雷州半岛九斗洋干玛珥湖火山机构与第四系空间展布——基于高密度电阻率法勘测和钻孔研究

为查明雷琼火山群中九斗洋干玛珥湖的第四纪地层空间展布,以及埋藏古火山形态,为后续研究提供地质背景资料,采用高效、便捷的高密度电阻率法对九斗洋干玛珥湖湖盆区进行勘测,并结合钻孔岩芯的研究进行验证。得出的主要结论为：1）盆地深部地层最高电阻率可达到300 Ω?m以上,盆地中央基岩以下存在高阻地质体,推测为岩浆通道位置。岩浆经过通道溢出后横向展布,覆于沉积地层上,随后在火山口内形成湖泊,堆积第四纪湖相沉积,其火山机构与玛珥湖型火山一致;2）九斗洋干玛珥湖第四纪松散沉积地层的电阻率通常＜60 Ω?m,泥炭层电阻率最低;3）第四纪沉积总厚度为25~50 m,盆地松散沉积的岩浆岩基底总体平整,但尚有波状起伏。研究结果表明,高密度电阻率法结合钻孔验证是研究火山机构形态及火山口湖第四纪沉积空间展布的有效方法。     

云南中甸纳帕海湖泊沉积物的磁化率及环境意义

研究区母岩特性，搬运距离和搬运营力决定了磁性矿物主要赋存在砂砾级颗粒中，纳帕海潮泊沉积物的磁化率与颗粒粒径，沉积相和有机质含量存在密切的相关关系，滨浅湖环境中砂砾级颗粒含量增加以及波浪淘洗对磁性矿物的富集作用，磁化率较高；浅湖环境中粉砂增多，砂减少，磁化率较之滨浅湖有所降低，在低能的半深湖／深湖环境中，由于缺乏磁性矿物的输入，磁化率再次降低，有机质含量很高的湖岸湖环境由于有机质的稀释作用磁化率值最低，磁化率等环境替代指标以及和北半球气候变化阶段，深海氧同位素阶段的对比，将纳帕海近6ka年来划分成6个主要的环境演化阶段，32kaB.P.(14.99m)和15kaB.P.(6.06m)分别是环境和气候变化的重要转折点，32－15ka B.P.期间出现的高湖面表明，虽然大气温度下降但有效湿度增加，全新世湖泊的急剧萎缩预示在大气温度增加的同时有效湿度降低，暖偏于构成了研究区全新世气候演化的特色。     

晚更新世以来东昆仑山区黄土沉积及其气候意义

分布于东昆仑山北坡、发育于距今约24kaB.P.以来的高海拔黄土提供了东昆仑山区晚更新世以来气候变化的完整记录。根据黄土岩性、粒度、重矿物及其地磁分析,结合本区内的古冻土研究结果,东昆仑山约24kaB.P.以来经历了晚更新世末寒冷期(24～10.7kaB.P.);早全新世转暖期(10.7～8.8kaB.P.);中全新世暖湿期(8.8～6.0kaB.P.);中全新世暖干期(6.0～4.5kaB.P.);全新世后期(4.5kaB.P.)以来等气候演化阶段。     

昆仑山阿什库勒盆地15000年以来古环境演化的初步研究

根据昆仑山阿什库勒盆地几个露头湖相沉积剖面的孢粉分析结果和~(14)C年龄数据,揭示出15 000年以来的气候、植被、环境发展曾经历了5个阶段。较低温度出现在13 000aB.P.前后,当时湖面较低,盆地边缘冰水平原区出现地面切割。大约在11 000 aB.P.前后,气候转暖,冰川大量消融,湖面上升,沉积速度加快,进入全新世。8 000 aB.P.前后的中全新世,曾出现高潮面期,但高温期却出现在后,故盆地内高潮面期与高温期并不同步。全新世后期,气候进一步转向干暖,蒸发增加,湖面逐渐缩小,生态环境日趋向荒漠草原发展。     

南疆尼雅地区4000a来的地化元素分布特征与古气候环境演化的初步研究

通过应用因子分析法对尼雅剖面中的多种地化元素和氧化物的分析,在R、Q型因子分析的基础上,提取出古气候信息。初步的研究表明:近4000a来,尼雅地区气候环境仍以干旱化为主,但此期间出现过多次不同程度的干湿变化,大致可分为5个气候期:4.0~3.0kaB P.相对暖干期;3.0~2.2kaB.P.相对冷湿期;2.2~1.6kaB.P.相对暖干期;1.6~1.0kaB.P.相对冷湿期;1.0kaB.P.左右之后的相对暖干期。     

青藏高原隆升与黄河形成演化

第三纪青藏高原经两期隆升和两度夷平,第三纪末开始快速隆升,经青藏运动(A幕3.6~3.4 MaB.P.、B幕2.6~2.5 MaB.P.、C幕1.8~1.4 MaB.P.)、昆黄运动(1.2~0.6 MaB.P.)和共和运动(0.15~0 MaB.P.)3阶段。青藏高原隆升过程中黄河断续下切形成一系列阶地,各段最老的阶地对比表明:青藏运动C幕黄河中游(积石峡至三门峡)诞生并随之与下游贯通,1.6 MaB.P.黄河中游贯通,1.4 MaB.P.切穿三门峡东流入海;1.2 MaB.P.开始了上游溯源加长历史,0.15 MaB.P.到达共和盆地;末次冰期间冰段(45~25 kaB.P.)到达多石峡,冰消期后(11~10kaB.P.)多石峡贯通抵达河源,从此现代黄河出现。     

西南极乔治王岛长城站区晚第四纪燕窝湖岩芯元素地球化学特征

本文阐述了乔治王岛长城站区燕窝湖沉积物中微量元素及某些常量元素的含量、分布、富集系数和相关系数的变化规律 ,探讨了该湖岩芯物质来源及气候环境的阶段性变迁 ,认为一方面燕窝湖周围碎屑沉积岩 (包括火山沉积岩 )是进入沉积体系的主要物源 ;另一方面 ,地幔物质也是其物源之一 ;同时 ,并不排除南极大陆冰进期搬运来的陆源物质进入沉积体系。     

阿什库勒盆地的形成与演化初探

本文在k—Ar法绝对年龄分析,湖相沉积~14C年龄分析和孢粉组合研究的基础上,探讨了阿什库勒盆地现代火山活动及盆地中几个湖泊的形成、演化,发展与火山活动的关系。     

兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源探讨

云南兰坪—思茅盆地是我国重要的成钾盆地。综合前人的研究成果,简要介绍了该地区的地质概况。对兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源进行了阐述和讨论,认为该盆地钾盐矿床的物质来源以残存古海水为主,并有陆源水体的补给。盆地内的富钾火山凝灰岩、古盐和风化盐也可能为该盆地钾盐矿床提供物源,至于深部地下卤水是否提供物源还需更深入的研究论证。兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐矿床成矿物源具有多源性。     

鄱阳湖湖滨十万年来沙山的演化

鄱阳湖湖滨及湖口－彭泽段长江南岸有成群沙垄、沙山分布。2005年调查发现,可分为4个风成沙山期及7类沉积物。4个风成沙山期分别为95kaB. P.的老红沙山期、46kaB. P.的红沙山期、27kaB. P.~15kaB. P.左右的黄沙山期、250年来的近代沙山期。此外还有温暖时期沟谷里水动力作用下的次生堆积,湖滩上的风蚀残余沙以及黄沙山表面现代松散沙。比较不同时期风沙沉积的粒度组成,4个时期的风力大小基本呈现黄沙山期>近代沙山期>红沙山期>老红沙山期的状态,以上特点与末次间冰期以来多个亚冰期全球气候寒冷程度的变化具有可比性。     

Seismic stratigraphy of Lago Puyehue (Chilean Lake District): new views on its deglacial and Holocene evolution

Prior to the collection of a series of sediment cores, a high- and very-high-resolution reflection seismic survey was carried out on Lago Puyehue, Lake District, South-Central Chile. The data reveal a complex bathymetry and basin structure, with three sub-basins separated by bathymetric ridges, bedrock islands and interconnected channels. The sedimentary infill reaches a thickness of >200 m. It can be sub-divided into five seismic-stratigraphic units, which are interpreted as: moraine, ice-contact or outwash deposits (Unit I), glacio-lacustrine sediments rapidly deposited in a proglacial or subglacial lake at the onset of deglaciation (Unit II), lacustrine fan deposits fed by sediment-laden meltwater streams in a proglacial lake (Unit III), distal deposits of fluvially derived sediment in an open, post-glacial lake (Unit IV) and authigenic lacustrine sediments, predominantly of biogenic origin, that accumulated in an open, post-glacial lake (Unit V). This facies succession is very similar to that observed in other glacial lakes, and minor differences are attributed to an overall higher depositional energy and higher terrigenous input caused by the strong seismic and volcanic activity in the region combined with heavy precipitation. A long sediment core (PU-II core) penetrates part of Unit V and its base is dated as 17,915 cal. yr. BP. Extrapolation of average sedimentation rates yields an age of ca. 24,750 cal. yr. BP for the base of Unit V, and of ca. 28,000 cal. yr. BP for the base of Unit IV or for the onset of open-water conditions. This is in contrast with previous glacial-history reconstructions based on terrestrial records, which date the complete deglaciation of the basin as ca. 14,600 cal. yr. BP. This discrepancy cannot be easily explained and highlights the need for more lacustrine records from this region. This is the second in a series of eight papers published in this special issue dedicated to the 17,900 year multi-proxy lacustrine record of Lago Puyehue, Chilean Lake District. The papers in this special issue were collected by M. De Batist, N. Fagel, M.-F. Loutre and E. Chapron.     

Former glacial lakes of the Bunger Hills,Antarctica

The Bunger Hills in East Antarctica occupy a land area of approximately 400 km². They have been exposed by Holocene retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet and its outlet glaciers. The accompanying sea level rise flooded the marine inlets that now separate the northern islands and peninsulas from the major part of the hills. During deglaciation the continental ice sheet margin retreated south‐eastwards with several temporary halts, during which ice‐dammed lakes were formed in some valleys. These lakes were maintained long enough to permit formation of beaches of sand and gravel, and for the erosion of shore platforms and low cliffs in bedrock. Around the western end of Fish Tail Bay impressive shoreline features 20 m above sea level define a former ice‐dammed lake that was 5.5 km long. A similar 7 km long former ice‐dammed lake was formed at Lake Dolgoe. The more extensive and deeper glacial lake is revealed by well‐developed and preserved shoreline features cut at 29 m which is 16 m above present lake level. In addition, several small ice‐dammed lakes existed temporarily near Lake Shchel and in the valley to the west. Lake Fish Tail existed more than 6,900 ¹⁴C years ago and Lake Shchel probably more than 6,680 ¹⁴C years ago. It is inferred that the shore platforms and beaches were formed by lake ice and wave action over considerable periods when the lakes were impounded by steep cold ice margins. There appears to have been a balance between meltwater input and evaporative loss from the lakes in the cold dry continental climate. There is no evidence for rapid lake level fluctuations, and there was very little input of clastic sediment. This resulted in poor development of deltaic and rhythmically laminated lake floor deposits. It is suggested that such deposits are more characteristic of ice‐dammed lakes formed in association with wet‐based temperate ice than those associated with dry‐based polar ice.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake fluctuations in the Sevier Lake basin,Utah, USA

Sevier Lake is the modern lake in the topographically closed Sevier Lake basin, and is fed primarily by the Sevier River. During the last 12 000 years, the Beaver River also was a major tributary to the lake. Lake Bonneville occupied the Sevier Desert until late in its regressive phase when it dropped to the Old River Bed threshold, which is the low point on the drainage divide between the Sevier Lake basin and the Great Salt Lake basin. Lake Gunnison, a shallow freshwater lake at 1390 m in the Sevier Desert, overflowed continuously from about 12 000 to 10 000 yr B.P., into the saline lake in the Great Salt Lake basin, which continued to contract. This contrast in hydrologic histories between the two basins may have been caused by a northward shift of monsoon circulation into the Sevier Lake basin, but not as far north as the Great Salt Lake basin. Increased summer precipitation and cloudiness could have kept the Sevier Lake basin relatively wet.By shortly after 10 000 yr B.P. Lake Gunnison had stopped overflowing and the Sevier and Beaver Rivers had begun depositing fine-grained alluvium across the lake bed. Sevier Lake remained at an altitude below 1381 m during the early and middle Holocene. Between 3000 and 2000 yr B.P. the lake expanded slightly to an altitude of about 1382.3 m. A second expansion, probably in the last 500 years, culminated at about 1379.8 m. In the mid 1800s the lake had a surface altitude of 1379.5 m. Sevier Lake was essentially dry (1376 m) from 1880 until 1982. In 1984–1985 the lake expanded to a 20th-century high of 1378.9 m in response to abnormally high snow-melt runoff in the Sevier River. The late Holocene high stands of Sevier Lake were most likely related to increased precipitation derived from westerly air masses.This is the first of a series of papers to be published by this journal that was presented in the paleolimnology sessions organized by R. B. Davis and H. Löffler for the XIIth Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA), which took place in Ottawa, Canada in August 1987. Drs. Davis and Löffler are serving as guest editors of this series.     

A new water-level history for Lake Ontario basin: evidence for a climate-driven early Holocene lowstand

Piston cores from deep-water bottom deposits in Lake Ontario contain shallow-water sediments such as, shell-rich sand and silt, marl, gyttja, and formerly exposed shore deposits including woody detritus, peat, sand and gravel, that are indicative of past periods of significantly lower water levels. These and other water-level indicators such as changes in rates of sedimentation, mollusc shells, pollen, and plant macrofossils were integrated to derive a new water-level history for Lake Ontario basin using an empirical model of isostatic adjustment for the Great Lakes basin to restore dated remnants of former lake levels to their original elevations. The earliest dated low-level feature is the Grimsby-Oakville bar which was constructed in the western end of the lake during a near stillstand at 11–10.4 (12.9–12.3 cal) ka BP when Early Lake Ontario was confluent with the Champlain Sea. Rising Lake Ontario basin outlet sills, a consequence of differential isostatic rebound, severed the connection with Champlain Sea and, in combination with the switch of inflowing Lake Algonquin drainage northward to Ottawa River valley via outlets near North Bay and an early Holocene dry climate with enhanced evaporation, forced Lake Ontario into a basin-wide lowstand between 10.4 and 7.5 (12.3 and 8.3 cal) ka BP. During this time, Lake Ontario operated as a closed basin with no outlets, and sites such as Hamilton Harbour, Bay of Quinte, Henderson Harbor, and a site near Amherst Island existed as small isolated basins above the main lake characterized by shallow-water, lagoonal or marsh deposits and fossils indicative of littoral habitats and newly exposed mudflats. Rising lake levels resulting from increased atmospheric water supply brought Lake Ontario above the outlet sills into an open, overflowing state ending the closed phase of the lake by ~7.5 (8.3 cal) ka BP. Lake levels continued to rise steadily above the Thousand Islands sill through mid-to-late Holocene time culminating at the level of modern Lake Ontario. The early and middle Holocene lake-level changes are supported by temperature and precipitation trends derived from pollen-climate transfer functions applied to Roblin Lake on the north side of Lake Ontario.     

1972-2019年萨雷兹堰塞湖遥感时序监测与水文特征过程分析

堰塞湖的水文特征过程对于库区洪水宏观调控、预报预警、安全防治等具有重要意义。为了及时掌握萨雷兹堰塞湖水文特征和历史演化过程,本文基于密集时间序列遥感数据,综合调查全面系统地分析了1972—2019年帕米尔高原萨雷兹堰塞湖的水文特征以及时空变化过程;并通过“面积-水位”关系模型重建了1972—2019年萨雷兹堰塞湖的历史水位面积演变时序过程;在此基础上采取M-K趋势和突变检验分析了水文变化特征。研究结果表明：① 萨雷兹堰塞湖水位总体上呈现波动性显著上升趋势,这种波动趋势主要表现为年内波动和高位震荡,但振幅在逐年减小。② 萨雷兹堰塞湖水文时序演化过程在2013年前后出现了一个突变拐点,面积水位变化特征表现为由原来的缓慢增加转变到加速上升。③ 1972—2019萨雷兹堰塞湖面积和水位关系模型为：y=-0.1003x²+18.181x+2440,（R²=0.63,P<0.05,双尾）。结合流域气象、径流以及相关文献数据分析得出萨雷兹堰塞湖的水文特征年内/际波动直接受穆尔加布河径流补给量的影响;区域冰川积雪加速消融带来的河道径流补给量增加是近年来面积水位加速上升的主要原因。     

Evolution of the Kivu Rift,East Africa: interplay among tectonics,sedimentation and magmatism

The seismically and volcanically active Kivu Rift, in the western branch of the East African Rift System, is a type locale for studies of high‐elevation, humid‐climate rift basins, as well as magmatic basin development. Interpretations of offshore multi‐channel seismic (MCS) reflection data, terrestrial radar topography, lake bathymetry and seismicity data recorded on a temporary array provide new insights into the structure, stratigraphy and evolution of the Kivu rift. The Kivu rift is an asymmetric graben controlled on its west side by a ca. 110 km‐long, N‐S striking border fault. The southern basins of the lake and the upper Rusizi river basin are an accommodation zone effectively linking 1470 m‐high Lake Kivu to 770 m‐high Lake Tanganyika. MCS data in the eastern Kivu lake basin reveal a west‐dipping half graben with at least 1.5 km of sedimentary section; most of the ca. 2 km of extension in this sub‐basin is accommodated by the east‐dipping Iwawa normal fault, which bounds an intrabasinal horst. Lake Kivu experienced at least three periods of near desiccation. The two most recent of these approximately correlate to the African Megadrought and Last Glacial Maximum. There was a rapid lake level transgression of at least 400 m in the early Holocene. The line load of the Virunga volcanic chain enhances the fault‐controlled basin subsidence; simple elastic plate models suggest that the line load of the Virunga volcanic chain depresses the basin by more than 1 km, reduces flank uplift locally and broadens the depocentre. Not only do the voluminous magmatism and degassing to the lake pose a hazard to the riparian population, but our studies demonstrate that magmatism has important implications for short‐term processes such as lake levels, inflow and outlets, as well as long term modification of classic half‐graben basin morphology.     

Big lake records preserved in a little lake’s sediment: an example from Silver Lake,Michigan, USA

We reconstruct postglacial lake-level history within the Lake Michigan basin using soil stratigraphy, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), sedimentology and ¹⁴C data from the Silver Lake basin, which lies adjacent to Lake Michigan. Stratigraphy in nine vibracores recovered from the floor of Silver Lake appears to reflect fluctuation of water levels in the Lake Michigan basin. Aeolian activity within the study area from 3,000 years (cal yr. B.P.) to the present was inferred from analysis of buried soils, an aerial photograph sequence, and GPR. Sediments in and around Silver Lake appear to contain a paleoenvironmental record that spans the entire post-glacial history of the Lake Michigan basin. We suggest that (1) a pre-Nipissing rather than a Nipissing barrier separated Silver Lake basin from the Lake Michigan basin, (2) that the Nipissing transgression elevated the water table in the Silver Lake basin about 6,500 cal yr. B.P., resulting in reestablishment of a lake within the basin, and (3) that recent dune migration into Silver Lake is associated with levels of Lake Michigan. This is the fourth in a series of ten papers published in this special issue of Journal of Paleolimnology. These papers were presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Great Lakes Research (2004), held at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. P.F. Karrow and C.F.M. Lewis were guest editors of this special issue.     

天山小尤尔都斯盆地全新世湖相沉积特征与沉积环境研究初步

天山小尤尔都斯盆地湖积物的沉积学和孢粉分析研究表明，全新世以来，该区距今４０００年以前及以后至少有两次湖泊发育期。该区湖泊的兴衰历史表明，全新世环境变化显著，气候呈现冷暖与干湿波动。     

Environmental Characteristics of Lake Tecocomulco, northern basin of Mexico, for the last 50,000 years

Paleoenvironmental studies have documented the late Pleistocene to Holocene evolution of the lakes in the central and southern parts of the basin of Mexico (Texcoco and Chalco). No information was available, however, for the lakes in the north-eastern part of this basin. The north-eastern and the central and southern areas represent, at present, different environmental conditions: an important gradient exists between the dry north and the moister south. To investigate the late Pleistocene to Holocene characteristics of the north-eastern lakes in the basin of Mexico two parallel cores (TA and TB) were drilled at the SE shore of Lake Tecocomulco. Stratigraphy, magnetic properties, granulometry, diatom and pollen analyses performed on these sediments indicate that the lake experienced a series of changes between ca. > 42,000 yr BP and present. Chronological control is given by five radiocarbon determinations. The base of the record is represented by a thick, rhyolitic air-fall tephra that could be older than ca. 50,000 yr BP. After this Plininan event, and until ca. 42,000 yr BP, Lake Tecocomulco was a moderately deep, freshwater lake surrounded by extended pine forests that suggest the presence of cooler and moister conditions than present. Between ca. 42,000 and 37,000 yr BP, the lake became shallower but with important fluctuations and pollen suggests slightly warmer conditions. Between ca. 37,000 and 30,000 yr BP the lake experienced two relatively deep phases separated by a dry interval. A second Plinian eruption, represented in the sequence by a dacitic an air-fall tephra layer dated at 31,000 yr BP, occurred in the area by the end of this dry episode. Between ca. 30,000 and 25,7000 yr BP Tecocomulco was a fresh to slightly alkaline lake with a trend towards lower level. After ca. 25,700 yr BP very low lake levels are inferred, and after ca. 16,000 yr BP the data indicate the presence of a very dry environment that was persistent until the middle Holocene. After 3,500 yr BP lacustrine conditions were re-established and the vegetation cover shows a change towards higher percentages of herbaceous taxa.     

Late quaternary paleoclimatic reconstructions for interior Alaska based on paleolake-level data and hydrologic models

Hydrologic models are developed for two lakes in interior Alaska to determine quantitative estimates of precipitation over the past 12,500 yrs. Lake levels were reconstructed from core transects for these basins, which probably formed prior to the late Wisconsin. Lake sediment cores indicate that these lakes were shallow prior to 12,500 yr B.P. and increased in level with some fluctuation until they reached their modern levels 4,000-8,000 yr B.P. Evaporation (E), evapotranspiration (ET), and precipitation (P) were adjusted in a water-balance model to determine solutions that would maintain the lakes at reconstructed levels at key times in the past (12,500, 9,000 and 6,000 yr B.P.). Similar paleoclimatic solutions can be obtained for both basins for these times. Results indicate that P was 35-75% less than modern at 12,500 yr B.P., 25-45% less than modern at 9,000 yr B.P. and 10-20% less than modern at 6,000 yr B.P. Estimates for E and ET in the past were based on modern studies of vegetation types indicated by fossil pollen assemblages. Although interior Alaska is predominantly forested at the present, pollen analyses indicate tundra vegetation prior to about 12,000 yr B.P. The lakes show differing sensitivities to changing hydrologic parameters; sensitivity depends on the ratio of lake area (AL) to drainage basin (DA) size. This ratio also changed over time as lake level and lake area increased. Smaller AL to DA ratios make a lake more sensitive to ET, if all other factors are constant.