丹东市小城子小流域水土流失及其防治对策分析

丹东市小城子小流域葫芦沟内沟壑纵横,水土流失现象不断加剧,平均土壤侵蚀模数每年可达到2200 t/km2,水土流失的加剧严重制约着小城子小流域葫芦沟的经济发展。本文通过调查小城子小流域的水土流失现状,分析了该流域的水土流失影响因素,确定了人为因素是导致丹东市小城子小流域水土流失的主要因素,进而提出了以土地水资源利用调整为基础,以恢复植被、疏溪顺流为重点,注重政策落实的三种防治水土流失的治理对策,为防治水土流失提供借鉴和指导。     

新农小流域植被恢复的土壤侵蚀效应评估

水土流失问题每年都对自然环境造成巨大的破坏,在目前的治理实践中,植被建设是治理水土流失最有效的方式。在土壤侵蚀综合治理的过程中,最小的治理单位就是小流域。新农小流域处于柳河西岸,地势低洼,水力侵蚀和风力侵蚀共同作用,导致水土流失严重。新农市政府采用工程建设与植被恢复相结合的方式来治理土壤侵蚀。经过不懈的努力,取得了一定的成效。本文就对新农小流域植被恢复的土壤侵蚀效应进行评估,利用RUSLE修正土壤流失方程,在ARCGIS10.2平台中,输入新农流域的基本数据,对2007-2015九个年份的土壤侵蚀进行模拟,进而对新农小流域植被恢复之后的土壤侵蚀效应进行评估。     

西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究进展

西南喀斯特区土层浅薄、成土速率低等特点决定了其允许土壤流失量小,土壤一旦流失,极难恢复,土壤侵蚀及其造成的石漠化现象已成为制约该区可持续发展最严重的生态环境问题。文章首先明晰西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀特征,从坡面、小流域和区域三个尺度上系统概括西南喀斯特区土壤侵蚀的相关研究进展。针对当前喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究野外径流小区、小流域及区域空间尺度数据缺少和相关研究模型限制性强等不足,建议从不同尺度深入研究喀斯特区土壤侵蚀发生发展规律及时空演化格局,并结合高新遥感、地球物理探测技术及模型,同步监测坡面—小流域—区域土壤流失,对土壤侵蚀进行定量评估,结合不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀特征构建系统性水土保持生态恢复治理模式和监测系统评价体系。      

土地利用结构与生态过程

本文从土地利用与土壤水分、土地利用与土壤养分、土地利用与水土流失3个方面系统讨论了土地利用结构与生态过程研究的现状和特征,指出:1)土地利用结构对土壤水分的影响涉及生态系统、坡面、小流域和区域等系列尺度,土地利用的分布及景观特点影响土壤水分的时空变异;2)土地利用对土壤养分的影响表现在土地利用的镶嵌格局影响土壤养分的分布和迁移,土地利用的变化可以引起土壤养分的变化;3)土地利用与水土流失关系密切,土地利用的改变能够减少或增加径流和土壤侵蚀.尺度不同,土地利用与水土流失的机制也不尽相同.土地利用结构与生态过程的研究,还需要注重大尺度和多尺度上的综合研究.     

漓江流域水土流失特征及其侵蚀影响因子典型分析

选择漓江流域及其典型岩溶小流域为研究对象,通过遥感数据综合分析和地面路线验证调查与定点监测相结合的方法,对漓江流域岩溶区和非岩溶区的水土流失特征进行了研究,并重点分析岩溶区内典型小流域——寨底小流域侵蚀影响因子对水土流失的影响。研究结果表明:漓江流域水土流失以中度和轻度等级为主,约占流域面积的29.9%;流域内岩溶区与非岩溶区的水土流失表现出一定的差异性,岩溶区以中度、极强烈和轻度等级水土流失为主,水土流失面积约占岩溶面积的53%;非岩溶区中度和轻度等级水土流失分别占非岩溶区面积的12.4%和10.4%。高程、坡度、植被覆盖、土地利用等因子对岩溶小流域土壤侵蚀面积和侵蚀量比例的影响表现出明显的差异性和独特性,这四种影响因子中的高程(300,500] m,坡度[15°,25°]、植被覆盖度≤20%、土地利用为工矿用地等对岩溶小流域土壤侵蚀的影响最大,是寨底岩溶小流域水土流失治理中应重点考虑的因素。      

羊山沟小流域水土保持现状及生态补偿方法研究

生态补偿机制是提高区域水土保持综合效益的主要措施。以辽宁朝阳县羊山沟为研究对象,基于水土保持生态补偿理论,对流域水土保持现状、生态补偿量计算和补偿措施进行探讨。研究认为在生态补偿过程中应综合考虑水土保持生态补偿主体、水土保持生态补偿客体、水土保持生态补偿原则、水土保持生态补偿方式等因素,通过动态资源存量分配,提高区域水土治理综合效益,达到治理效果,在治理末期使羊山沟小流域内林草面积可达2 531 hm~2,林草覆盖率提高至82.36%,降低土壤侵蚀模数2 000 t/km~2,初步改善区域水土流失现状。     

平安岭典型小流域治理模式与治理效益

平安岭小流域是本溪市明山区小流域治理成功的典型。本着"集中治理、连续治理"的原则,采取"瓜藤式"和"珍珠项链式"的治理模式,将生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施结合起来,基本控制了平安岭小流域内人为产生的水土流失,增加了森林覆盖率,减少了水中含沙率,取得了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

梁山小流域综合治理工程对生态服务价值的影响

通过小流域的综合治理,合理配置土地结构,减少入河泥沙,减少水土的流失,恢复区域的生态环境。很长时间以来,中国在小流域治理上投入很多资金。但小流域的管理和监测力度仍然较差。可以通过对观测资料进行统计分析,对小流域土壤侵蚀与环境条件的调查监测,实现由于各种因素影响,观测存在的较大局限性。近年来,随着新技术在水土流失调查中的使用,为小流域生态环境研究与监测提供了相对经济有效一种的研究方法。针对小流域生态环境的特点,采用层次分析法建立小流域生态环境质量评价指标体系。     

陇东黄土塬区不同下垫面条件下侵蚀产沙的降雨阈值

根据陇东黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域——南小河沟流域1954—2014年实测降雨产沙资料,应用降雨侵蚀力偏差系数法研究不同土地利用类型及空间尺度下侵蚀产沙的雨量阈值、雨强阈值及复合阈值标准,并通过对比分析确定了最优降雨阈值标准。结果表明:① 对于林地和草地坡面小区,其雨量阈值标准平均值（21.0 mm）较裸地（8.7 mm）和农地（9.7 mm）坡面小区分别提高了141%和116%,植被措施能够显著提高降雨阈值标准。② 杨家沟林地小流域的雨量阈值标准为16.5 mm,低于布设在该流域的林地坡面小区,同时对比董庄沟草地小流域及其坡面和全坡面小区的雨量阈值标准,其大小亦为:草地坡面尺度 > 草地全坡面尺度 > 草地小流域尺度,由此可见,降雨阈值标准会随着空间尺度增大而减小。③ 降雨阈值标准综合评价结果表明,各样点最优降雨阈值标准均为P≥a或I₃₀≥b这一复合因子标准,而在降雨单因子阈值标准中,对于农耕地和裸地坡面小区,宜采用最大30 min雨强（I₃₀）标准;对于经过水土流失治理的下垫面,宜采用雨量（P）标准。该研究可为区域土壤侵蚀预报提供参考。     

我国水土流失严重

我国是世界上水土流失最严重的国家.据有关部门应用遥感技术对土壤侵蚀现状进行历时5年的实际调查表明:我国目前需治理的水土流失面积为367万平方公里,几占整个国土面积的40%,其中风力侵蚀与水力侵蚀各占一半.     

Progresses and Prospects of the Research on Soil Erosion in Karst Area of Southwest China*

The karst area of Southwest China is suffering from serious ecological and environmental problems due to soil erosion while the research on soil erosion is not sufficient. Primary achievement was systematically reviewed in this paper in three aspects: erosion characteristics, current researches about erosion on different spatial scales, and key scientific problems. Based on the review, the authors figured out the shortcomings of the existing studies and pointed out the directions on erosion study in southwest China karst region. The results showed that: ① Due to the existence of a dual structure in karst environment including ground and underground erosion, the process of runoff and sediment production on slope scale and confluence and sediment transportation processes on catchment scale were more complex under the unique geological and hydrological backgrounds; ② At present, most researches about erosion mechanism in karst area focus on slope scale and some achievements on quantitative evaluation of erosion factors have been made. Continuous data with high quality about relationship between water and sediment on catchment scale is limited. When data is scarce, river sediment data can be used as an effective way to study soil erosion intensity and spatial-temporal variation in karst area; ③ It is more reasonable to use 50 t/(km²·a) as the grading standard of soil loss tolerance than the previous grading standard of soil erosion intensity. Given the complex relationship between rocky desertification and soil erosion, more quantitative studies about the effects of rocky desertification on soil erosion are still necessary. There are different viewpoints on soil leakage definitions, leakage mechanism and leakage ratios, and new breakthroughs could be achieved by combining different methods and matching multi-scales. In conclusion, in order to further reveal soil erosion laws and establish and revise available regional soil erosion forecasting models for Southwest China karst areas, synchronous test and monitoring on slope, watershed, and channel spatial scales are urgently needed. The results can provide theoretical and technical support for promoting soil and water conservation work for the karst area of Southwest China.     

区域土壤侵蚀定量研究的国内外进展

由于水土保持宏观决策的需要、土壤侵蚀学科自身的进步和全球变化研究的促进，过去的10多年来，国内外研究者对区域尺度土壤侵蚀研究给予了高度重视。已经开展的主要研究包括:全球和区域（包括国家尺度）土壤侵蚀调查、区域土壤侵蚀过程和尺度效应、区域土壤侵蚀因子和区域土壤侵蚀模型等。将区域土壤侵蚀作为现代陆地地表过程的一部分，充分考虑全球变化的影响，集成土壤侵蚀研究成果与遥感和GIS技术，开发分布式区域土壤侵蚀模型，成为区域土壤侵蚀定量评价研究的基本趋势。在对国内外区域土壤侵蚀定量评价研究评述的基础上，提出我国近期在区域土壤侵蚀方面研究的重点问题为：区域土壤侵蚀过程及其尺度效应的量化描述、区域土壤侵蚀模型开发、区域土壤侵蚀动态模拟与趋势预测、区域土壤侵蚀与全球变化关系研究和区域土壤侵蚀数据处理与管理方法。     

Soil Erosion Susceptibility Assessment of the Lower Himachal Himalayan Watershed

Assessment of erosion status of a watershed is an essential prerequisite for integrated watershed management. It not only assists in chalking out suitable soil and water conservation measures to arrest erosion and conserve water but also helps in devising best management practices to enhance biomass production in watersheds. Keeping this in view, the present study has been undertaken by involving geospatial-statistical techniques to determine the critical and priority areas for soil and water conservation in Suketi watershed of the lower Himachal Himalayan region. A novel weighted sum analysis technique was used for ranking each of hydrological unit by obtaining the weightages from various morphometric parameters. This technique offers dynamic, effective and sustainable approach over traditional prioritization methods in which significance of each parameter were considered equally. Considering this approach, sub-watersheds were delineated into low, medium and high priority zones. The results illustrate that about 52 % of sub-watersheds of Suketi watershed are in moderate to high erosion and runoff susceptible zones. Therefore, these potential areas can be considered for preferential soil and water conservation planning. The results obtained from the study will be useful for various stakeholders such as agriculturists, water resource managers, conservation measures planners and decision policy makers for better management practices and decision making. The geospatial-statistical technique can be used for effective estimation of erosion status of watersheds leading to watershed prioritization for taking up soil and water conservation measures in watershed systems. Finally, this technique can be very useful in remote, rugged and inaccessible watersheds with absence of soil erosion and runoff monitoring.     

Advances in Researches of the Effects of Grassland Vegetation on Soil Erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a serious global environmental problem which limits the survival and development of human beings. In our country, due to the special physical geography and socio-economic conditions, soil erosion intensity is great, which is particularly prominent in Loess Plateau region. Therefore, preventing and controlling soil erosion, as well as reducing soil erosion in Loess Plateau have become the key to solving environmental problems in the region. Soil erosion on Loess Plateau is serious, and grassland vegetation has good effects on soil and water conservation, which can improve ecological environment well. After the implementation of the project about returning farmland to grassland on Loess Plateau, the ecological benefits mainly focused on soil and water conservation benefits, soil improvement benefits, water conservation benefits and species diversity benefits, etc. Grassland vegetation has an irreplaceable role in the construction of the ecological environment on Loess Plateau. Therefore, the role of grassland in preventing soil erosion has received more and more attention. Scholars have done lots of research involved in the relationship between grassland coverage and soil erosion, impacts of grassland on hydrodynamic parameters, effects of grassland on soil properties, reduction effects of grassland on runoff and sediment, and soil erosion process on grassland slope. However, there is little research on erosion effect induced by grassland cover. This paper mainly pointed out the following questions: First, grassland cover is influenced by many factors, but the relationship with soil erosion from the dynamic mechanism is rarely discussed; Second, there is no well-developed theory of overland flow erosion at present, which limits the study of hydrodynamic parameters on grassland slope; Third, establishment of mathematical model between grassland cover and soil resistance can accelerate the quantitative analysis of grassland influence on erosion; Fourth, comprehensive analysis of influencing factors on water reduction and sediment reduction effect on grassland are insufficient; Fifth, there are not many mechanisms to analyze the erosion process of grassland slope by using the hydrodynamic characteristics of slope; sixth, research results on grassland-induced erosion are mainly focused on leading to soil dry layer and we should continue to strengthen in the future. This paper summarized the previous results, and supplemented some studies about erosion caused by grassland, then pointed out the existing problems in current research and the areas that need to be strengthened in the future, aiming at reducing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.     

Review and Prospect of the Study on Soil Wind Erosion Process

Soil wind erosion processes include mechanical process and dynamic changes of the factors affecting soil wind erosion, as well as the corresponding changes of wind erosion rate. The former is rich in experimental and theoretical researches that have clearly defined the process of particle starting, transporting and settling. The latter focuses on the dynamic changes of various wind erosion factors and the response of soil wind erosion rate to the change of the factors, of which systematic research of which is very limited. The difficulties in research of soil wind erosion process include: ①Dynamic parameterization of wind erosion factors; ②Observation and quantitative expression of the dynamic changes of wind erosion factors; ③Scaling problem of wind erosion process; ④Prediction ability of wind erosion models. At present, it is urgent to carry out the following work on soil wind erosion. The first is to establish standard wind erosion observation field in typical regions to obtain continuous and complete data of wind erosion in the field; the second is to study the saturation path of wind sand flow to solve scale problem; and the third is to construct a wind erosion model with solid theoretical foundation and fully consider both mechanical process of soil wind erosion and dynamic changes of the factors.     

基于水土保持的流域生态环境需水研究

针对现有生态环境需水量的计算主要基于现状而导致其实用性不足的特点,提出了根据流域或区域对生态环境功能的需求来确定其生态建设规模并计算其生态环境需水量的思想。以位于黄土高原的安塞纸坊沟流域为例,针对该流域以水土流失为首要生态环境问题的特点,在已有的土壤侵蚀与土地利用结构关系研究的基础上,基于水土保持目标确定土地利用结构,进而计算出该流域的生态环境需水量,并对不同土地利用情景以及不同水土保持目标进行了对比分析。研究表明,综合考虑水土保持效益与生态环境用水代价,纸坊沟流域以允许土壤流失量1 000 t/(km²·a)为目标为宜,此时该流域生态环境需水量约为1.77×10⁶ m³,占该流域年降水总量的39.0%。通过与基于生态系统现状的计算结果相比较,说明提出的思想更为合理。     

基于GIS的秦巴山区土壤侵蚀评估——以陕西省宁强县为例

基于GIS技术对秦巴山区的宁强县土壤侵蚀特征进行研究.通过解译遥感影像得到研究区的土地利用现状和植被覆盖等数据,使用GIS技术对地形图数据处理得到DEM等数据,并用因子法计算研究区的土壤侵蚀模数,最终生成该区的土壤侵蚀模数图.研究结论可为该地区水土保持与土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据.     

坡面土壤侵蚀公式的建立及其在流域产沙计算中的应用

分析了坡面土壤颗粒的受力情况,认为坡面土壤颗粒的运动与其所受的有效切应力有关,从而推导出坡面土壤侵蚀量计算公式,建立了流域产沙模型。公式的推导具有较强的泥沙运动力学基础,反映了影响流域产沙的主要因素。模型参数少,应用方便,既可计算一次洪水产沙量,又可计算年产沙量。在陕北裴家峁流域上应用,结果令人满意。     

贵州岩溶山区井采煤矿水土流失问题及防治对策探讨

贵州煤炭丰富,开采活跃。据统计,贵州已探明的煤炭储量约500亿t,2005年,有煤矿2143对,其中乡镇小煤矿1 700多对。煤矿开采占压土地普遍,水土流失严重,其中,仅煤矿整合、技改和新建占压土地和引起水土流失面积约达250～300 km2,新增水土流失量达100万t以上;特别是煤矿建设施工引起的水土流失最为严重,平均侵蚀模数大多高于7 500 t/a?km2,个别地段有的甚至大于15 000 t/a?km2。贵州煤矿整合新建过程中多存在“三同时”制度落实不到位、防治责任范围界定不合理、防治措施覆盖不够、树种选择不当、水土流失防治技术手段落后、水保投入不足等问题。为此,今后的井采煤矿区水土流失防治应与区域水土保持有机结合,加强岩溶山区环境与矿山水土流失关系研究,增强防治措施的科学性。同时,在水土流失方案编制时应适当扩大防治责任范围和提高预算单价。