人地耦合系统脆弱性研究进展

当前在以人地耦合系统为中心的气候变化、生态风险和可持续管理等研究中,脆弱性理论及其评价已成为地理学及很多相关学科的研究热点,其涵义不断泛化,内容日渐扩展。不同学科背景的学者对脆弱性解释存在很大分歧,这阻碍了研究的科学化,也影响研究成果的实践意义,迫切需要一个可行的框架来系统整合其理论和实践的研究。从审视脆弱性的理论沿革出发,分析其在国内外可持续发展和全球变化领域的应用现状,总结出分歧的主要原因是对相关概念关系的不理解以及研究时空尺度和学科视角的不明确。基于对脆弱性评价的整合框架的研究现状,选取VSD模型作为统领具体的脆弱性评价的依据。VSD模型的优势在于:①有明确的定义,将脆弱性分解为暴露程度、敏感性和适应潜力3个维度;②用方面层—指标层—参数层逐级递进、细化的方式组织评价数据;③有规范评价流程的8个步骤。最后以我国典型的干旱区为例,运用VSD模型构建了示例区脆弱性评价的指标和参数。     

我国冰冻圈及其变化的脆弱性与评估方法

基于脆弱性研究文献,从脆弱性概念、评估内容、评估方法等方面系统总结了脆弱性评估研究的特点和趋势,开展脆弱性评估时应注意的系统、关注特征、灾害、尺度与时间等五个方面,剖析了区域尺度脆弱性评估涉及的一系列问题,介绍了脆弱性评估方法及其优缺点和适用性.探讨了我国冰冻圈及其变化的脆弱性概念,分析了二者之间的关系,论述了我国冰冻圈及其变化的脆弱性评估内容、评估尺度和评估方法.     

全球气候变化下水资源脆弱性及其评估方法

气候变化对水资源的影响主要表现在两个方面:①对水资源供给能力的影响;②对水资源需求性的影响。气候变化下水资源脆弱性评估是水资源系统的综合评估,主要包括水资源供给与需求平衡的评估。我国水资源深受气候影响,表现在地区分布不均、洪涝灾害严重、供需矛盾突出等方面;此外,自气候变化引起关注以来,我国有关水资源脆弱性评估的研究甚少。对水资源脆弱性评估方法进行探讨,旨在为进一步探讨气候变化下我国水资源的脆弱性提供依据。     

城市脆弱性的动态演变与模拟预测

针对目前对我国西部城市的城市脆弱性综合研究比较缺乏的现状,以乌鲁木齐市为主要研究对象,筛选出50个具体评价指标,从资源、生态、社会和经济等四个方面构建了城市脆弱性评价指标体系,并采用综合指数分析法,对乌鲁木齐市2006—2016年的城市脆弱性进行了综合评价。结果表明：2006—2016年乌鲁木齐市城市综合脆弱性指数处于下降状态;生态脆弱性和经济脆弱性呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,资源脆弱性整体上较为平稳,但社会脆弱性逐渐增长,尤其是在2014—2016年的增长趋势更加明显。此外,构建了三套预测模型,并从中优选出精度最高的模型对乌鲁木齐市城市脆弱性进行了预测。得出2016—2019年乌鲁木齐市的城市脆弱性会呈现上升,2019年后趋于下降。最后,有针对性地提出了乌鲁木齐市在未来城市发展中减少城市脆弱性需要注意和改善的问题。相关内容可为乌鲁木齐市城市脆弱性的调控决策提供科学依据,为我国其他中西部城市的城市脆弱性研究提供参考。     

中国冰川脆弱性现状评价与未来预估北大核心CSCD

冰川的脆弱性是指冰川对气候变化的脆弱性.基于科学性与实际相结合的原则、全面性与主导性原则、可比性原则、可操作性原则,以气候变化脆弱性的暴露度、敏感性与适应能力三要素为标准,遴选构建了我国冰川脆弱性评价指标体系.使用中国1961-2007年594个站点的年平均气温和590个站点的年降水量资料、中国第一、二次冰川编目数据,借助RS与GIS技术平台,使用空间主成分方法,构建了冰川脆弱性指数模型,在区域尺度上综合评价了中国冰川脆弱性的现状.基于IPCC A1B气候情景下气温和降水量变化预估数值、21世纪冰川变化预估数据,对2030年代和2050年代的冰川脆弱性进行了初步预估.依据自然分类法,将冰川脆弱性分为潜在脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、强度脆弱与极强度脆弱5个等级.结果表明:从现状看,中国冰川对气候变化很脆弱,约92%的冰川作用区存在不同程度的脆弱性,而且强度脆弱区和极强度脆弱区面积占研究区总面积的41%;情景和动态上,2030年代和2050年代仍有约80%的冰川作用区存在不同程度的脆弱性,但整体上冰川脆弱性呈减弱趋势,局部地区冰川仍处于强度和极强度脆弱状态.冰川脆弱性是多因素综合影响的结果,在现状情况下,冰川脆弱程度主要取决于冰川的地形暴露和冰川对气候变化的敏感性;2030年代和2050年代除地形因素之外,降水量变化上升成为冰川脆弱程度的关键影响因素.在未来气候持续变暖情况下,冰川脆弱性不增反降,冰川对气候变化的敏感性降低可能是主要原因.     

京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性空间分异的变化

以1985,1995,2000,2004年为代表时期,借助主成分分析等方法,初步研究了京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性近20年来的变化.结果表明:1985年以来,研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性空间分异的变化,越来越显著地表现为4种主要脆弱性空间分异模式(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)的变化,各种模式的变化在形式、程度和主要驱动因素上各有特点:模式Ⅰ始终与研究区的城市化、人口与经济特别是工商业经济的发展水平密切相关,其变化以方差贡献变化为主,20年来该模式的方差贡献增加了约13%,对研究区脆弱性空间分异整体特点的影响不断加强;模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ一直与研究区农业、农村和农民问题关系密切,20年来两模式的变化主要体现在载荷分布和各模式反映的脆弱性区域分异格局上,且两模式及两模式的变化间还具有明显的反向特点;模式Ⅳ也发生了形式不同和程度各异的变化,但总的变化幅度相对较小.1985年以来,研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性空间分异的整体格局总体稳定,不同时期地区间的脆弱性相对程度在横向上呈波动性变化,除京、津、唐、秦皇岛和承德等大中城市的市区及其周边部分辖县较明显外,其他地区均以小幅调整为主.     

水力压裂对地下水影响的深部脆弱性评价

为评价区块尺度页岩气开采过程中深部污染物对上部含水层的污染风险,基于“源-途径-驱动力-受体”概念模型,采用层次分析法构建了页岩气开采对地下水影响的深部脆弱性评价指标体系.利用该体系对贵州省某页岩气开采区块进行了评价,结果表明:评价区地下水深部脆弱性以低和较低为主,两者面积占研究区总面积的69.15%,主要分布于研究区西北部、中部及东南部,中间层厚度是影响评价结果的主要指标.该评价体系能够评估页岩气开采区地下水深部脆弱性,丰富了现有地下水脆弱性评价体系,可为区块内页岩气井的布设选址及地下水环境保护提供技术支撑.      

中国冻土对气候变化的脆弱性

冻土的脆弱性是指冻土对气候变化的脆弱性,是冻土易受气候变化,尤其是温度变化不利影响的程度. 研究冻土对气候变化的脆弱性是提高对自然生态系统、工程系统、生态-社会-经济系统对冻土变化影响的脆弱性的认知,科学适应冻土变化诸种影响的前提和基础. 基于科学性与实际相结合的原则、全面性与主导性原则、可操作性原则,以暴露度、敏感性与适应能力为标准,遴选构建了我国冻土脆弱性评价指标体系. 借助RS与GIS技术平台,使用空间主成分方法,构建了冻土脆弱性指数模型,在区域尺度上综合评价了冻土的脆弱性. 依据自然分类法,将冻土脆弱性分为潜在脆弱、轻度脆弱、中度脆弱、强度脆弱与极强度脆弱5级. 结果表明：总体上我国冻土以中度脆弱为主,但青藏高原多年冻土对气候变化尤为脆弱;冻土脆弱性具有显著的地域分布特点,青藏高原、西部高山、东北多年冻土区脆弱性相对较高,季节冻土区相对较低. 与季节冻土相比,多年冻土对气候变化更脆弱. 在当前升温幅度条件下,冻土脆弱程度主要取决于冻土的地形暴露与冻土对气候变化的适应能力.     

岩溶地下水脆弱性评价的城镇化因子:以水城盆地为例

岩溶地下水是贵州省六盘水市的重要供水水源,但针对该地区的岩溶地下水脆弱性评价,尤其是城镇化区域的岩溶地下水脆弱性评价尚未见报道.运用改进的径流-覆盖层-降雨（COP）模型,利用RS及GIS技术对水城盆地的土壤类型、土地利用/覆盖类型、降水量数据进行处理,研究了岩溶地下水脆弱性评价的城镇化因子.结果显示,2004~2016年间,研究区地下水固有脆弱性整体呈现出由中脆弱性向低脆弱性转变的趋势,脆弱性降低的区域与城镇化过程中增加的不透水地面区域相一致;表明不透水地面有效地阻碍了地表污染物进入地下,降低了地下水固有脆弱性.本结果为水城盆地岩溶水资源管理提供了重要依据.      

环境脆弱性研究述评

综述了生态(环境)、自然灾害、地下水、水资源等领域的脆弱性研究现状，指出环境脆弱性研究领域可以归为人文系统的脆弱性与自然系统的脆弱性两类；就脆弱性研究的复杂性，可以分为相对较为复杂的生态脆弱性与水资源脆弱性研究及相对较为单一的地下水脆弱性与灾害脆弱性研究；就某个具体领域的脆弱性研究应包括其本质脆弱性及特殊脆弱性研究。另外在研究方法上主要是采用定性与定量相结合的方法，同时对于环境脆弱性的防范与适应对策也是极为重要的研究内容。     

Travel time based approach for the assessment of vulnerability of karst groundwater: the Transit Time Method

Karst aquifers represent important water resources in many parts of the world. Unfortunately, karst aquifers are characterised by high contamination risks. This paper presents a travel time based method for the estimation of karst groundwater vulnerability. It considers (1) physics-based lateral flow within the uppermost weathered zone (epikarst) in a limestone-dominated region and (2) high velocities of vertical infiltration at discrete infiltration points (e.g. sinkholes) or lines (e.g. dry valleys, faults). Consequently, the Transit Time Method honours the actual flow path within the unsaturated zone of a karst aquifer system. A test site in Northern Jordan was chosen for the demonstration of the assessment technique, i.e. the catchment area of the Qunayyah Spring north of the capital Amman. The results demonstrate that zones of highest vulnerability lie within valleys and nearby main fault zones. It also reveals that regions, categorised as protected areas by other methods due to thick unsaturated zones, contribute to a major degree to the total risk.     

中国西北水资源的脆弱性

The vulnerability of water resources in Northwest China were described in terms of the sensitivity and adaptability of water resource systems effected by climate change and human activities. Most measures that reduce the vulnerability are closely linked with decreasing the sensitivity of climate change or human activity. In other words, the interaction of climate factors and human activity may either exacerbate or mitigate the vulnerability of water resources. Studying both positive and negative events in terms of sustainable utilization of water resources in the past, may establish the sound strategic base in regulating further human activity. The knowledge and correct awareness of recent and future tendencies of hydro-climatic condition may serve as an imperative scientific base for taking such actions as: 1) undertaking structural and non-structural (e.g., policy, law, and forecasting) measures in a reasonable way; 2) coordinating and allocating both differences of time and space between inflow water and water use and between water yield area and water assumption area as well.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of earthquake-prone mega-city Shillong,India using geophysical mapping and remote sensing

ABSTRACT

The concept of seismic vulnerability is a yard-stick of damage estimation from a probable earthquake considering physical cum social dimension and enables a basis for decision-makers to develop preparedness and mitigation strategies. We aim at vulnerability assessment of the typical urban system of capital city Shillong situated on hilly terrain. High-resolution satellite imagery of Shillong facilitates analysis of building footprints, communication network, and open ground. Different building typologies are identified taking into account the building’s structural configuration assessed through a rapid visual survey of more than 15% of total residential households. Slope map demarcates the landslide-prone area through discrete elevation modelling. A methodology incorporating several parameters e.g. building typology, slope angle, shear wave velocity characteristics, geomorphology, and the number of occupants in correlation with a physical measurement of vulnerability is presented and is applied to estimate the dimension of vulnerability. Additionally, MASW survey indicates lithology up to 30?m deep along with the existence of stiff soil and rocks at different depths whereas resonant frequency is identified to be in the range of 6–8?Hz through H/V ratio. Integrating all, it is observed that more than 60% of Shillong city falls under moderate to higher vulnerability and the rest is less vulnerable.     

Potential of High-Resolution Satellite Data in the Context of Vulnerability of Buildings

High-resolution space-borne remote sensing data are investigated for their potential to extract relevant parameters for a vulnerability analysis of buildings in European countries. For an evaluation of large earthquake scenarios, the number of parameters in models for vulnerability is reduced to a minimum of relevant information such as the type of building (age, material, number of storeys) and the geological and spatial context. Building-related parameters can be derived from remote sensing data either directly (e.g. height) or indirectly based on the recognition of the urban structure type in which the buildings are located. With the potential of a fully- or semi-automatic inventory of the buildings and their parameters, high-resolution satellite data and techniques for their processing are a useful supporting tool for the assessment of vulnerability.     

Karst morphology and groundwater vulnerability of high alpine karst plateaus

High alpine karst plateaus are recharge areas for major drinking water resources in the Alps and many other regions. Well-established methods for the vulnerability mapping of groundwater to contamination have not been applied to such areas yet. The paper characterises this karst type and shows that two common vulnerability assessment methods (COP and PI) classify most of the areas with high vulnerability classes. In the test site on the Hochschwab plateau (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria), overlying layers are mostly absent, not protective or even enhance point recharge, where they have aquiclude character. The COP method classifies 82% of the area as highly or extremely vulnerable. The resulting maps are reasonable, but do not differentiate vulnerabilities to the extent that the results can be used for protective measures. An extension for the upper end of the vulnerability scale is presented that allows identifying ultra vulnerable areas. The proposed enhancement of the conventional approach points out that infiltration conditions are of key importance for vulnerability. The method accounts for karst genetical and hydrologic processes using qualitative and quantitative properties of karst depressions and sinking streams including parameters calculated from digital elevations models. The method is tested on the Hochschwab plateau where 1.7% of the area is delineated as ultra vulnerable. This differentiation could not be reached by the COP and PI methods. The resulting vulnerability map highlights spots of maximum vulnerability and the combination with a hazard map enables protective measures for a manageable area and number of sites.     

鲁南经济带地质环境脆弱性评价

鲁南经济带内矿产资源及地下水资源非常丰富,长期大量开采引发的环境地质问题主要有采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、地面沉降、地下水降落漏斗及海水入侵等。选取地形地貌、岩土体特征、水文地质条件、环境工程地质问题、地质资源和人类工程经济活动等17个评价因子,利用傅勒三角形法确定各评价因子的权重,采用专家聚类法评价地质环境脆弱性。选取重点城市所在评价单元的土壤环境质量(T)、工程地质环境(G)、地质灾害危险性(Z)和地质环境承载力(C)等4个评价因子,采用栅格叠图法对重点城市适宜性进行了评价。评价结果显示,全区可划分为地质环境脆弱性极高区、高区、中等区和低区共4个区,菏泽市、临沂市处于地质环境脆弱性高区,济宁市、枣庄市及日照市位于地质环境脆弱性中等区。地质环境适宜性综合评价显示5个重点城市均为基本适宜,其中枣庄市西城区为适宜。     

基于AHP的DRASTIC模型对莱州地区地下水脆弱性研究

地下水脆弱性评价是作为地质环境评价的一部分,目前国内外已有众多研究,并提出多种评价模型,其中以DRASTIC方法模型使用最为广泛。AHP（层次分析法）是一种层次权重决策分析方法,综合专家经验与理论数据,可以实现定性与定量二者有效的统一结合,更真实客观的反映研究区评价结果。文中以莱州地区为研究区,在全面调查区内的地质条件、水文地质条件、地形地貌、气象等实际情况的基础上,利用AHP法对目前使用的DRASTIC方法模型进行改进。对原模型中的7个参数进行权重重新取值,然后建立一套符合研究区的地下水脆弱性模型,并进行评价分区,最终绘制了地下水脆弱性分区图。     

Mapping groundwater vulnerable zones using modified DRASTIC approach of an alluvial aquifer in parts of central Ganga plain,Western Uttar Pradesh

A detailed hydrogeological and hydrochemical study was carried out in Yamuna-Krishni sub-basin which is a part of the vast central Ganga plain. Groundwater is the major source of water supply for agricultural, domestic and industrial uses. The excess use of groundwater has resulted in depletion of water levels. The groundwater quality, too, has deteriorated in areas dominated by industrial activity. This has led to the preparation of a groundwater vulnerability map in relation to contamination. Groundwater vulnerability maps are valuable derivative maps that show, quantitatively or qualitatively, certain characteristics of the sub-surface environment that determine vulnerability of groundwater to contamination. The modified DRASTIC method was used to prepare vulnerability map. The parameters like depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity and land use pattern, owing to its bearing on groundwater regime, were considered to prepare vulnerability map. The vulnerability index is computed as the sum of the products of weight and rating assigned to each of the input considered as above. The vulnerability index ranges from 140 to 180, and is classified into four classes i.e. 140–150, 150–160, 160–170 and 170–180 corresponding to low, medium, high and very high vulnerability zones respectively. Using this index, a groundwater vulnerability potential map was generated which shows that 7%, 40% and 53% of the study area falls in low, medium and high to very high vulnerability zones respectively. The map, thus generated, can be used as a tool for protection and management of aquifers from contamination.