塔里木河下游生态输水对沙漠化逆转的影响

1 IntroductionThe Tarim River (Figure 1), located in the X injiang U ygur A utonom ous Region in N orthw estChina,is the largestinland river in China.The annualaverage precipitation of the Tarim Rivervaries from 17.4 m m to 42.0 m m w hile the annual aver…     

GENERAL CONTENTS OF YUNNAN GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH IN 2005

Prelim inary Analysis the Relationship Between U V and Cloud D uring AugusttoDecem ber,2003K unm ing,China(PartⅡ)………………………………G UO Shi-chang,CH AN G You-li,LIH ao-jie(1)Study ofR egionalV ariations ofLg Coda Q in X injiang Using Stack Spectral     

元代前期省域耕地面积重建（英文）

Reconstructing historical land use and land cover change(LUCC) at the regional scale is an important component of global environmental change studies and of improving global historical land use datasets. By analyzing data in historical documents, including military-oriented cropland(hereafter M-cropland) area, the number of households engaged in M-cropland(hereafter M-household) reclamation, cropland area, and the number of households, we propose a conversion relationship between M-cropland area and cropland area reclaimed by each household. A provincial cropland area estimation method for the Yuan Dynasty is described and used to reconstruct the provincial cropland area for AD1290. Major findings are as follows.(1) Both the M-cropland and cropland areas of each household were high in the north and low in the south during the Yuan Dynasty, which resulted from different natural conditions and planting practices. Based on this observation, the government-allocated M-cropland reclamation area to each household was based on the cropland area reclaimed by each household.(2) The conversion relationship between M-cropland and cropland areas per household showed conversion coefficients of 1.23 and 0.65 for the south and north, respectively.(3) The cropland area in the entire study area in AD1290 was 535.4×106 mu(Chinese area unit, 1 mu=666.7 m~2), 57.8% in the north and 42.2% in the south. The fractional cropland areas for the entire study area, north, and south were 6.8%, 6.6%, and 7.1%, respectively and the per capita cropland areas for the whole study area, north, and south were 6.7, 15.6, and 4.1 mu, respectively.(4) Cropland was mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River(including the Fuli area), Huaihe River Basin(including Henan Province), and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(including Jiangzhe, Jiangxi, and Huguang provinces).     

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT OF XIHU LAKE IN THE GREAT WALL STATION AREA, ANTARCTICA

The first author of this paper made a drilling through the water 3.5--4m deep in the Xihu Lake by using a gravity corer during 1985--1986 investigation in the Great wall Station area. The drill hole was 2.6 m deep and total 102 samples were collected. The author wishes to express her warmest thanks to Gao Xinquan, Ren Jiawen, Yang Yibi, Liu Xiaohan, Lin Yunfang and others who gave me energetic support during the sampling process.     

Land cover changes in the rural-urban interaction of Xi＇an region using Landsat TM/ETM data

Landsat ETM/TM data and an artificial neural network （ANN） were applied to analyse the expansion of the city of Xi＇an and land use/cover change of its surrounding area between 2000 and 2003. Supervised classification and normalized difference barren index （NDBI） were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. Results showed that the urban area increased by an annual rate of 12.3%, with area expansion from 253.37 km^2 in 2000 to 358.60 km^2 in 2003. Large areas of farmland in the north and southwest were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Xi＇an were mainly caused by fast development of urban economy, population immigration from countryside, great development of infrastructure such as transportation, and huge demands for urban market. In addition, affected by the government policy of “returning farmland to woodland”, some farmland was converted into economic woodland, such as Chinese goosebeerv garden, vineyard etc.     

QUATERNARY DIATOMS AND CYSTS FROM XIHU LAKE ON FILDES PENINSULA OF KING GEORGE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA AND THEIR PALAEOENVIRONMENTS

The Xihu Lake is Located on the southern Fildes Peninsula. A drill hole is 2.6 m deep and total 102 samples were collected by Dr. Xie Youyu during 1985-1986. The samples from drill hole in the Xihu Lake contain abundant and well-preserved diatoms and Cysts (Chrysophata), 131 species and variaties of diatoms belonging to 21 genera were reoognized. As a result of the detailed research on the diatom assemblages from the Xihu Lake sediments, 9 diatom assemblages were distinguished. From diatom and Cysts (Chrysophyta) data, the changes of the Palaeoenvironments and Palaeoclimate and their age are discussed.     

The relationship between ENSO cycle and temperature,precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The corresponding relationship between E1 Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area are analyzed according to the date fi‘om the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, the results show that effects of E1 Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in the different time and zones. When E1 Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decrease in the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperature rises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year El Nino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature,precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of cropland change in the Guanzhong area,China, from 1650 to 2016

As one of the most critical impact factors of global change, historical land-use change is an indispensable input in climate and environment simulations. To better understand the cropland change in the Guanzhong area, gazetteers, statistics, and survey data were collected as data sources. Methods of registered tax-paying cropland data collection, selection of time points, and data interpolation and calibration were used to reconstruct changes in the cropland area. The cropland area data at the county level were allocated to 1 km×1 km grid cells. The total cropland area in the Guanzhong area was influenced by changes in population, wars, natural disasters, and land-use types, and it fluctuated from 1650 to 2016. From 1780 to 1830, the cropland expanded in the northern and western parts of Guanzhong area, and the cropland in the north of Qinling Mountains increased slightly. The spatial pattern of cropland reached its maximum range in 1980, and the cropland area declined in the whole study area, especially in the cities of Xi'an and Xianyang in 2016. The comparison between HYDE 3.2 and the data obtained in this study showed that the grid cells of HYDE 3.2 exhibit lower values of cropland area fractions in the Guanzhong Basin and higher values in high-altitude areas around the Guanzhong Basin as compared to those in this study.     

Methods for calculating glacier area and length in a mountainous area based on remote-sensing data and a digital elevation model

In a mountainous region, the glacier area and length extracted form the satellite imagery data is the projected area and length of the land surface, which can’t be representative of the reality; there are always some errors. In this paper, the methods of calculating glacier area and length calculation were put forward based on satellite imagery data and a digital elevation model (DEM). The pure pixels and the mixed pixels were extracted based on the linear spectral un-mixing approach, the slop of the pixels was calculated based on the DEM, then the area calculation method was presented. The projection length was obtained from the satellite imagery data, and the elevation differences was calculated from the DEM. The length calculation method was presented based on the Pythagorean theorem. For a glacier in the study area of western Qilian Mountain, northwestern China, the projected area and length were 140.93 km2 and 30.82 km, respectively. This compares with the results calculated by the methods in this paper, which were 155.16 km2 and 32.11 km respectively, a relative error of the projected area and length extracted from the LandSat Thematic Mapper (TM) image directly reach to -9.2 percent and -4.0 percent, respectively. The calculation method is more in accord with the practicality and can provide reference for some other object’s area and length monitoring in a mountainous region.     

近10年洞庭湖区土地利用变化时空特征

The research on the land use/cover change is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the global change research. Based on the Chinese resource and environment spatial-temporal database,and using the Landsat TM and ETM data of 1990 and 2000 respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade. The result shows that during the last ten years there were three land-use types that had changed remarkably. The cultivated land decreased by 0.57% of the total cultivated land. The built-up land and water area expanded, with an increase of 8.97% and 0.43% respectively. The conversion between land use types mostly happened among these three land-use types, especially frequently between cultivated land and water area. The land-use change speed of land-use type is different. Three cities experienced the greatest degree of land-use change among all the administrative districts, which means that the land use in these cities changed much quickly. The following changed area was the west and south of the Dongting Lake area. The slowest changed area is the north and east area.     

Dynamic analysis and evaluation of Xinjiang forest resources: based on RS and GIS

The forest resources in Xinjiang were surveyed and analyzed based on RS and GIS. Satellite data interpretation was adopted to obtain the general situation of Xinjiang forest resources in assistance with the sampling method and on-the-spot investigations. Based on GIS, related data obtained from satellite remote sensing in 1996 and 2001 were studied through contrastive analysis. Moreover, the dynamic variation of Xinjiang forest resources was studied in an all-around way. In the past five years, the areas of the forestland, woodland, sparse woodland, nursery garden and the land usable for forestry in Xinjiang kept growing, moreover, the forest cover rate and the total standing stock volume increased correspondingly, showing that the wooded area and the amount of growing stock in Xinjiang were increasing. The forestland area in Xinjiang went up to 17,837 km2 from 17,331 km2, with an annual average increase of 101 km2. Accordingly, the forest vegetation came to 1.08% from 1.05%, up 0.03 percentage point; the total standing stock volume went up to 289,985,200 m3 from 262,416,000 m3, a total increase of 27,569,200 m3, an annual average increase of 5,514,000 m3 and an annual average net growth rate of 2.00%. The analysis results showed that the forest resources in Xinjiang were increasing on the whole, however, there remained some problems, such as the sparse natural forests, low forest cover rate, imbalanced wood age structure, and mono tree species composition, etc.     

新疆森林资源动态分析——基于RS与GIS的森林资源动态研究

利用RS与GIS技术对新疆境内的森林资源进行调查分析,以新疆全区为控制总体,采取卫星数据解译结合现地调查及抽样方法获取全疆森林资源数据。在GIS支持下,对1996、2001年两期卫星遥感调查数据进行对比。研究了新疆各类森林资源的动态变化。近五年森林资源变化的总趋势是林业用地、有林地、疏林地、苗圃、宜林地面积均有增加,森林覆盖率提高,活立木总蓄积量增加,实现了森林资源面积和蓄积双增长。全疆有林地面积由17331 km²增加到17837 km²,年均增加101 km²。森林覆盖率由原来的1.05 %上升到现在的1.08 %,提高了0.03 %。全疆活立木总蓄积由262416000 m³增加到289985200 m³,共增加27569200 m³,年均增加5514000 m³,年均净增率为2.00 %。分析结果表明;新疆森林资源总体呈上升趋势。但仍存在着天然林稀少、森林覆盖率低、林分年龄结构失调、树种单一等问题。     

1950—2020年东北地区林地时空变化特征分析

基于地形图、土地利用现状图提取并分析1950—2020年东北地区林地时空变化格局。结果表明：① 地形图中记载的林地信息能有效反映20世纪中期东北地区林地基本特征;研究期内林地呈先增后减态势,增幅达10.04×10⁴ km²,同期覆盖率从34.67%增至44.97%;市域林地均呈增加态势,净增幅前5的市域均超5 000 km²。② 研究期内林地不变、增加和减少区面积分别为28.36×10⁴ km²、15.49×10⁴ km²和5.45×10⁴ km²;林地不变区沿长白山、大小兴安岭呈倒U字形分布,占2020年林地面积的64.68%;林地增加区集中于辽河平原、长白山西侧、三江平原东侧、大兴安岭东西两侧;林地减少区零星分散、未呈明显集聚。③ 林地减少的流向表明,农业拓垦是东北地区林地减少的主因,侵占林地规模占林地减少量的88.18%,转化为耕地的区域主要分布在平原与山脉结合处及河谷地带;河流水体与城乡建设占用的林地基本相当,约占林地减少量的2.00%,城乡建设未对林地造成较大损坏。④ 研究期立地条件有大幅改善,林地距城镇平均距离缩减2.26 km,半数新增林地位于城镇10 km范围内;林地平均高程下降41.44 m,超半数新增林地位于高程300 m以内,林地向城镇延伸和“下山进平原”现象明显。     

近30年土地利用变化对新疆森林生态系统碳库的影响

土地利用及其变化是导致森林生态系统碳库变化最重要的因素。以植树造林面积、森林产品收获产量及林地转移面积为基础数据,采用《LULUCF指南》中数据分层的碳源汇计量方法,分析了1975-2005 年期间三种土地利用方式对新疆森林碳库的影响。1975 年新疆森林总碳库估算值为720.02 Tg,其中土壤碳库为528.82 Tg。近30 年土地利用变化对其碳库的影响总体表现为碳汇,固碳量为48.15 Tg,与1975 年碳库相比,森林碳储量增长了6.69%。植树造林表现出强烈的碳汇功能,总固碳量为54.24 Tg。森林采伐是最主要的碳释放来源,共释放碳5.42 Tg。林地转移呈现微弱的碳释放特征,共排放为0.66 Tg。研究结果表明,土地利用变化对该区域森林碳库具有明显的增汇效应。本研究将有利于进一步深化人类活动对区域碳平衡影响的认识。     

基于SPOTNDVI的华北北部地表植被覆盖变化趋势

为分析华北北部地表植被覆盖变化趋势,探寻合理土地利用方式,基于1999年1月至2006年12月的SPOT-VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据,采用国际通用的MVC(最大合成法)获得月NDVI值,用均值法求出年均NDVI数值。在此基础上,用一元线性回归斜率定量描述地表覆盖动态变化,以Hurst指数表示其时间依存性,利用GIS工具表征其空间格局并进行空间统计分析。研究结果表明:近8年来华北北部地表植被覆盖整体得到改善的区域比植被覆盖退化的区域面积大,得到改善的区域约占总面积的66.04%,基本不变的区域约占14.39%,退化区域约占19.57%。各种土地利用类型Hurst指数平均值均为0.5     

岷江上游半干旱河谷土地利用/土地覆盖研究

岷江上游半干旱河谷土地利用/土地覆盖结构受山地系统特征影响,以林地为主,土地利用类型分布呈垂直带性。人口增长、人民生活水平的提高以及经济政策的激发,导致耕地面积扩大,流域森林面积下降,可采资源消耗贻尽。森林面积减少、耕地面积增长是引起干旱河谷干旱面积范围扩大的重要因素。岷江上游半干旱河谷土地利用优化应以长江流域的持续发展为着眼点,突出大流域生态屏障功能;建立生态补偿机制,完善相关政策法规,以保证生态重建和土地利用结构调整工作的长期稳定性;提高土地利用方式的科技含量;在科学规划的指导下,先易后难,逐步实现生态建设与半干旱河谷的治理。     

榆林地区土地利用/覆被变化区域特征及其驱动机制分析

利用榆林地区1986、1995年土地利用现状图,在地理信息系统支持下建立土地利用变化转移矩阵,结合多年社会统计资料分析榆林地区10多年来的土地利用动态变化特征。研究结果表明：土地利用类型变化幅度大、流转方向较为集中,具体表现为农田总面积下降、耕地质量局部改善,林草覆盖面积增长、其它用地类型面积减少;从区域角度分析,南部黄土丘陵沟壑区耕地面积减少、成熟林地面积增加幅度大与西北部风沙区耕地面积轻微增加、天然草地优势地位增强形成鲜明对比,这种区域特征符合“因地制宜”规律,与“退耕还林还草”政策导向吻合。全区总人口及其区域分布、农民年均收入和农业人口比重为该区土地利用／覆被变化的主要驱动力,同时人们的环境保护意识和相应的土地政策也对该区土地利用／覆被变化产生较大影响。     

怒江流域林地景观演变过程及其驱动力研究

怒江流域地处中国云南的边境, 是全球生物多样性和生态景观保护的重要地域, 但由于人 口的增加, 粮食需求的扩大及城市的扩展, 流域林地生态系统面临着强烈的人类干扰。文中使用 中国资源环境数据库中, 用Landset TM解译获取的怒江流域1985, 1995, 2000 年1∶10 万土地利 用/覆被数据, 在GIS 空间分析基础上, 通过建立动态度和变化转移概率矩阵, 系统地研究了怒江 流域林地与其他土地覆被类型之间以及不同林地类行之间的动态变化规律及其空间格局特征, 并对造成变化的驱动力因子进行了定性分析。     

中国南方不同土地利用/覆被类型对气温升温的影响

基于我国南方六省国家气象台站历史气象资料、1:10万土地利用/覆被数据和NCEP再分析气温资料,通过比较气温变化在不同观测环境气象站之间的差异,分析中国南方三种主要土地利用/覆被类型对气温趋势的影响。结果显示:土地利用/覆被类型对气温趋势具有稳定的影响,建设用地的年均温、年均最高和最低气温的升温幅度均最高,耕地次之,林地最小。进一步利用再分析资料剔除区域大尺度气候背景影响后,建设用地的年均温升温趋势仍最大(0.105℃/10a),其次是耕地(0.056℃/10a),林地的升温趋势最小(-0.025℃/10a),且为负。这表明对于研究区气温的升温趋势,林地具有抑制作用,建设用地具有增强作用,且增强作用较耕地强。林地的各季节平均气温的变化幅度同样低于非林地。     

北京市土地利用变化的空间分布特征

土地利用变化是全球变化中的重要组成部分 ,是短期内人类活动对自然环境施加影响的显著表现形式。本文基于遥感和地理信息系统技术 ,利用LandsatTM图像的解译成果 ,分析了北京市 1985～ 2 0 0 0年土地利用变化的空间分布特征。研究表明 ,在这 15年的时间里 ,北京市林地和城乡、工矿、居住用地的转移趋势明显 ,两者的转移率分别达到 4 0 78%和37 60 % ,主要以林地内部、林地向草地转移、居住用地的内部和工矿废弃地还林还草等类型为主。同时 ,各类土地利用类型的净变化呈现出明显的区域差异。