农药对地下水污染淋溶试验模型的建立与分析

农药杀虫双作为有机氯农药的一种替代农药日益被广泛使用.该农药易溶于水,被土壤吸附,能造成对地下水的污染.为了预测该农药对地下水的影响,本文通过实验室物理模型实验研究了杀虫双的淋溶特性,并用该模型预测了杀虫双在土壤柱中淋溶过程的浓度分布情况.该模型可用以预测类似于杀虫双的农药对地下水的污染.     

改性硅藻土对水中DDTs的吸附机理

采用阳离子表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)对硅藻土进行改性, 并以优选的改性方案为基础, 研究了该有机硅藻土对水中有机氯农药DDTs(p, p'-DDT、p, p'-DDE和p, p'-DDD)的吸附过程及增强机理.结果表明, 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵能有效改变硅藻土的Zeta电位、比表面积和表面疏水性质, 从而提高硅藻土吸附有机氯农药的能力.改性硅藻土对水中3种有机氯农药的吸附能力依次为: p, p'-DDT>p, p'-DDE>p, p'-DDD.基于模型的准确性(R2值)考虑, Redlich-Peterson方程能更好地用于拟合DDTs在改性硅藻土上的等温吸附曲线.      

洪湖特色水产品对湖水及沉积物中有机氯农药的积累模式

对洪湖水体、表层沉积物和特色水产品(鲫鱼、莲藕等)进行了调查采样,采用美国EPA方法进行了有机氯农药的提取,用带有电子捕获器的气相色谱(GC-ECD)进行了有机氯农药含量的测定.结果表明:六六六和滴滴涕各异构体在湖水、表层沉积物、特色水产品中绝大部分都有检出,湖水中六六六和滴滴涕的质量浓度远低于其在表层沉积物和特色水产品中的质量分数,这与有机氯农药疏水亲颗粒和溶脂性的特性有关.以分配系数、生物积累因子和生物区系-底泥生物积累因子为基础,建立了洪湖特色水产品对水体及表层沉积物中有机氯农药的积累模式,所得结果能够为洪湖湿地保护与生态恢复措施的决策与制定提供科学依据.     

福建兴化湾水体有机氯农药污染状况

利用气相色谱-电子检测器对福建兴化湾河水和海水中的19种有机氯农药(HCHs、DDTs等)进行的分析结果表明,几种有机氯农药尽管已停止生产多年,但在河水及海水中仍有残留.二者的有机氯农药的质量浓度分别为10.96～56.31,5.78～161.64 ng/L ,同国内外其他港口海区及河流相比,其污染程度相对较低.丰水期河水中DDT的降解产物主要为DDE,而海水中DDT的降解产物主要为DDD.同时,对有机氯农药现状的分析表明,近年来仍有有机氯农药污染的输入,其农药的使用主要集中在六六六和滴滴涕上.     

农药降解菌及其基因工程研究进展

农药的使用对农业的发展有着重要作用,但同时也造成了严重的环境污染。微生物对环境中残留农药的降解起着重要作用,能减少农药对环境安全的影响。研究者已分离得到一批降解性能不同的农药降解菌,并鉴定了其中一些降解酶及降解基因。通过构建基因工程菌可以增强微生物的环境适应性,提高农药的降解效率,农药降解酶制剂及其固定化技术则为解决降解菌实际工程应用中的生态安全问题提供了可行的路径。本文介绍了农药降解菌的筛选、降解特性、降解途径与降解酶的研究,阐述了农药降解基因工程菌的构建策略、研究概况和应用进展。     

环境水样中农药污染分析技术研究进展

随着农业集约化和城市化的推进,世界上大量水环境中农药残留量已超过规定的限值,水环境中农药污染问题受到社会各界的广泛关注。作为世界上最大的农药生产国和使用国,中国水环境中农药残留量远高于其他发达国家,已有研究表明在我国七个典型流域(长江、太湖、黄河、松花江、黑龙江、大运河和东江)中检测到19种农药,平均浓度范围为0.02～332.75ng/L。农药及其转化产物对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在威胁,水环境中农药残留的研究是水质评估中必不可少的组成部分,而靶向筛查难以检测未知农药及其转化产物。因此,环境中农药残留及其转化产物的非靶向筛查亟需完善。本文依据农药组分非靶向筛查的分析流程,对近五年水质样品中农药残留靶向及非靶向筛查方法进行综述,梳理了近年来国内外食品与水环境中农药残留限量的相关法律法规,对水环境中农药残留分析方法的研究进展进行概述;总结了液液萃取(LLE)、固相萃取(SPE)、固相微萃取(SPME)等样品前处理方法的特点,在这些方法中,固相萃取是农药非靶向筛查的主要前处理方法,具有良好应用前景。本文还探讨了分析仪器从色谱检测到色谱-质谱联用的发展趋势,多种高分辨率质谱的产生为农药非靶向筛查提供了多层次的分析需求;同时通过总结近年来农药筛查确证相关的指导标准、质谱数据库与多种鉴定方法,指出水环境中农药污染分析技术的发展趋势。     

重庆老龙洞地下河流域水体有机氯农药污染及来源初步研究

为查明重庆老龙洞地下河流域有机氯农药的污染情况及其特征和来源,通过气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μ ECD)检测水体OCPs含量.结果表明研究区水样中受到了有机氯农药不同程度的污染.α-HCH是研究区水体HCHs主要成分,HCHs的残留主要来自于大气长距离传输.DDTs的主要成分各采样点不尽相同.DDTs的输入为历史上工业DDTs的使用且在水体中其主要以好氧转化为主.与国内外河流相比较,老龙洞地下河流域水体有机氯农药含量处于较高水平.     

废弃生产场地有机氯农药的残留与迁移特征

我国历史上曾生产和使用了大量的有机氯农药,现存的有机氯农药生产企业场地是污染高风险区.先前的报道多集中在场地内污染特征研究,较少关注场地周边有机氯农药污染及其环境风险性.为了解有机氯农药场地土壤污染水平及其对周边环境的影响,本文以重庆某废弃有机氯农药场地及其周边为研究区域,分析土壤中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)及其降解产物的含量水平,阐明场地内污染特征以及周边土壤的残留规律,评估场地内及周边土壤中有机氯农药污染的人体健康风险.结果表明,场地土壤中∑HCHs的含量水平为3.89 ～ 13385.78 ng/g,低于国内已报道的其他污染场地.∑DDTs的含量水平为22.74 ～ 11186.10 ng/g,与已报道的我国张家口、扬州等地生产场地污染水平相当,但低于邢台、太原和青岛等地农药厂生产场地污染水平.该生产场地土壤中有机氯农药污染的人体致癌风险值均高于可接受的范围,属于重污染区.场地周边400 m范围的土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量水平虽整体上低于场地内,但污染水平也较高,HCHs污染和DDTs污染的总致癌风险均超过了儿童可接受的限值.随着与生产场地距离的增加,场地周边土壤HCHs和DDTs的含量水平呈幂函数下降的趋势,这同时又表明生产场地有机氯农药仅对场地周边一定范围内的环境产生较大污染.因此,对于生产场地污染不能仅仅关注场地内,还应充分考虑场地周边一定范围内的污染与环境风险性.     

海河流域滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中农药污染及分布特征

地下水是海河流域滹沱河冲洪积扇重要的饮用水水源,农业种植过程中施用的农药会导致地下水污染,该地区地下水中农药的污染调查工作相对匮乏。为了研究滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中农药的污染及分布特征,本文利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了30组地下水样品中75种农药组分,用统计学方法对结果进行分析。结果显示:30个采样点中均有农药检出,检测的75种农药中检出40种,有机氯、有机磷、有机氮三类均有检出。检出率最高的为3-羟基呋喃丹(93.3%)、敌杀磷(90.0%)、地茂散(90.0%),30个样品检出浓度之和最大的为呋喃丹(4860.6ng/L)。研究区内三类农药平均检出浓度有机氯(70.8ng/L)有机磷(392.7ng/L)有机氮(580.9ng/L),这主要与三类农药的使用历程和性质相关:有机氯类农药由于其高毒、难降解等特性在1983年被禁用;21世纪初,相对高效、易降解的有机磷类和有机氮类农药应用广泛。三类农药的空间分布特征为从冲洪积扇顶部到中部,农药含量逐渐减少,这主要受冲洪积扇水文地质特征的影响。研究区内HCHs来源为近期林丹使用或HCHs工业降解,DDTs来源为新DDT源的释放或历史上的使用。研究结果可为我国地下水农药的污染监测和地下水相关标准制定提供数据支撑。     

广西桂林大岩洞岩溶洞穴土壤中有机氯农药的分布特征

首次对桂林岩溶区洞穴土壤中有机氯农药的污染状况进行了研究。结果表明,洞穴土壤受到了有机氯农药的轻度污染,其中大气传输对有机氯农药的贡献起主导作用。在17种有机氯农药中,以DDTs、HCHs和氯丹污染为主。在洞穴内部OCP总量为1.19～11.18 ng/g,远低于洞外土壤中的含量(11.41～23.62 ng/g)。在洞内土壤中,HCHs含量高于DDTs,在HCH四种同分异构体中,β-HCH占HCHs的比例远高于其他3种同分异构体。除β-HCH外,其他3种同分异构体的含量分布均匀,可能是由洞穴环境稳定、气候分带等因素造成的。在洞外土壤中,异构体百分比和示踪标志物比值表明周围可能有林丹扣三氯杀螨醇的新近输入。研究区六六六和滴滴涕主要来源于历史上使用的农药的残留。     

Groundwater quality and rural drinking-water supplies in the Republic of Moldova

 This paper describes the results of a groundwater quality assessment conducted in two pilot areas, Balatina and Carpineni, in the Republic of Moldova. Shallow groundwater is the main source of drinking water in rural areas, but reliable data on its quality are currently insufficient for developing rural water-supply systems with standard designs. The main components of the study included a field sampling program (including pesticides), an evaluation of the reliability of existing drinking-water data, an analysis of land use and groundwater-pollution risks using GIS, and the formulation of recommendations to reduce risks for public health. Microbiological, nitrate, and selenium contamination are most serious in the villages. These contaminants should be given priority in addressing drinking-water aspects for rural water-supply development in the two pilot areas. Pollution occurs mainly due to poor sanitary conditions. In a few shallow wells, traces of selected pesticides were observed, but the effect of these levels of pesticides on public health is still unclear. Limited resources of shallow groundwater of good quality occur outside the villages. Additional pilot studies should be implemented to prove the technical and institutional feasibility of developing and protecting these resources. Received, September 1997 Revised, September 1998 Accepted, March 1999     

A perusal on the correlation of pesticide application on tobacco growing in the districts of NWFP-Pakistan and cancers incidence

Tobacco is an important cash crop in Pakistan. It is a sensitive plant prone to many bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. It is also attacked by several species of worms, beetles and moths. Therefore high levels of pesticides are used to grow tobacco. The obvious benefits from the use of the pesticides are so spectacular that some of the problems associated with their use are not recognized. However, many of these pesticides are highly toxic and have impacts on tobacco workers, especially occupational exposures, which are the direct victims of pesticides poisoning. The victims include many children, pregnant women and elders who all participate in tobacco production. Pesticides either cause or exacerbate a number of illnesses in farmers and farm workers when they are exposed to them. So, occupational exposure is probably one of the most important impacts on tobacco farmers, since they and their families are exposed constantly to a large amount of pesticides. This exposure can lead to many serious problems. No study has been done to identify the effects of tobacco pesticides on human health especially on farmers health in Pakistan. The objective of this paper is to establish a correlation of pesticides application on tobacco crop with cancer incidence in the tobacco growing districts of NWFP- Pakistan.     

Studying DDTs in agricultural soils of selected rural communities of Armenia

Acta Geochimica - To study organochlorine pesticides and organophosphorus pesticides contents and assess pesticide-induced health risk in Armenia, the contents of pesticides were determined in 252...     

地质调查样品中有机氯农药分析的灵敏度和准确定性控制方法

有机氯农药是地质调查水和土壤样品中必测的半挥发性有机污染物。该类农药由于含量低,所以在分析检测工作中必须注重细节。文章结合大量地质调查水和土壤样品中有机氯农药分析的数据和实践经验,从石英棉的使用、进样溶剂的选择以及假阳性的判断和排除等3个方面,讨论如何提高分析的灵敏度和定性的准确性。     

Pesticide transport and transformation modeling in soil column and groundwater contamination prediction

Pesticide transport and transformation were modeled in soil column from the soil surface to groundwater zone. A one dimensional dynamic mathematical and computer model is formulated to simulate two types of pesticides namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 1,2-dibromo 3-chloro propane in soil column. This model predicts the behavior and persistence of these pesticides in soil column and groundwater. The model is based on mass balance equation, including convective transport, dispersive transport and chemical adsorption in the phases such as solid, liquid and gas. The mathematical solution is obtained by finite difference implicit method. The model was verified with experimental measurements and also with analytical solution. The simulation results are in good agreement with measured values. The major findings of this research are the development of the model which can calculate and predict the concentration of pesticides in soil profiles, as well as groundwater after 4, 12, 31 days of pesticide application under steady state and unsteady water flow condition. With the results of this study, the distribution of various types of pesticides in soil column to groundwater table can be predicted.     

Impact of major organophosphate pesticides used in agriculture to surface water and sediment quality (Southern Caspian Sea basin,Haraz River)

Organophosphate pesticides are compounds that are not only toxic to both humans and wildlife but also difficult to degrade under natural environmental conditions. In Iran, agricultural practices are strongly dependent on the use of pesticides due to climatic and soil conditions, thus posing a potential risk to groundwater quality standards. Evaluating the concentration of organophosphate pesticides namely diazinon, fenitrothion, dichlorvos, ethion, profenofos, malathion and azinphos methyl in water samples in May (low precipitation rate), December (high precipitation rate) as well as the concentration in sediments along the Haraz River is taken into consideration in this study. Generally the pesticides concentration in water samples are relatively higher in May in comparison with that in December; this fact may be due to two major reasons: the first reason is attributed to the prompt raining after the treatment period of most orchards and dry farming lands that will terminate in more wash out of such pesticides towards the branches and main river channel, while the second reason may be considered as the less river water dilution rate in May because of lower precipitation rate. Furthermore, the relatively higher concentrations in downstream stations may be contributed to more intensified agricultural (specially rice paddies), urban and rural land uses in this region in comparison with upstream areas which contain mainly dry farming, grazing lands and orchards with relatively lower loads of pesticides. Additionally, as the Henry’s law constant of all pesticides considered in this study are relatively low, volatilization may not be regarded as an important route of dissipation. Diazinon, azinphos methyl and dichlorvos showed the highest water concentrations in comparison with other pesticides that may be justified by their extended use within the basin during last decades. Based on the chemical properties as well as remarkably higher values in sediment samples in comparison with water ones, it is concluded that the two pesticides, ethion and fenitrothion, persist in the environment due to non-degradable tendencies. Although the concentration of mentioned pesticides is not so high in the water samples, more precautions must be considered in their future use. Regarding the sorption coefficient variation alongside the river, the higher values in upstream and central parts may be attributed to the higher potential of different types of erosion regarding deeper slopes and also sand, gravel and carbonate mining activities at the banks and also river bed in such regions which is considered as an anthropogenic disturbance. In case of central parts, in addition to mentioned reasons, the existence of coal outcrops in the geologic texture of the study area may also be considered as a key role in augmentation of the sorption coefficient. Finally, the dominant clayey and loamy soils containing more organics may be attributed as the major reason of sorption tendency in downstream.     

Heavy metals status,transport mechanisms,sources, and factors affecting their mobility in Chinese agricultural soils

Heavy metals are the focus of much interest because of their environmental persistence, toxicity, and mobility in soils. Some of the Chinese soils have been contaminated with heavy metals due to expansion of mining industries, pesticides usage, and other anthropological activities, which made the agro-ecosystem to become contaminated. The objective of this review is to illuminate the current pollution status, sources of heavy metals, transport mechanisms, and the factors affecting their mobility in Chinese soils. The additional studies in the future will present on source identification and the heavy metal transport characteristics in soil.     

微波萃取-气相色谱/气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中18种有机氯农药

采用微波萃取-Florisil固相萃取柱净化分离、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱相结合的方法测定土壤中的痕量半挥发性有机氯农药。优化了微波萃取和固相萃取柱净化条件,在最优条件下18种有机氯农药(α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、七氯、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、硫丹Ⅰ、p,p′-DDE、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、硫丹Ⅱ、p,p′-DDD、o,p′-DDT、异狄氏剂醛、硫丹硫酸酯、p,p′-DDT、甲氧滴滴涕)的回收率在89.56%~114.22%。对气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱法的仪器检出限、回收率、精密度和方法检出限进行对比,确定了采用气相色谱-质谱定性和气相色谱定量相结合的方法,测定实际土壤样品中的有机氯农药,使得定性和定量的准确度都得到提高。