan and Dabieshan have a significant impact on the rainfall intensity and distribution of Talim. As the terrains are removed, the rainfall is decreased very greatly and the rainfall in inland area is decreased much more than that in the coastal area. Besides, the rainfall distribution near the Lushan and Dabieshan is spread much more westward compared with the control simulation. Further analysis shows that the Wuyi Mountain would increase both the lower level air convergence and the upper level air divergence for Talim that just made landfall and thus it would contribute to the convection and increase rainfall intensity. It can be concluded that the terrains of Wuyi Mountain, Lushan and Dabieshan have obvious impacts on the Talim rainfall, and their impacts are different in various landfalling periods. The present study is a useful attempt to explore the influence of orography on the TCs in mainland China.     

1215号“布拉万”台风暴雨及降水非对称性分布的成因分析

利用中尺度非静力模式WRF对2012年第15号台风“布拉万”在中国东北地区造成的暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,结合观测资料对模拟结果进行了验证,利用模式输出的高分辨率资料,对“布拉万”台风造成的强降水及其非对称性分布的成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明,模式很好地再现了台风登陆过程中的路径、强度变化和降水分布,受中纬度西风槽带来的干冷空气影响,“布拉万”台风登陆后的降水和环流结构具有明显的不对称性,降水主要集中在台风中心西北侧的能量锋区附近。水汽散度通量和水汽螺旋度能够较好地描述强降水过程的发生、发展及其非对称性分布的时空特征,在强降水区,水汽散度通量表现为正值强信号,而水汽螺旋度表现为负值强信号,在非降水区和弱降水区,两者均表现为弱信号。等熵位涡分析显示,对流不稳定只是此次台风暴雨前期和初始阶段的不稳定条件,而湿位涡(MPV)的湿斜压项(MPV₂)则是暴雨增强和出现非对称性分布的主要机制。在暴雨形成过程中,由于冷空气侵入造成了在台风环流西北侧湿等熵面的陡立倾斜和水平风垂直切变的增强,导致了气旋性涡度的显著增强,气旋性涡度增强造成的强烈上升运动将降水区东南侧输送过来的暖湿空气向上输送,从而导致了暴雨的发生,这其中条件性对称不稳定是降水得以加强的一种重要不稳定机制。     

台风Lekima(1909)登陆前后动热力结构变化对浙江极端降水的影响

利用NCEPFNL 1°×1°的全球再分析资料、FY-2F卫星相当黑体亮温TBB资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,重点分析了台风Lekima(2019)发展演变过程中的动热力结构变化和水汽分布特征与浙江极端强降水之间的关系.台风Lekima(2019)近海急剧加强为具有特殊双...     

OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES “CHANCHU” AND “PRAPIROON” MAKING LANDFALL ALONG THE SOUTH CHINA COAST

Observational data of mesoscale surface weather stations and weather radars of Guangdong province are employed to analyze the asymmetric distribution of convection prior to, during and after landfall for tropical cyclones of Chanchu and Prapiroon making landfall on the south China coast in 2006. The results showed that strong convection is located in the eastern and northern sectors of the landfalling Chanchu and Prapiroon, namely in the front and right portions of the TC tracks, for a period of time starting from 12 h prior to landfall to 6 h after it. Their convection also had distinct differences in the vertical direction. The analysis indicated that although the landfall of Chanchu and Prapiroon has the same asymmetric distribution of convection, the causes are not exactly the same. The asymmetric distribution of convection in the case of Chanchu is mainly correlated with the impacts of a strong environmental vertical wind shear, low-level horizontal wind shear, and low-level convergence and divergence. In the case of Prapiroon, however, the asymmetric distribution of convection is mainly associated with the impacts of low-level convergence and divergence.     

台风“韦帕”(0713)引发华东暴雨过程的诊断比较

采用湿Q矢量、螺旋度、湿位涡对给华东造成严重灾害的超强台风"韦帕"(0713)强降水过程进行诊断比较分析,结果表明:登陆前,上述物理量均能提前指示强降水落区,湿位涡有更多提前指示时间,螺旋度次之,湿Q矢量最少;登陆后,三者均能表征台风主体云系降水,湿位涡、螺旋度与强降水有较好对应关系,而湿Q矢量指示强降水位置偏北,但湿位涡会出现一定程度空报现象;台风深入内陆后,螺旋度预报指示明显不如湿位涡、湿Q矢量好,螺旋度指示强降水位置偏东,而湿Q矢量指示强降水范围略偏小;对台风后部强降水,湿Q矢量和螺旋度均未能预报出降水落区,而湿位涡仍有较好的预报效果。从区域平均看,螺旋度与湿Q矢量的预报指示时效小于12 h,而湿位涡超过12 h。     

登陆热带气旋研究的进展

随着大气探测技术的发展 ,登陆热带气旋研究已经成为热带气旋研究中一个新的领域。新的探测技术能初步揭示出热带气旋登陆过程中发生的多种改变。近年来 ,国内外科学家实施了一系列外场科学试验 (Fieldscientificexperi ments) ,对登陆热带气旋进行探测和研究 ,旨在提高预报的准确率。登陆热带气旋研究内容包括 :海岸和内陆山脉地形影响 ,结构和强度变化 ,登陆热带气旋的暴雨强度和分布 ,大风强度和分布 ,风暴潮强度和范围 ,登陆热带气旋在陆上的维持机制 ,陆地涡旋的路径和入海加强 ,边界层结构 ,陆面过程和能量交换 ,变性过程等。研究采用外场科学试验与数值模拟相结合的方法。模拟或预报模式中使用同化资料尤其是卫星同化资料来构造初值场 ,取得较好结果。登陆热带气旋的研究目前正在展开 ,并取得了一些重要结果。研究表明 ,潜热释放和斜压位能释放是近海或登陆热带气旋加强或维持的两种主要能源。这两种能量可分别从水汽输送和热带气旋与中纬度环流的相互作用中获得。另外 ,陆面饱和湿地或水面的潜热输送、热带气旋与中尺度涡旋或热带云团的合并以及高空流出气流强辐散也对其加强和维持有利。世界气象组织的热带气象研究计划 (TMRP)正在组织对这一领域的总结和下一步的研究计划。这项研究将对预报和     

两次台风衍生龙卷的环境背景和雷达特征对比分析

利用ECMWF高分辨率再分析资料及广州多普勒天气雷达资料,对1522号台风"彩虹"外围衍生的广州番禺龙卷和1806号台风"艾云尼"外围衍生的广州南沙龙卷进行对比分析,同时还挑选了一个未发生龙卷的台风做外围环境参数对比。结果表明:两次强龙卷都发生在登陆台风的东北象限,中低空急流明显、低层辐合、高层辐散在珠江三角洲地区叠加是产生龙卷的有利天气背景。环境影响因子均表现为对流有效位能较大、低层风速较大、垂直风切变较强、抬升凝结高低较低、抬升指数较小、风暴相对螺旋度较大:相比之下,未发生龙卷的台风外围中低空急流依然明显,但其他环境影响因子大多数未达到发生龙卷的条件阈值。雷达反射率上均表现为一些超级单体特征,最强反射率均在59 dBZ以上,且低仰角都存在明显的速度对。由于"彩虹"龙卷过程的对流有效位能、中低层风速、低层风切变、抬升指数及中气旋强度等环境影响因子均明显强于"艾云尼"龙卷过程,导致其强度明显强于"艾云尼"龙卷。     

华东登陆热带气旋降水不同分布的对比分析

利用CMORPH降水资料，将热带气旋（TC）登陆后的降水分为路径左侧降水（L型）和右侧降水（R型）两类，并针对登陆华东地区TC的 L型和R型降水的大气环流场、环境水平风垂直切变以及台风环流内的动热力条件进行对比分析，结果表明:2005～2014年间登陆华东地区的20例TC中包括12例L型和8例R型。总体来看，大气环流因子对于登陆华东TC降水分布起主要作用。L型降水TC高层南亚高压主要呈纬向带状分布，在登陆过程中路径左侧维持偏东风高空辐散气流，中层西风槽偏东，西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）偏南，环境水平风垂直切变指向西南。R型降水TC高层南亚高压断裂，呈经向分布。TC路径左侧风场较均匀，右侧东南风高空辐散气流明显。副高的位置偏北呈块状，同时环境水平风垂直切变指向东北，有利于路径右侧降水。台风环流内，低层冷暖平流输送以及水汽辐合与降水落区也有较好对应关系。L型TC低层暖平流的输送使TC西南象限低层增暖，大气稳定度降低。同时水汽辐合区也主要位于西南象限，有利于TC路径左侧降水。而R型TC副高位置偏北可将南侧的东南暖湿气流向台风环流更西部输送，东北象限维持暖平流，有利于路径右侧降水发生。     

台风“苏迪罗”螺旋雨带造成福州特大暴雨成因分析

受2015年第13号台风“苏迪罗”影响,福州出现特大暴雨。为研究台风登陆前局地强降水与地形的关系,针对福建长乐雷达的0 °仰角数据进行了风场反演,得到福州低空风场在强降雨发生时的结构及演变特征,综合利用NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料及福州三维地形数据,探索了福州地区持续性短时强降水的发生原因。结果表明:(1) “苏迪罗”影响期间正值南海季风爆发期,为台风提供了充沛的水汽;(2)强降雨发生时,福州地区存在正涡柱,配合强烈上升运动,为短时强降水的发生提供良好的动力条件;(3)雷达风场反演显示:当福州环境风场为东北气流,有一持久、稳定的分流区出现在福清北部,随着台风靠近,环境风逐渐由东北转为偏东风,分流区的位置也一直向内陆延伸,分流气流与台风环境气流形成了明显的辐合带,激发了螺旋雨带内中尺度对流云团的发生发展,造成短时强降水;(4)台风环境气流进入福州后出现的分流现象与福州的盆地地形有关。      

Numerical Simulation on the Formation of Mesoscale Vortex in Col Field

There exist typically two kinds of low-level col fields over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River of China during summer.One is associated with the mesoscale vortex embedded in the Meiyu f...     

2019年超强台风“利奇马”引发浙江特大暴雨过程分析

利用NCEP FNL 0.25°×0.25°的再分析资料和浙江省中尺度气象站降水资料,从产生强降水的条件来对“利奇马”特大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)强降水主要集中在近台风中心的西南部分及其稍远的北部,其中近台风中心为眼壁降水,北部为螺旋云带降水;(2)850~925 hPa水汽通量辐合中心与暴雨落区一致,水汽辐合强度差异是造成台风眼壁强降水落区差异的关键;(3)台风强度大时近中心上升运动强烈,正垂直螺旋度中心值的减小和中心下降对应强降水的发生,低层正螺旋度和高层负螺旋度中心的重叠区对对流性降水落区有一定的指示;(4)本次过程地形增益最明显地区在台州北部,在水汽条件处于劣势情况下出现降水副中心。     

Impacts of Four Types of ENSO Events on Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall over Mainland China Based on Three Best-track Datasets简

Impacts of EI Nino Modoki （ENM）, La Nina Modoki （LNM）, canonical EI Nifio （CEN） and canonical La Nifia （CLN） on tropical cyclones （TCs） that made landfall over mainland China during 1951-2011 are analysed using best-track data from China, the USA and Japan. Relative to cold phase years （LNM and CLN）, landfalling TCs in warm years （ENM and CEN） have a farther east genesis location, as well as longer track lengths and durations, both in total and before landfall. ENM demonstrates the highest landfall frequency, most northerly mean landfall position, and shortest after-landfall sustainability （track length and duration）, which indicate a more frequent and extensive coverage of mainland China by TCs, but with shorter after-landfall influence. CEN has low landfall frequency and the most southerly mean landfall location. LNM has the most westerly genesis location, being significantly farther west than the 1951-2011 average and leading to short mean track lengths and durations both in total or before landfall, all of which are significantly shorter than the 1951-2011 average. Variations in the low-level wind anomaly, vertical wind shear, mid-level relative humidity, steering flow, the monsoon trough and the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） can to some extent account for the features of frequency, location, track length and duration of landfalling TCs. Since ENSO Modoki is expected to become more frequent in the near future, the results for ENSO Modoki presented in this paper are of particular significance.     

Urban Impact on Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Precipitation: A Numerical Study of Typhoon Rumbia (2018)

Coastal urban areas are prone to serious disasters caused by landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs). Despite the crucial role of urban forcing in precipitation, how fine-scale urban features impact landfalling TC precipitation remains poorly understood. In this study, high-resolution ensemble simulations of Typhoon Rumbia(2018), which crossed the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, were conducted to analyze the potential urban impact on TC precipitation. Results show that the inner-core rainfal...     

登陆台风影响下离地300 m高度内的强风特征

利用台风山竹（1822）和利奇马（1909）登陆期间固定式风廓线雷达、WindCubeV2激光雷达和测风塔的梯度观测数据,结合台风山竹（1822）登陆前后精细化风场模拟资料,分析了登陆台风不同影响象限内,离地300 m高度内的强风参数及其随距离、海拔高度及下垫面的变化特征。结果表明:（1）距离台风中心200 km水平范围内,最大风速所在高度及风切变指数沿台风半径向外增加,且陆地强风切变指数普遍高于0.12,而海洋下垫面拖曳作用弱,风切变较小,仅在岛屿群附近存在超出国标设计阈值的高切变区域。（2）台风移动方向的右前象限内强风切变指数稳定维持在0.17左右,且对海拔高度不敏感,左后象限存在类似于急流的风廓线,而左前象限内强风的垂直变化在空间上具有较强的非线性特征,边界层低层强风结构较复杂。（3）阵风因子和湍流强度随平均风速增大、离地高度升高呈现减小趋势。（4）过程最大风向变差角沿台风半径向外减小,且在空间上具有显著的非对称性,其中右后象限的风向变差角最大,半小时风向变化超过30°,且大多发生在台风登陆前或登陆时。研究成果可为我国近海及沿海风电场的微尺度风场模拟及台风风险防御提供帮助。     

基于Ｔ／２分数间隔的ＳＥＩ双模式盲均衡算法

采用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°最后分析资料（final analysis,FNL）计算“圣帕”台风螺旋度,探讨各垂直层上水平螺旋度与强降水时间演变的关系、水平螺旋度与强降水落区的关系以及垂直螺旋度时间演变与强降水发生、发展的关系。结果表明,700 hPa螺旋度最能反映强降水时间演变,正螺旋度大值中心附近与暴雨落区一致,同区域内螺旋度中心值的强弱与该区域内降水的强弱关系密切;若垂直方向上高低层的螺旋度同时由负值转为正值,则强降水发生,反之降水减弱、停止;对于预报台风强降水时效,水平螺旋度远比垂直螺旋度、散度、垂直速度具有更多有效预报时间;对于预报台风强降水落区,垂直螺旋度比水平螺旋度更具有优势,若能利用垂直螺旋度对水平螺旋度预报强降水作出订正可能将有助于提高台风强降水预报准确率。     

2016年7月华北特大暴雨过程河北南部垂直风切变观测特征

利用气象观测站小时雨量、不同探测手段得到的高空风资料，对2016年7月19—20日华北特大暴雨过程中河北南部降雨不同阶段水平风的垂直变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）在河北南部，太行山沿山一带到山前平原、平原东部分布着两片短时强降雨区，而前者强度更强，体现了地形迎风坡对降雨的增幅作用。（2）本次过程中，三种探测手段计算的深层垂直风切变具有一致的变化规律。西部山区和山前平原降雨显著增强阶段，环境风维持强深层垂直风切变，相应的u风差也显著增强，利于迎风坡降雨增强；降雨结束时，深层垂直风切变为弱垂直风切变。（3）强降雨阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量基本上呈现单一方向顺时针切变，且低层风垂直切变较大；降雨结束阶段，水平风垂直切变矢量方向变化复杂。（4）太行山脉高度以下的东风不断增强，最大东风分量达到8～28 m?s-1，利于山区和山前降雨的增强。     

台风“苏拉”登陆福建后降水的非对称成因分析

利用常规天气资料、NCEP再分析资料、卫星云图、新一代天气雷达等资料,分析了2012年第9号台风"苏拉"降水预报失败的原因及其暴雨成因。结果表明:此次台风暴雨预报失败的主要原因在于预报过程中没有关注台风垂直结构的改变及其对降水落区的影响。"苏拉"台风暴雨是在中高纬稳定的环流形势下发生的,低层到高层引导气流的变化导致"苏拉"高层风暴中心向南倾斜;环境风垂直切变导致了台风降水的非对称分布,环境风垂直切变方向的左侧是强降水发展的区域;此外,随着台风环流中心在垂直方向发生偏移,改变了涡度平流的垂直分布,从而导致了福建省南部的暴雨。因此关注登陆台风中心在垂直方向的偏移对台风降水预报非常重要。     

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES AFFECTING CHINA

In order to provide an operational reference for tropical cyclone precipitation forecast,this study investigates the spatial distributions of precipitation associated with landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) affecting China using Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 5(GMS5)-TBB dataset.All named TCs formed over the western North Pacific that made direct landfall over China during the period 2001-2009 are included in this study.Based on the GMS5-TBB data,this paper reveals that in general there are four types of distribution of precipitation related to landfalling TCs affecting China.(a) the South-West Type in which there is a precipitation maximum to the southwestern quadrant of TC;(b) the Symmetrical South Type in which the rainfall is more pronounced to the south side of TC in the inner core while there is a symmetrical rainfall distribution in the outer band region;(c) the South Type,in which the rainfall maxima is more pronounced to the south of TC;and(d) the North Type,in which the rainfall maxima is more pronounced to the north of TC.Analyses of the relationship between precipitation distributions and intensity of landfalling TCs show that for intensifying TCs,both the maximum and the coverage area of the precipitation in TCs increase with the increase of TC intensity over northern Jiangsu province and southern Taiwan Strait,while decreasing over Beibu Gulf and the sea area of Changjiang River estuary.For all TCs,the center of the torrential rain in TC shifts toward the TC center as the intensity of TC increases.This finding is consistent with many previous studies.The possible influences of storm motion and vertical wind shear on the observed precipitation asymmetries are also examined.Results show that the environmental vertical wind shear is an important factor contributing to the large downshear rainfall asymmetry,especially when a TC makes landfall on the south and east China coasts.These results are also consistent with previous observational and numerical studies.